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Wutar Yellowstone ta 1988

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Infotaula d'esdevenimentWutar Yellowstone ta 1988

Map
 44°36′N 110°30′W / 44.6°N 110.5°W / 44.6; -110.5
Iri Gobara
Kwanan watan 18 Nuwamba, 1988
Wuri Wyoming
Ƙasa Tarayyar Amurka

 

Wutar Yellowstone ta 1988 gaba ɗaya ta zama babbar gobarar daji a tarihin da aka rubuta na Yellowstone National Park a Amurka. Farawa kamar ƙananan gobara, harshen wuta da sauri ya bazu daga iko saboda yanayin fari da karuwar iskõki, ya haɗu cikin manyan gobara da yawa waɗanda suka ƙone watanni da yawa. Wutar ta kusan lalata manyan wuraren baƙi guda biyu kuma, a ranar 8 ga Satumba, 1988, an rufe duk wurin shakatawa ga duk ma'aikatan da ba na gaggawa ba a karo na farko a tarihinta.[1] Sai kawai zuwan yanayi mai sanyi da danshi a ƙarshen kaka ya kawo ƙarshen gobarar. Jimlar kadada 793,880 (3, ), ko kashi 36 cikin dari na wurin shakatawa, sun ƙone a matakai daban-daban na tsanani.[2] 

A saman kokarin kashe gobara, an sanya masu kashe gobara sama da 9,000 a cikin gobarar a cikin wurin shakatawa, tare da taimakon jirage masu saukar ungulu da jirgin sama masu fuka-fuki waɗanda aka yi amfani da su don ruwa da raguwar wuta. Tare da gobarar da ke faruwa a ko'ina cikin Babban Yanayin Yanayi na Yellowstone da sauran yankuna a yammacin Amurka, matakan ma'aikata na National Park Service da sauran hukumomin kula da ƙasa ba su isa ga halin da ake ciki ba; an kawo ma'aikatan soja na Amurka sama da 4,000 nan da nan don taimakawa wajen kokarin kashe gobarar daji. Kokarin kashe gobara ya kashe dala miliyan 120 ($ 320 miliyan a 2024). An rage asarar tsarin ta hanyar mayar da hankali ga kokarin kashe gobara kusa da manyan wuraren baƙi, kuma a ƙarshe ya kai dala miliyan 3.28 ($ miliyan 9 tun daga 2024). [3] Babu masu kashe gobara da suka mutu yayin da suke yaki da gobarar Yellowstone, kodayake akwai mutuwar wuta guda biyu a waje da wurin shakatawa.  

Kafin ƙarshen shekarun 1960, an yi imanin cewa gobara tana da lahani ga wuraren shakatawa da gandun daji, kuma manufofin gudanarwa an yi niyya ne don murkushe gobara da sauri. Koyaya, yayin da rawar da wuta ke takawa a cikin muhalli ya zama mafi kyau a cikin shekarun da suka gabata kafin 1988, an karɓi manufofin ba da izinin gobarar halitta su ƙonewa a ƙarƙashin yanayin sarrafawa, wanda ya tabbatar da nasara sosai wajen rage yankin da aka rasa kowace shekara ga gobarar daji.

Sabanin haka, a cikin 1988, Yellowstone ya wuce gona da iri don babban wuta, kuma, a cikin lokacin rani mai bushewa, ƙananan gobara "mai sarrafawa" sun haɗu. Wutar ta ƙone a hankali, tana tsalle daga wannan yanki zuwa wani, tana barin wuraren da ba a taɓa su ba. Wutar da ta yi tsanani ta mamaye wasu yankuna, ta ƙone duk abin da ke cikin hanyoyin su. Miliyoyin itatuwa da tsire-tsire masu yawa sun mutu sakamakon gobarar daji, kuma wasu yankuna sun bar suna da duhu da mutuwa. Koyaya, fiye da rabin wuraren da abin ya shafa sun ƙone ta hanyar gobarar ƙasa, wanda ya yi ƙarancin lalacewa ga nau'ikan bishiyoyi masu ƙarfi. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan gobarar ta ƙare, nau'ikan shuke-shuke da bishiyoyi da sauri sun sake kafa kansu, kuma sake farfado da shuke-tsire na asali ya yi nasara sosai.

