Wolf-Heinrich Graf von Helldorff

Wolf-Heinrich Graf von Helldorff
Police Commissioner in Berlin (en) 1935 - 1944 member of Landtag of Prussia (en) member of the Reichstag of Nazi Germany (en)
Rayuwa
Haihuwa	Merseburg (en) , 14 Oktoba 1896
ƙasa	Königreich Preußen (mul) Weimarer Republik (mul) Nazi Germany (en)
Mutuwa	Plötzensee Prison (en) , 15 ga Augusta, 1944
Yanayin mutuwa	hukuncin kisa (rataya)
Karatu
Harsuna	Jamusanci
Sana'a
Sana'a	ɗan siyasa, Mai kare Haƙƙin kai, Manoma, hafsa, chief of police (en) da soja
Wurin aiki	Berlin
Kyaututtuka	gani Golden Party Badge
Mamba	SS (mul) Sturmabteilung (mul)
Aikin soja
Fannin soja	Imperial German Army (en)
Digiri	Obergruppenführer (en)
Ya faɗaci	Yakin Duniya na I
Imani
Jam'iyar siyasa	National Socialist Freedom Movement (en) Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (mul)

Wolf-Heinrich Julius Otto Bernhard Fritz Hermann Ferdinand Graf von Helldorff (14 ga Oktoba 1896 - 15 ga Agusta 1944) ya kasance SA-Obergruppenführer, jami'in 'Yan sanda na Jamus kuma ɗan siyasa. Ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Landtag na Prussia a lokacin Jamhuriyar Weimar, a matsayin memba ne na Reichstag na Jam'iyyar Nazi daga 1933, kuma a matsayin Shugaban 'yan sanda na Ordnungspolizei a Potsdam da Berlin. Daga 1938 ya shiga cikin adawa da Nazi, kuma an kashe shi a 1944 saboda rawar da ya taka a cikin makircin 20 ga Yuli don hambarar da mulkin Adolf Hitler.

Rayuwa ta farko

An haifi Wolf-Heinrich Julius Otto Bernhard Fritz Hermann Ferdinand Graf von Helldorff a Merseburg a ranar 14 ga Oktoba 1896. Ɗan mai mallakar ƙasa mai daraja, Helldorff ya sami ilimi daga masu koyarwa masu zaman kansu a lokacin ƙuruciyarsa, sannan ya kammala karatu daga dakin motsa jiki a Wernigerode a shekara ta 1914. Ya ba da kansa don aikin soja tare da 12th Thuringian Hussars da ke hedikwatar a Torgau. Ya yi aiki a Yammacin gaba da Gabashin Gabas a Yaƙin Duniya na farko, ya kai matsayin Leutnant kuma ya sami Iron Cross na farko da na biyu. Bayan yakin, ya kasance memba na Freikorps na dama, yana ganin aiki tare da Freikorps Lutzow da Roßbach a cikin 1919 da 1920. Daga 1920 zuwa 1924 ya kasance memba na kungiyar soja ta kasa ta Stahlhelm .

Ya zama memba na National Socialist Freedom Movement (NSFB) a 1924, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin bangare na shari'a ga Jam'iyyar Ma'aikatan Jam'iyyar Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP), wanda aka dakatar da shi bayan Beer Hall Putsch, kuma ya shiga rundunar sojojinta, Frontbann . An zabe shi zuwa Landtag na Prussia a 1924 a jerin NSFB, yana wakiltar mazabar 11 (Regierungsbezirk Merseburg) har zuwa 1928.

Ayyukan Nazi

Helldorf ya shiga Jam'iyyar Nazi a hukumance a ranar 1 ga watan Agustan 1930 (lambar memba 325,408) kuma a watan Janairun 1931 ya shiga Sturmabteilung (SA). A watan Yulin ya zama shugaban SA-Gruppe Greater Berlin tare da matsayin SA-Oberführer . Daga baya a wannan shekarar, an sanya shi shugaban Gruppe na duk Brandenburg. Ikonsa ya fadada ya hada da Schutzstaffel (SS) a Brandenburg . A ranar 12 ga Satumba 1931 (Sabon Shekara ta Yahudawa, Rosh Hashanah), von Helldorff ya shirya wani tashin hankali a Kurfürstendamm, inda kimanin mutane dubu suka bayyana daga cikin taron a kan tituna kuma suka fara kai farmaki ga mutanen da suka yi tunanin Yahudawa ne, suna doke su kuma suna ihu barazanar adawa da Yahudawa a gare su. An kama Helldorff da Babban Ma'aikacinsa Karl Ernst kuma an yi musu shari'a amma an sake su da karamin tarar kawai ya juya Helldorff ya zama sanannen Nazi. A lokacin shari'arsu, lauyoyin Nazi Hans Frank da Roland Freisler sun kare Helldorff da Ernst.

A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1932 aka mayar da Helldorff zuwa Landtag na Prussian a matsayin memba na Jam'iyyar Nazi, a wannan lokacin yana wakiltar mazabar 3 (Potsdam II). A watan Satumbar 1932 an kara shi zuwa SA-[./<i id= Gruppe]" id="mwZQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Gruppenführer">Gruppenführer kuma ya zama shugaban SA-Obergruppe I, yana umurni da SA Gruppe da yawa da ke rufe duk arewa maso gabashin Jamus.

