Wilma Scott Heide
 Wilma Scott Heide | |
|---|---|
| Rayuwa | |
| Haihuwa |
Ferndale (en)  , 26 ga Faburairu, 1921 |
| Mutuwa | 8 Mayu 1985 |
| Yanayin mutuwa | Sababi na ainihi (Ciwon zuciya) |
| Karatu | |
| Makaranta |
University of Pittsburgh (mul) |
| Sana'a | |
| Sana'a |
nurse (en) |
Wilma Louise Scott Heide (Fabrairu 26, 1921 - Mayu 8, 1985) marubuciya Ba'amurke ce, ma'aikaciyar jinya, kuma mai fafutukar zamantakewa. An haife shi a Ferndale, Pennsylvania, Heide ya sami horo a matsayin ma'aikaciyar jinya mai rijista a cikin ilimin tabin hankali a asibitin jihar Brooklyn. Ta fara aikinta a wani asibiti na tabin hankali a Torrance, Pennsylvania, inda ta sanya sauye-sauye don gyara cin zarafin ma'aikata da marasa lafiya. Ta sami digirinta na farko da na biyu a fannin ilimin zamantakewa daga Jami'ar Pittsburgh kuma ta shiga cikin ƙungiyoyin fafutuka da yawa a cikin birni.
Ta kara shiga cikin harkar mata a shekarar 1967, lokacin da ta shiga kungiyar mata ta kasa (NOW) kuma ta zama memba ta kafa kungiyar Pittsburgh . Heide ya shiga cikin shari'ar 'Yan Jarida na Pittsburgh wanda ya kawo karshen aikin jera tallace-tallace daban-daban da ake bukata ga maza da mata, wanda Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta yanke hukunci a 1973 a Pittsburgh Press Co. v. Pittsburgh Commission on Human Relations . Ta kuma jagoranci zanga-zanga a yayin taron kwamitin majalisar dattijai na Amurka wanda aka amince da shi da sake fara sauraren kararraki kan Kwaskwarima Daidaito (ERA).
Heide ita ce shugabar NOW ta uku daga 1971 zuwa 1974, a lokacin ta girma kungiyar zuwa mambobi sama da 50,000, ta jagoranci yakin yaki da AT&T don nuna banbancin jima'i, kuma ta shawo kan wasu kungiyoyi da dama da su goyi bayan amincewa da ERA a bainar jama'a da majalisun jihohi suka yi. Ta kuma taimaka wajen gano wasu kungiyoyin mata da dama, wadanda suka hada da kungiyar mata ta siyasa ta kasa da kungiyar mata ta karni na uku, kuma ita ce marubuciyar littafin Feminism for the Health of It . Ta samu digirin digirgir daga Kungiyar Kwalejojin Gwaji da Jami’o’i a shekarar 1976 kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin farfesa a fannin nazarin mata a kwalejojin kasar nan a tsawon shekaru goma na karshen rayuwarta. Ta mutu a Norristown, Pennsylvania, a cikin 1985 tana da shekaru 64.
Rayuwar farko
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An haifi Heide Wilma Louise Scott a ranar 26 ga Fabrairu, 1921, a Ferndale, Pennsylvania . [1] Mahaifinta shine William Robert Scott, ɗan birki na jirgin ƙasa kuma ƙwararren ƙwadago tare da Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen, kuma mahaifiyarta ita ce Ada Catherine Scott ( née Long), malami kuma mataimakiyar shago. [2] [3] Ita ce ta uku cikin 'ya'ya hudu da 'yan uwanta biyu, Ray Eugene da Harold Dwight, daga baya za su zama sanannun 'yan wasan wasanni na kasa. [4] Iyalin sun ƙaura zuwa Connellsville, Pennsylvania, a cikin 1932. [3] [5] Ta girma a cikin gidan gargajiya inda mahaifiyarta ta kasance mai gida kuma mahaifinta ya yi aiki don samar da iyali. [3]