Wutar Yellowstone ta 1988 ba a taɓa gani ba a tarihin National Park Service kuma ta haifar da tambayoyi da yawa game da manufofin kula da wuta. Bayanan kafofin watsa labarai na rashin kulawa sau da yawa suna da ban sha'awa kuma ba daidai ba ne, wani lokacin ba daidai ba suna bayar da rahoto ko nuna cewa ana lalata mafi yawan wurin shakatawa.[4] Duk da yake akwai raguwar wucin gadi a cikin ingancin iska a lokacin gobarar, ba a rubuta wani mummunan tasirin kiwon lafiya na dogon lokaci a cikin yanayin halittu ba kuma, sabanin rahotanni na farko, ƙananan manyan dabbobi masu shayarwa sun mutu ta hanyar gobarar, kodayake an sami raguwa a cikin adadin Moose.

Ci gaban manufofin kula da wuta a Amurka

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Firefighter walks towards a distant fire in 1953
1953: wani mai kashe gobara ya yi tafiya zuwa wuta mai nisa

A gabashin Amurka, fari da ruwan sama mai yawa, gobarar daji suna da ƙananan kuma ba su da haɗari sosai ga rayuwa da dukiya. Yayin da fararen ƙauyuka suka ci gaba da yamma zuwa wuraren da suka bushe, an haɗu da manyan gobara na farko. Wutar da ke kan Great Plains da gobarar daji a cikin Rocky Mountains sun fi girma kuma sun fi lalacewa fiye da gabas.[5] Yawancin abubuwan da suka faru na wuta a cikin shekaru sun yi tasiri sosai ga manufofin kula da wuta.[2]

Mafi munin asarar rayuka a tarihin Amurka saboda gobarar daji ya faru ne a 1871 lokacin da Wutar Peshtigo ta mamaye Wisconsin, ta kashe fiye da mutane 1,.[6] Wutar Santiago Canyon ta 1889 a California kuma musamman Babban Wutar 1910 a Montana da Idaho sun ba da gudummawa ga falsafar cewa wuta haɗari ce da ake buƙatar murkushewa.[7] Babban Wutar ta 1910 ta ƙone kadada 3,000,000 (12,000 ), ta lalata al'ummomi da yawa, kuma ta kashe mutane 86; wannan taron ya sa hukumomin kula da ƙasa daban-daban su jaddada murkushe gobarar daji.[8] Kafin shekarun 1960, hukumomin ƙasa na Gwamnatin Amurka, gami da Hukumar Kula da Gidajen Kasa, gabaɗaya sun bi manufofin kula da gobara da Hukumar Kula Da dazuzzuka ta Amurka ta kafa, wanda ke kula da mafi yawan gandun daji na ƙasar. Wannan manufar ita ce ta hana duk gobarar daji.[9]

Kafin tsakiyar karni na 20, yawancin masu kula da gandun daji sun yi imanin cewa ya kamata a danne gobara a kowane lokaci. [10] A shekara ta 1935, manufofin kula da kashe gobara na Ma'aikatar gandun daji ta Amurka ta nuna cewa za a kashe duk wutar daji da 10. na safe bayan an fara ganin su. [11] An kafa ma'aikatan kashe gobara a ko'ina cikin filaye na jama'a kuma gabaɗaya samari suna aiki a lokacin lokutan gobara. A shekara ta 1940, ma'aikatan kashe gobara da aka fi sani da smokejumpers za su kwashe daga cikin jiragen sama don kashe wuta a wurare masu nisa. A farkon yakin duniya na biyu, an gina sama da hasumiya 8,000 na binciken wuta a Amurka. Kodayake da yawa sun rushe saboda karuwar amfani da jiragen sama don tabo wuta, har yanzu ana amfani da biyu a kowace shekara a Yellowstone. [12] Ƙoƙarin kashe gobara ya yi nasara sosai, tare da rage yankin da wutar daji ta ƙone daga matsakaicin 30,000,000 acres (120,000 km2) a cikin shekarun 1930, zuwa tsakanin 2,000,000 acres (8,100 km2) da 5,000,000 acres (20,000 km2) a shekarun 1960 [10] Bukatar katako a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu ya kasance mai girma kuma an yi la'akari da gobarar da ta lalata katako. A cikin 1944, Hukumar Kula da daji ta Amurka ta kirkiro wani kamfen na talla don taimakawa wajen ilimantar da jama'a cewa duk gobara na da illa, ta yin amfani da baƙar fata mai suna Smokey Bear . Har yanzu ana iya ganin wannan ƙaƙƙarfan beyar kashe gobara a kan fastoci masu ɗauke da jumla mai taken "Ku kaɗai za ku iya hana gobarar daji". [13] Fastocin farko na Smokey Bear sun yaudari jama'a da yarda cewa gobarar daji ta yamma galibi ta mutane ne ke haddasawa. Koyaya, a cikin Yellowstone, 78 Kashi na gobara na faruwa ne ta hanyar walƙiya, yayin da 22 kacal kashi dari na mutane ne. [14]

