William Wilberforce

William Wilberforce (24 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1759 - 29 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1833) ɗan siyasan Burtaniya ne, mai ba da agaji, kuma shugaban ƙungiyar don kawar da Cinikin bayi na Atlantic . Dan asalin Kingston a kan Hull, Yorkshire, ya fara aikinsa na siyasa a shekara ta 1780, kuma ya zama memba mai zaman kansa na Majalisar (MP) na Yorkshire (1784-1812). A shekara ta 1785, ya sami kwarewar juyawa kuma ya zama Anglican mai bishara, wanda ya haifar da manyan canje-canje ga salon rayuwarsa da damuwa game da sake fasalin.

A shekara ta 1787, Wilberforce ya sadu da Thomas Clarkson da ƙungiyar masu fafutuka da ke adawa da cinikin bayi na Atlantic, gami da Granville Sharp, Hannah More da Charles Middleton . Sun shawo kan Wilberforce don ɗaukar dalilin kawarwa, kuma ya zama babban mai kawar da Ingilishi. Ya jagoranci yakin neman zabe na majalisa game da cinikin bayi na Burtaniya na tsawon shekaru 20 har zuwa lokacin da aka zartar da Dokar Cinikin Bauta ta 1807.

A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, Wilberforce ya goyi bayan kamfen ɗin don kawar da bautar gaba ɗaya kuma ya ci gaba da shiga bayan 1826, lokacin da ya yi murabus daga majalisa saboda rashin lafiya. Wannan kamfen ɗin ya haifar da Dokar Kawar da Bautar 1833, wanda ya kawar da bauta a mafi yawan Daular Burtaniya. Wilberforce ya mutu kwanaki uku kawai bayan ya ji cewa an tabbatar da wucewar dokar ta hanyar majalisa. An binne shi a Westminster Abbey, kusa da abokinsa William Pitt the Younger .

Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi

An haifi Wilberforce a Hull, a Yorkshire, Ingila, a ranar 24 ga watan Agusta 1759. Shi kaɗai ne ɗan Robert Wilberforce, wani attajiri, da matarsa, Elizabeth Bird. Kakansa, William, ya sami dukiyar iyali a kasuwancin teku tare da ƙasashen Baltic. [a] An zabe shi sau biyu a matsayin magajin gari na Hull.

Wilberforce ƙarami ne, mara lafiya tare da rashin gani. A shekara ta 1767, ya fara halartar makarantar Hull Grammar School, wanda a lokacin Joseph Milner ne ke jagoranta, wanda zai zama aboki na dindindin. Wilberforce ya amfana daga yanayin goyon baya a makarantar, har sai mahaifinsa ya mutu a shekara ta 1768. Tare da mahaifiyarsa tana gwagwarmaya don jimrewa, an tura Wilberforce mai shekaru tara zuwa ga kawunsa masu arziki da kawunsa tare da gidaje a duka St James's Place, London, da Wimbledon. Ya halarci makarantar kwana a Putney na tsawon shekaru biyu kuma ya yi hutu a Wimbledon, inda ya ƙaunaci danginsa sosai. Ya zama mai sha'awar Kiristanci na bishara saboda tasirin danginsa, musamman na kawunsa Hannah, 'yar'uwar mai cin kasuwa mai arziki John Thornton, mai ba da agaji kuma mai goyon bayan babban mai wa'azin Methodist, George Whitefield .

Mahaifiyar Wilberforce da kakanta masu tsayin daka na Ikilisiyar Ingila, sun firgita da waɗannan tasirin da ba su dace ba da kuma sha'awarsa ga bishara, sun dawo da yaron mai shekaru 12 zuwa Hull a cikin 1771. Wilberforce ya yi baƙin ciki da ya rabu da kawunsa da kawunsa. Iyalinsa sun yi adawa da komawa makarantar Hull Grammar School saboda shugaban makarantar ya zama Methodist, kuma Wilberforce ya ci gaba da karatunsa a Makarantar Pocklington daga 1771 zuwa 1776. Da farko ya yi tsayayya da rayuwar jama'a ta Hull, amma, yayin da himmarsa ta addini ta ragu, ya rungumi gidan wasan kwaikwayo, ya halarci kwallaye, kuma ya buga katunan.