Bayan Da Nazi ta kwace mulki, an sanya Helldorff shugaban 'yan sanda na Potsdam a ranar 25 ga Maris 1933. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1933, an kuma zabe shi a cikin Reichstag a jerin sunayen za ~ e na Nazi. An sake zabarsa a 1936 kuma, a 1938, a matsayin mataimakin mazabar 2 (Berlin-West), yana riƙe da wannan kujerar har sai an cire shi a watan Agusta 1944. Ya kasance a matsayin shugaban 'yan sanda na Potsdam har sai an nada shi Shugaban' yan sanda na Berlin a ranar 19 ga Yuli 1935. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 1935, an sanya shi memba na Majalisar Lardin Prussian (Provinzialrat).

A matsayinsa na shugaban 'yan sanda na Berlin, Helldorff ya kasance mai alaƙa da Joseph Goebbels, Gauleiter na Berlin da Ministan Haskakawa da Farfaganda na Reich. Yayinda yake a wannan mukamin, Helldorff ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin cin zarafi da kwace yawan Yahudawa na Berlin a farkon da tsakiyar shekarun 1930. A cikin rubutunsa na 19 Yuni 1936, Goebbels ya yi sharhi: "Helldorff yanzu yana ci gaba sosai a kan batun Yahudawa ... da yawa kama ... Za mu 'yantar da Berlin daga Yahudawa. " Goebbels ta lura a ranar 2 ga Yuli 1938, cewa "Hell dorff yana so ya gina Ghetto na Yahudawa a Berlin. Za a buƙaci Yahudawa masu arziki su tallafa wa gininsa. " Helldorff shine kwakwalwar kungiyar bayan ƙonewa da fashi na majami'unonin Yahudawa a [./<i id= Kristallnacht]" id="mwhg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht 1938 . A ranar 8 ga Nuwamba 1938, ranar da Kristallnacht ya fara, an nakalto shi a cikin The New York Times cewa: "a sakamakon aikin 'yan sanda a cikin 'yan makonni da suka gabata an cire dukkan Yahudawa na Berlin. " A ranar 9 ga Nuwamba, 1938, an inganta Helldorff zuwa SA-Obergruppenführer. Ko da yake bai taɓa zama memba na SS ba, saboda matsayinsa na Shugaban 'yan sanda, an ba shi izinin sa tufafin Janar der Polizei, matsayi daidai da Obergruppenführer a cikin SS. Helldorff an kuma sanya masa suna a matsayin Babban Shugaban 'yan sanda na Greater Berlin a shekara ta 1943. A wannan matsayi, ya umarci 'yan sanda waɗanda ke kula da jiragen kasa na korar da ke dauke da Yahudawa na Jamus.

Shirin 20 ga Yuli

An tabbatar da cewa Helldorff yana cikin wani nau'i na sadarwa tare da adawar soja ga Hitler tun farkon 1938. Goebbels tabbas ya tabbatar da cewa Helldorf ya dauki alhakin kisan kiyashi na Nuwamba ta hanyar bayyana "aikin 'yan sanda tare da bayyanar doka, jam'iyyar ta samar da masu kallo". 'Yan sanda sun dauki umarni kada su kama ko kuma su bi da masu tayar da kayar baya da suka yi wa Yahudawa duka.

Helldorff ya yi aiki tare da wanda ke ƙarƙashinsa shugaban Kripo Arthur Nebe, kuma ya kamata ya umarci dukkan rundunonin 'yan sanda a Berlin su tsaya kuma kada su tsoma baki cikin ayyukan soja don kama gwamnati. Koyaya, ayyukansa na rabin zuciya a ranar 20 ga Yuli ba su da tasiri sosai a kan abubuwan da suka faru.

Sabanin haka, littafin Hans Gisevius To the Bitter End ya bayyana Helldorff a matsayin mai taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin ƙungiyar masu makirci da masu adawa da Nazi. A ranar 20 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1944, yana magana da masu tayar da kayar baya da ke ƙoƙarin kashe Hitler. Matsayinsa da aka shirya zai kasance don hana 'yan sanda shiga tsakani da mamayar soja sannan kuma don taimakawa sabuwar gwamnati.[1]

Shari'a da kisa

Don shiga cikin makircin 20 ga Yuli na kashe Hitler a Wolf's Lair a Gabashin Prussia, an kama Helldorff a ranar 24 ga Yuli kuma, a karkashin tambayoyin Gestapo, ya furta rawar da ya taka a cikin makirfin. An kore shi daga Jam'iyyar a ranar 8 ga watan Agusta kuma daga Reichstag kwana biyu bayan haka, Roland Freisler ya gurfanar da shi a Kotun Jama'a a ranar 15 ga watan Agustan. Ya kasance mafi girma memba na Jam'iyyar Nazi da aka yanke masa hukunci saboda shiga cikin makircin.

An kashe shi a gidan yarin Plötzensee a wannan rana. Hitler ya yi fushi sosai game da shiga Helldorff a cikin makircin cewa ya nace cewa a tilasta wa Helldorff ya kalli rataye 'yan uwansa masu makirci kafin a kashe shi.

Biyan kuɗi na mutum

Helldorff ya kasance abokantaka da mai sihiri da kuma mai sihiri Erik Jan Hanussen, wanda ke ba shi bashi akai-akai don basussukansa.

Ƙarin karantawa

• Gisevius, Hans Bernd, To the Bitter End, An fassara shi daga Jamusanci ta Richard da Clara Winston, Houghton Mifflin, Boston, 1947 An sake buga shi 2009.