Koyaya, wasu masu bincike a cikin karni na 20 sun yi jayayya cewa ya kamata a canza wannan manufofin, a kan dalilin cewa gobarar daji ta tsabtace shuke-shuke da matattu, suna ba da damar nau'ikan bishiyoyi masu mahimmanci na tattalin arziki su girma tare da ƙarancin gasa don abubuwan gina jiki. 'Yan asalin ƙasar Amirka galibi suna ƙone gandun daji don rage yawan girma da kuma ƙara wuraren ciyawa ga manyan dabbobi masu cin nama kamar bison da elk.[15][16] Tun a farkon 1924, masashi muhalli Aldo Leopold ya yi jayayya cewa gobarar daji tana da fa'ida ga yanayin halittu, kuma ya zama dole don yaduwa halitta na bishiyoyi da nau'ikan shuke-shuke da yawa. A cikin shekaru 40 masu zuwa, karuwar yawan masu kula da gandun daji da masu ilimin muhalli sun yarda game da fa'idodin gobarar daji ga yanayin halittu. A cikin 1963, wani rukuni na masu ilimin muhalli da National Park Service ta tuntubi sun fitar da Rahoton Leopold, wanda aka fi sani da Gudanar da namun daji a cikin Gidan shakatawa na kasa, suna ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a ba da izinin gobarar daji su ƙone lokaci-lokaci don dawo da ma'aunin muhalli a cikin wuraren shakatawa.[17] Dokar Wilderness ta 1964 ta taimaka wajen magance rawar da wuta ke takawa a matsayin wani bangare na yanayin halittu.[7] A shekara ta 1968, Hukumar Kula da Gidajen Kasa ta daidaita manufofin kula da gobara wanda ya nuna sabon bincike. Sabis ɗin ya ƙayyade cewa gobarar da ta fara ta halitta (ta hanyar walƙiya) za a ba da izinin ƙonewa idan sun haifar da ƙaramin haɗari ga rayuwar ɗan adam da dukiya. Har ila yau, sabis ɗin ya ba da umarnin cewa a ƙarƙashin yanayin da aka tsara, za a saita ƙonewar da aka sarrafa da gangan don maido da daidaituwa ga yanayin halittu.[11]

Daga 197, Hukumar Kula da Gidajen Kasa ta fara ba da izinin gobarar halitta a Yellowstone don ƙonewa a ƙarƙashin yanayin sarrafawa. Wutar irin wannan ana kiranta da wuta ta halitta. Tsakanin 197 da 1987, jimlar gobarar halitta 235 da aka tsara sun ƙone karamin kadada 33,759 (137 ) a ƙarƙashin umarnin sabon manufofin.[18] Daga cikin wadannan, 15 ne kawai suka bazu zuwa fiye da kadada 100 (0.4 km2). [14] Shekaru biyar kafin 1988 sun fi na al'ada kuma wannan na iya rage yankin gobarar a wannan lokacin.[18]

Abubuwan da ke haifar da gobarar

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Lodgepole pine forest in 1965 with numerous dead trees on the ground
Kyakkyawan gandun daji na Yellowstone lodgepole pine a cikin shekara ta 1965

Adana rikodin wuta a Yellowstone ya fara ne a 1931, lokacin da Heart Lake Fire ya ƙone kadada 18,000 (73 ). Duk da karamin girmansa, ita ce babbar wuta a lokacin da aka kirkiro wurin shakatawa har zuwa 1988. Bincike ya nuna cewa manyan gobara biyu ko uku ne kawai ke faruwa a kan Yellowstone Plateau a kowace shekara 1,000.[19][] Babban gobarar Yellowstone da ta gabata ta kasance a farkon zuwa tsakiyar karni na 18, tun kafin zuwan masu binciken fararen fata.[20] :9 

Gidajen Yellowstone sun mamaye itacen pine kuma daga ƙarshe wasu nau'ikan bishiyoyi sun maye gurbin su bayan shekaru 80 zuwa 100 yayin da gandun daji ya girma.[21] A Yellowstone, wani ɗan gajeren lokacin girma saboda tsawo mai tsawo da ƙasa mara kyau yana ba da damar itacen pine ya kai shekaru ɗari uku kafin wasu bishiyoyi kamar Engelmann spruce da subalpine fir su kafa.[21] Gidajen da aka samo a ko'ina cikin ƙasar Yellowstone Plateau suna girma a cikin ɗakunan da ba a katse su ba waɗanda ke da irin waɗannan shekaru a cikin ƙungiyoyi daban-daban. Kodayake itatuwan da aka saba samu a cikin gandun daji masu girma suna faruwa, ba a samun su a manyan wuraren kamar yadda yake a wasu gandun daji a cikin Dutsen Rocky. A cikin shekarun 1980s, yawancin gandun daji na lodgepole pine a Yellowstone sun kasance tsakanin shekaru 200 zuwa 250 kuma suna gabatowa ƙarshen rayuwarsu.[22]  