Heide ta girma Lutheran kuma tana halartar ƙungiyar matasa akai-akai, amma ta bar coci tun tana matashiya bayan ta san cewa ba za a iya naɗa mata ba . Ta kasance ƙwararrun ɗalibi a makarantar sakandare, kuma memba ce na Ƙungiyar Daraja ta Ƙasa da kuma aikin jarida na sakandare na girmama al'umma, Quill da Gungura . [2] [3] Har ila yau, ta kasance mai ƙwazo a wasanni, ciki har da ƙwallon kwando, wasan tennis, ƙwallon ƙafa, da ƙwallon ƙafa, kuma ita ce kyaftin na ƙungiyar ƙwallon kwando ta 'yan mata a babbar shekararta. Ta shiga cikin ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwallon kwando na tsawon shekaru biyu da rabi, Fayette Shamrocks, inda ta sami isassun kuɗi don biyan kuɗinta kuma ana sa ran za ta buga wasanni biyu ko uku da yamma da ƙungiyoyin da suka ziyarta daga Pennsylvania, Ohio, da West Virginia. [3]
Ta sauke karatu daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Connellsville a watan Yuni 1938, [4] kuma ta sami gurbin karatu a Jami'ar Seton Hill, amma iyayenta sun ƙi ba ta izinin zuwa saboda ba su da ikon biyan kuɗin kwaleji ga duk yaran. [1] [2] Maimakon haka, ta ci gaba da yin wasa tare da Fayette Shamrocks kuma ta zauna a gida, tana karɓar ayyuka marasa kyau a kantin sayar da kayayyaki ko sayar da kayayyaki gida-gida. [3]
Aikin jinya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cikin 1940, Heide ta fara aiki a matsayin ma'aikaciyar asibiti na asibitin tunani na jihar a Torrance, Pennsylvania, inda ta ji takaici da yanayin duka marasa lafiya da ma'aikata. Ta shiga kungiyar kwadago da wasu abokan aikinta guda biyu suka shirya tare da yi aiki da su tsawon shekaru biyu wajen inganta albashi da yanayin aiki a asibitin. [3] Heide ta yi fama da aikin, wanda ya yi tasiri ga lafiyar kwakwalwarta. Ta yi magana da ɗaya daga cikin abokan aikinta game da yadda wata mata ta yi niyyar kashe ta, wanda abokin aikinta ya gane a matsayin alama ce ta ƙara damuwa da damuwa. A sakamakon haka, an ƙarfafa ta ta bar aikin kuma ta tafi makarantar aikin jinya. [3]
A cikin 1942, ta fara horo a matsayin ma'aikaciyar jinya mai rijista a asibitin jihar Brooklyn a Brooklyn, New York, kuma ta sami digiri a aikin jinya. [1] A lokacin karatunta, an ba ta damar saduwa da uwargidan shugaban kasa, Eleanor Roosevelt, kuma sun yi magana na sa'a guda game da gwagwarmayar zamantakewa. [3] Bayan kammala karatun, Heide ta koma asibitin tunani inda ta yi aiki a baya. Yanayin bai inganta ba kuma ta fara aiki don rage yawan ma'aikatan zuwa sa'o'i arba'in a mako kuma ta yi wasu sauye-sauye don gyara halin da ake ciki na ma'aikata da marasa lafiya. Ta ki sanya hannu kan rahotannin da ba gaskiya ba ne da aka bai wa ma'aikatar jin dadin jama'a game da yadda ake kula da marasa lafiya kuma ta kai rahoton asibitin ga sashen saboda rashin bin ka'idoji. [3] Masu sa ido sun dauki Heide a matsayin rashin biyayya kuma a ƙarshe ta yi murabus cikin takaici, bayan an zarge ta da ƙarya a cikin abin kunya na tsabar kudi. [2] [3]
Ta yi rajista a Jami'ar Pittsburgh a 1948, tare da aiki a matsayin ma'aikaciyar jinya a Kwalejin Mata ta Pennsylvania . [2] Heide ta sami digiri na digiri a fannin ilimin zamantakewa a cikin 1950 kuma an ba ta digiri na biyu a fannin ilimin zamantakewa da jinya a 1955. [6] [7] Ta sadu da Eugene Heide yayin da take karatu a can, kuma sun yi aure a watan Mayu 1951. [1] A wannan shekarar, ta koma Oswe, aikin jinya, zuwa makaranta. Yayin da take can, ta zama mace ta farko da ta zama mamban hukumar a Ƙungiyar Matasa ta Kirista (YMCA) na gida saboda babu wata ƙungiyar Kiristocin Matasa ta Kirista (YWCA) a cikin garin. A lokacin bazara, ta kasance ma'aikaciyar jinya a sansanin 'yan mata a sansanin 'yan mata a kudancin Pennsylvania kuma mai ba da shawara a Makarantar Koyar da Edith Macy don Shugabannin 'Yan Mata. [3]
