William James Chidley
 William James Chidley | |
|---|---|
| Rayuwa | |
| Haihuwa | 1860 |
| ƙasa | Asturaliya |
| Mutuwa | 1916 |
| Karatu | |
| Harsuna | Turanci |
| Sana'a | |
| Sana'a | mai falsafa |
c">William James Chidley (c. 1860 - 21 Disamba 1916) ya kasance mai gyara jima'i na Australiya kuma mai ban sha'awa wanda ke ci gaba da ba da shawara game da ka'idodinsa game da jima'i, abinci da tufafi. An fara buga littafinsa The Answer a 1911 a Melbourne, yana bayyana dalla-dalla ka'idodin marubucin da ba a saba da su ba. Bayan an ayyana Amsar a matsayin littafi mai lalata a Victoria, Chidley ya koma Sydney inda ya ci gaba da yin magana da jama'a da sayar da kwafin littafinsa, yana sanye da tufafinsa na tsawon gwiwa. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa ya kasance batun kama shi akai-akai don sayar da wani littafi mai lalata da kuma amfani da harshe mara kyau, kuma a lokuta da yawa an bayyana shi mahaukaci kuma an tsare shi a cikin mafaka. Ya mutu a asibitin Callan Park a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1916.
Tarihin rayuwa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An haifi William James Chidley a Melbourne a cikin kimanin 1860 kuma mahaifiyarsa an watsar da shi tun yana jariri. John James Chidley, mai mallakar gidan ajiyar kayan wasa, da matarsa ta farko Maria (née Carlin), waɗanda ke zaune a titin Brunswick a Fitzroy, Melbourne ne suka karbe shi. Chidleys sun yi hijira daga Ingila, kuma bayan wani lokaci a cikin filayen zinare na Victorian, sun zauna a Melbourne. William na ɗaya daga cikin yara biyar da ma'auratan suka karɓa. Sauran yaran da aka karɓa wani yaro ne mai suna Stanley da 'yan mata uku, Ada, Ellen da Jane. Ellen da Jane 'yan'uwa ne ta hanyar jini, 'ya'yan iyayen masu shaye-shaye waɗanda suka mutu a watan Mayu na shekara ta 1854. [1] [A] Iyayen William masu kula da kayan lambu ne kuma masu bin koyarwar masanin falsafar Sweden Emanuel Swedenborg . [2]
Ba da daɗewa ba bayan tallafin William, John da Maria Chidley sun koma Ingila tare da 'ya'yansu masu karɓa. John Chidley ya yi aiki a matsayin mai sayar da littattafai a London, amma kasuwancin bai yi nasara ba. A kusan shekara ta 1865 Chidleys da iyalansu sun koma Ostiraliya. Bayan dawowarsu iyalin suka koma ko'ina cikin Victoria, tare da mahaifin Chidley yana aiki da ɗakin daukar hoto. A wasu lokuta Chidley ya kasance a Melbourne a matsayin mai shiga makaranta. Shekararsa ta ƙarshe ta makaranta ta kasance a Kwalejin St. Kilda lokacin da yake da shekaru goma sha uku. [3]
Rayuwar aiki
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Bayan ya bar makaranta Chidley ya taimaka wa mahaifinsa na ɗan lokaci a cikin ɗakin daukar hoto, inda ya koyi daukar hoto kuma ya haɓaka baiwa don zanawa. Ya yi aiki ga lauya kuma daga baya ya zama ɗan koyo ga masanin gine-gine na tsawon shekaru huɗu. Chidley bai dace da aikin ofis ba, yana ganin yana da gajiyarwa, kuma ya fara aiki a matsayin mai zane-zane da mai zane-zanen ruwa, yana zana hotuna har zuwa £ 10 kowannensu. Ya kuma ci gaba da karatunsa ta hanyar karatu a cikin ɗakunan karatu na jama'a.
A cikin kimanin 1880 Chidley ya koma Adelaide inda ya yi aiki a matsayin mai zane. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1882 an kama William J. Chidley da wani mutum mai suna Arthur Sadler, a Bridgewater, a cikin Adelaide Hills, saboda kasancewa cikin rikici a titin Waymouth a Adelaide, wanda ya haifar da mutuwar Thomas Maloney a ranar 10 ga Oktoba. An tuhumi Chidley da Sadler da "kisan kai da kashe" Maloney. An yi musu shari'a a Kotun Koli ta Adelaide a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1882 kuma an wanke maza biyu daga tuhumar.