Kwararrun dutsen pine sun sashi itatuwa da yawa a cikin Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem daga ƙarshen shekarun 1960 zuwa tsakiyar shekarun 1980. Wannan ya haifar da gandun daji mai banbanci wanda tsofaffin bishiyoyi masu tsira suka haɗu da ƙananan bishiyoyi na shekaru daban-daban. Wannan tsari mai haɗuwa na iya samar da man fetur wanda ya ba da gudummawa ga gobarar.[23] Bugu da kari, lokacin hunturu na 1987-1988 ya bushe fiye da yadda aka saba, tare da Babban Yankin Yankin Yammacin Yammacin Yellowstone yana karɓar kashi 31 cikin 100 na dusar ƙanƙara na yau da kullun.[20] Koyaya, Afrilu da Mayu 1988 sun kasance da rigar sosai kuma yawan danshi ya taimaka sosai ga ciyawa da ci gaban ƙasa. A watan Yuni, ruwan sama ya tsaya kuma an rubuta kadan a duk Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem na watanni hudu masu zuwa. A watan Yuli, fari mafi muni a tarihin Yellowstone National Park ya fara. Ciyawa da tsire-tsire waɗanda suka girma sosai a farkon lokacin rani nan da nan suka juya zuwa busassun tinder. Matsakaicin yanayin zafi ya ci gaba da raguwa, ya bushe gandun daji. Abubuwan da ke cikin man fetur a cikin matattu da faduwar katako an rubuta su a matsayin ƙasa da 5%. A tsakiyar watan Agusta, matakan zafi sun kasance ƙasa da 20% kuma an rubuta su a matsayin ƙasa da 6% a wani lokaci.[20] Don kara rashin ruwan sama, yawancin ƙasar Yellowstone duwatsu ne na dutsen wuta da ƙasa waɗanda ke da ƙarancin riƙewar danshi.[19] Jerin guguwa mai karfi amma bushe ya haifar da yaduwar gobara da yawa.[24] 

Man fetur da aka tara, tsoffin gandun daji, da yanayin da ba a ragu ba kuma yanayin bushewa na musamman ya haifar da matsala ga Yellowstone. Koyaya, masu kula da gandun daji da masu ilimin muhalli na wuta sun yi hasashen lokacin wuta na yau da kullun don Babban Yanayin Yanayi kuma suna tsammanin ruwan sama na yau da kullum a watan Yuli." 2-1 [1]] Tarihi ya ba da wata hujja da za ta ba da shawarar cewa 1988 zai kasance daban daga shekaru 100 da suka gabata da wurin shakatawa ya wanzu. Amma, yayin da manyan gobara suka fara tashi a duk yankin Rocky Mountain, kafofin watsa labarai sun fara lura. An fara ƙananan gobara ashirin a Yellowstone a watan Yuli kuma daga cikin su, goma sha ɗaya sun fita da kansu. Sauran an saka idanu sosai daidai da manufofin wuta na halitta. A ranar 15 ga watan Yuli, gobara a duk fadin Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem ta ƙone kadada 8,500 (34 ) kuma kodayake wannan ba ya zama na yau da kullun, kafofin watsa labarai sun mai da hankali kan gobarar da ke gudana a duk yammacin Amurka sun rinjayi shawarar da jami'an wurin shakatawa suka yanke don fara kokarin kashe gobara a ranar 15 ga Yuli. A cikin mako guda na kokarin da aka fara, gobarar ta bazu ta hada da kusan kadada 100,000 (400 km2) a filin shakatawa kadai.[14] 

Manyan gobara a Yellowstone a cikin 1988

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Firefighter sprays water on a fire at Norris in near darkness on Black Saturday
Rashin kashe gobara a Norris a ranar 20 ga watan Agusta, 1988, ranar da daga baya aka kira "Black Asabar" saboda yawan ƙasar da aka ƙone da kuma hayaki mai yawa wanda ya juya rana zuwa dare a wasu wurare