Wani mutum-mutumi na William Wilberforce a waje da Gidan Wilberforce, wurin haihuwarsa a Hull

A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1776, yana da shekara goma sha bakwai, Wilberforce ya tafi Kwalejin St John, Cambridge.[1] Mutuwar kakansa da kawunsa, a cikin 1774 da 1777 bi da bi, sun bar shi mai arziki da kansa kuma a sakamakon haka ba shi da sha'awar ko buƙatar yin amfani da kansa ga nazari mai tsanani.[2] Maimakon haka ya nutse cikin rayuwar ɗalibai [1] kuma ya bi salon rayuwa mai ban sha'awa, jin daɗi katunan, caca da kuma shan giya da dare - kodayake ya sami wuce gona da iri na wasu 'yan uwansa ba su da kyau. [2][3][4] Mai basira, mai karimci kuma mai magana mai kyau, Wilberforce sanannen mutum ne. Ya sami abokai da yawa, ciki har da Firayim Minista na gaba William Pitt . [4][5] Duk da salon rayuwarsa da rashin sha'awar karatu, ya sami nasarar wuce jarrabawarsa kuma an ba shi digiri na farko a shekara ta 1781 da kuma digiri na biyu a shekara ta 1788 . [6][7]

Farkon aikin majalisa

Wilberforce ya fara la'akari da aikin siyasa yayin da yake jami'a kuma a lokacin hunturu na 1779-1780, shi da Pitt akai-akai suna kallon muhawara na House of Commons daga tashar. Pitt, wanda ya riga ya fara aikin siyasa, ya ƙarfafa Wilberforce ya shiga tare da shi don samun kujerar majalisa. A watan Satumbar shekara ta 1780, yana da shekaru 21 kuma yayin da yake dalibi, an zabi Wilberforce a matsayin memba na majalisar dokoki na Kingston a kan Hull, yana kashe sama da £ 8,000, kamar yadda al'ada ce ta lokacin, don tabbatar da cewa ya sami kuri'un da suka dace. Ba tare da matsin lamba ba, Wilberforce ya zauna a matsayin mai zaman kansa, ya yanke shawarar zama "babu wani mutum na jam'iyya". An soki shi a wasu lokuta saboda rashin daidaituwa, ya goyi bayan gwamnatocin Tory da Whig bisa ga lamirinsa, yana aiki tare da jam'iyyar da ke mulki, kuma yana jefa kuri'a a kan takamaiman matakai bisa ga cancantar su.

Wilberforce ya halarci majalisa a kai a kai, amma kuma ya ci gaba da rayuwa mai rai, ya zama mai saba da Kungiyoyin caca na maza kamar Goostree da Boodle's a Pall Mall, London. Marubuciya kuma mai zaman kanta Madam de Staël ta bayyana shi a matsayin "mutumin da ya fi sani a Ingila" kuma, a cewar Georgiana, Duchess na Devonshire, Yarima na Wales ya ce zai je ko'ina don jin Wilberforce ya rera waka. Wilberforce ya yi amfani da muryarsa mai magana sosai a cikin jawabin siyasa; marubuci da marubuci James Boswell ya ga Wilberforce a cikin House of Commons kuma ya lura, "Na ga abin da ya zama kamar kawai shrimp a kan teburin; amma yayin da na saurara, ya girma, kuma ya girma, har sai shrimp ya zama whale. "

A lokacin sauye-sauyen gwamnati tsakanin 1781 da 1784, Wilberforce ya goyi bayan abokinsa Pitt a cikin muhawara ta majalisa. A cikin kaka na shekara ta 1783, Pitt, Wilberforce da Edward Eliot sun yi tafiya Ruwa Faransa don hutun makonni shida tare. Bayan farawa mai wahala a Rheims, inda kasancewarsu ta haifar da zargin 'yan sanda cewa su 'yan leƙen asirin Ingila ne, sun ziyarci Paris, sun sadu da Benjamin Franklin, Janar Lafayette, Marie Antoinette da Louis XVI, kuma sun shiga kotun Faransa a Fontainebleau .

Pitt ya zama Firayim Minista a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1783, tare da Wilberforce babban mai goyon bayan Gwamnatin 'yan tsiraru. Duk da abokantakarsu ta kusa, babu wani rikodin da Pitt ya ba Wilberforce matsayin minista a cikin wannan ko gwamnatoci na gaba. Wannan na iya kasancewa ne saboda sha'awar Wilberforce na kasancewa dan majalisa mai zaman kansa. A madadin haka, jinkirin Wilberforce da rikice-rikice, da kuma matsalolin idanunsa na yau da kullun wanda a wasu lokuta ya sa karatu ba zai yiwu ba, na iya shawo kan Pitt cewa ba kayan minista ba ne. Lokacin da aka rushe majalisar a cikin bazara na shekara ta 1784, Wilberforce ya yanke shawarar tsayawa a matsayin dan takara na gundumar Yorkshire a cikin Babban zaben shekara ta 1784. A ranar 6 ga Afrilu, an dawo da shi a matsayin dan majalisa na Yorkshire yana da shekaru ashirin da hudu.