Bayan an wanke shi Chidley ya shiga kamfanin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Byron, ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta Adelaide, inda ya sadu da wata matashiya mai suna Ada Grantleigh (née Harris), wacce ta auri Walter Thoms . Shi da Ada sun kafa dangantaka ta wucin gadi wanda ya kasance har zuwa mutuwar Ada a cikin 1908. Ma'auratan, dukansu biyu sun sha wahala a lokutan maye, sun zauna a Adelaide har zuwa 1890, sannan a Sydney, New Zealand da Melbourne. Chidley da Ada Grantleigh ba su taɓa yin aure ba amma sun ɗauki ɗa (wanda aka sani da nata). [B]
Mahaifin mai kula da Chidley ya mutu a watan Fabrairun 1891 a gidansa a Port Fairy North .
A lokacin 1894-5 Chidley ya yi aiki a matsayin mai zane-zane na baki da fari ta hanyar R. B. Orchard, sanannen mai kayan ado na Sydney, da A. H. Thompson, wanda ke da kasuwancin daukar hoto.
A farkon shekarunsa na aiki Chidley ya tallafa wa kansa ta hanyar zana rubutun likita. Wannan ya fallasa shi ga ra'ayoyin kiwon lafiya daban-daban na zamani game da jima'i na ɗan adam kuma ya kafa tabbacin cewa "akwai wani abu mai zurfi game da yadda mutane na zamani ke yin jima'i". Ya yi imanin cewa ya yi wani muhimmin binciken kimiyya cewa 'yan Adam suna rayuwa cikin kuskure.
Chidley ya rubuta tarihin kansa, kodayake bai yi niyyar karanta shi ba har sai bayan mutuwarsa. A shekara ta 1899 ya aika da kwafin rubutun ga Havelock Ellis, likitan Ingilishi kuma marubuci kan jima'i na ɗan adam, wanda ya yi amfani da abubuwan da aka cire a cikin Nazarinsa a cikin Psychology of Sex .
Ada Grantleigh (Thoms) ta mutu a ranar 1 ga Disamba 1908 a asibitin Melbourne, tana da shekaru 48.
A watan Janairun 1912 ana tallata bugu na biyu na Amsar don sayarwa, kai tsaye daga adireshin da ke titin Mackenzie, Melbourne. Tare da Amsar da aka ayyana a Victoria a matsayin littafi mai lalata, da kwafin da ke ƙarƙashin kwacewa da hallaka, Chidley ya koma Sydney a farkon 1912 inda ba a dakatar da littafin ba. A watan Maris na shekara ta 1912 an tuhumi Chidley da "yi aiki a cikin hanyar da ba ta dace ba" a cikin Domain, 'kusurwar masu magana' ta Sydney, inda yake magana da babban taron jama'a, yana karantawa daga littafinsa kuma yana magana a kan batutuwa daban-daban. An kawo shi gaban majistare wanda ya sanya tarar fam biyar, ko kuma a madadin watanni biyu na aiki tuƙuru. A watan Mayu 1912 an sake tuhumar Chidley da "yi aiki a hanyar da ba ta dace ba" bayan ya yi magana da taron mutane kusan ɗari takwas a ranar Lahadi da yamma a Yankin. Mai shari'a ya sanya tarar shillings ashirin kuma ya ba da umarnin cewa a shigar da takardar shaidar biyu na fam talatin don Chidley ya kasance mai kyau na watanni goma sha biyu.
Ayyuka masu rikitarwa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A yammacin 24 ga Yuli 1912 Chidley ya gabatar da "wani lacca mai hoto" ga "maza kawai" a wani zauren a Phillip Street, Sydney, kan batun "Degeneracy: The Cause and Cure".
Cirewa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1914 an yanke wa Chidley hukunci kan sayar da wani littafi mai lalata. Wani majistare ya yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin watanni biyu ("sharurin da za a dakatar da shi a kan wasu sanarwa da aka shigar da su") kuma an umarci kwafin Amsar da a rasa su kuma a hallaka su. Chidley ya daukaka kara game da hukuncin, wanda aka saurara ta cikakken zaman Kotun Koli a farkon watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1914. Duk da ra'ayi mara kyau daga Babban Alkalin, kotun ta amince da shawarar majistare. Lokacin da aka sanar da shawarar Chidley, zaune a bayan kotun, ya tashi ya yi ihu: "Wannan hari ne akan 'yancin tunani da magana". Daga nan ne wani jami'in ya jagoranci shi daga kotun.