Babin Pittsburgh na NOW
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Heide ta samu labarin kungiyar mata ta kasa (NOW) a shekarar 1967, jim kadan bayan kafa kungiyar. A wannan shekarar, ta kafa kungiyar Pittsburgh kuma an zabe ta a matsayin shugabar kasa. [1] [8] Har ila yau, ta rike mukamai da dama a cikin reshen kungiyar na kasa a takaice, ta zama mai kula da Pennsylvania a watan Satumba 1967, memba na hukumar kasa a watan Nuwamba 1967, shugabar memba a taron shekara-shekara na 1967, kuma mai kula da membobin kungiyar na kasa a cikin Fabrairu 1968. [9] [3] ya kasance shugaban hukumar ta kasa a watan Maris. 1970. [5]
Daga baya rayuwa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Heide ta zaɓi kada ta sake tsayawa takara a karo na uku a matsayin shugabar NOW a watan Mayu 1974. [3] A maimakon haka ta zama shugabar hukumar ba da shawara ta ƙungiyar a 1974 da 1975, kafin ta bar ƙungiyar don mai da hankali kan digirinta na digiri. [8] [3] Bayan barin shugabancin, Heide ta mayar da hankalinta ga sauran kungiyoyi. A shekarar 1974, ta gana da ANA, inda ta kalubalance su da su kara taka rawa a siyasance, taron da daga baya aka tabbatar da kafa kungiyar ma’aikatan jinya don aiki da siyasa. [10] [3] [11] taba taimakawa wajen kafa Ƙungiyar Siyasa ta Mata ta Ƙasa a 1971 kuma ta yi aiki a Majalisar Dokokin har zuwa 1974 da kuma a kan Hukumar Ba da Shawarwari har zuwa 1977. Mujallar Siyasa . [8]
Ta kasance mai haɗin gwiwa na Ƙungiyar Mata ta Ƙarni na Uku a cikin 1972, don mayar da martani ga buƙatun neman shawara game da Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Amirka. [5] [3] Ƙungiyar ta bukaci masu shirya shirye-shiryen su mai da hankali kan gaba maimakon abubuwan da suka faru a baya da kuma samar da mata da kananan kabilu, daga baya kuma ta rabu da Hukumar don kafa sabuwar kungiya da ta tsara Sanarwar Mahimmanci da Sanarwa na Dogara. An sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Dogara a ranar 4 ga Yuli, 1976, kuma an gabatar da shi a hukumance a wani biki a Cibiyar Smithsonian a ranar Oktoba 3, 1977. [3]
Heide ta samu Ph.D. a cikin ka'idar mata da manufofin jama'a a 1978 daga Ƙungiyar Gwaje-gwajen Kwalejoji da Jami'o'i . [3] An ba da takardar shaidar digirinta mai suna Feminism for the Health of It, wanda aka buga a matsayin littafi jim kadan kafin mutuwarta. [1] [3] Ta yi aiki a matsayin farfesa mai ziyara na rabin shekaru goma, ta fara aikin koyarwa a Kwalejin Wellesley da Jami'ar Massachusetts a 1974 kuma ta bar cibiyoyin a 1975 da 1976 bi da bi. Daga nan sai ta koma Kwalejin Goddard daga 1978 zuwa 1980, [12] kafin ta zama darektan shirin nazarin mata a Jami'ar Jihar Sangamon da ke Springfield, Illinois, daga 1978 zuwa 1982. [2] Ta koma Norristown, Pennsylvania, a wannan shekarar. [3] Ta mutu a can a Asibitin Zuciya mai alfarma tana da shekaru 64 daga bugun zuciya a ranar 8 ga Mayu, 1985. [8]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Ware 2004.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 McGowan 2000.
- ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 3.16 3.17 3.18 3.19 3.20 Haney 1985.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Myers 2002.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Griffith 2016.
- ↑ Butler 1989.
- ↑ The Daily Courier 1974.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Coughlin 1985.
- ↑ Ulbrich 2013.
- ↑ Dismore 2020b.
- ↑ Barakso 2004.
- ↑ Love 2006.