Kusan gobara daban-daban sun fara a Yellowstone da kewayen gandun daji na kasa tsakanin Yuni da Agusta. Bakwai daga cikinsu suna da alhakin kashi 95% na jimlar yankin da aka ƙone.[25] A ƙarshen watan Yuli, Hukumar Kula da Gidajen Kasa da sauran hukumomi sun tattara ma'aikatan da ke akwai, kuma duk da haka gobarar ta ci gaba da fadada. Ƙananan gobara sun ƙone juna, wanda guguwa mai bushewa ta haifar da iska mai ƙarfi da walƙiya mai bushe amma babu ruwan sama. A ranar 20 ga watan Agusta, ranar da ta fi muni da gobarar kuma daga baya aka kira "Black Asabar", an cinye fiye da kadada 150,000 (610 ) a lokacin daya daga cikin manyan gobara. Ash daga gobarar a ko'ina cikin wurin shakatawa ya yi nisa har zuwa Billings, Montana, mil 60 (97 zuwa arewa maso gabas.[20] wuta da iska ke motsawa ta tsallake hanyoyi da layin wuta, kuma gawayi masu cin wuta sun haifar da tabo mai nisa, suna fara sabbin gobara mil (1.6 ko fiye a gaban manyan wuraren wuta. Wutar ƙasa ta tsere da tsani na man fetur zuwa gandun daji kuma ta zama gobarar kambi tare da harshen wuta sama da 200 feet (61 m) m) tsawo. A duk lokacin rani, gobara ta yi gagarumin ci gaba na mil 5 zuwa 10 (8.0 zuwa 16.1 a rana, kuma har ma akwai lokutan da aka rubuta fiye da mil 2 (3.2 km) a cikin awa daya.[26] 

Rashin wuta na Snake River

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Wani babban rukuni na gobara an san shi da Snake River Complex . Wadannan gobarar sun kasance a kudancin wurin shakatawa, a yankin ruwa na Yellowstone da Snake Rivers. Wutar da ta fi girma a cikin rukuni ita ce Wutar Shoshone wacce aka fara da walƙiya a ranar 23 ga Yuni. Manufar ƙonewa ta halitta har yanzu tana aiki, kuma da farko, ba a yi ƙoƙari don murkushe wannan wuta ba. Ya ƙone tare da ɗan motsi na makonni da yawa, sannan da sauri ya fara fadada zuwa arewa maso gabas a ranar 20 ga Yuli.[27]

At Grant Village fire is shown spreading from the forest floor up into the tree canopy leading to crown fires
Wutar ƙasa a ƙauyen Grant da sauri ta hau itatuwa a cikin rufin kuma ta zama gobarar kambi.

Jar wuta ta fara kusa da tafkin Lewis a ranar 1 ga Yuli, kuma kamar Wutar Shoshone, ta ci gaba kaɗan na makonni da yawa. Daga nan sai gobarar ta tashi zuwa arewa maso gabas ranar 19 ga watan Yuli kuma ta hade da gobarar Shoshone a watan Agusta. Yayin da waɗannan gobara biyu suka ci gaba zuwa yankin Grant Village, an ba da umarnin ƙaura don haka ma'aikatan kashe gobara su mai da hankali kan kariyar tsari. A tsakiyar babban gandun daji na lodgepole pine, rukunin Grant Village shine babban yankin yawon buɗe ido na farko da ya yi tasiri a wannan lokacin. An lalata wasu ƙananan gine-gine da wasu rukunin sansanin sansanin. Rukunin kogin maciji na gobara a ƙarshe sun haɗa da Ja, Shoshone, da sauran gobara masu yawa. [27] Wutar Mink ta fara ne a cikin gandun daji na Bridger-Teton daga walƙiya a ranar 11 ga Yuli, kuma ta ƙone arewa bayan kwarin Kogin Yellowstone, bayan da masu kashe gobara suka tilasta wutar daga ƙasashe masu zaman kansu. Wutar Mink a ƙarshe ta ƙone sassan da ke cikin wurin shakatawa bayan 23 ga Yuli amma ana ganin ba ta da haɗari tunda tana cikin wani yanki mai nisa na wurin shakatawa. [27] Wuta ta uku mafi girma na Complex River Snake ita ce Wutar Huck, wacce ta fara bayan bishiya ta fado kan layin wutar lantarki a ranar 20 ga Agusta kusa da Flagg Ranch . Wannan wuta ta [20] farko a cikin John D. Rockefeller Jr. Memorial Parkway, ketare iyakar Yellowstone ta kudu ranar [1] Agusta 172,000 acres (696 km2) kafin ya ƙare a tsakiyar Satumba. [20] Daya daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi daukar hankali a wannan rukunin gobara ya faru ne a ranar 23 ga watan Agusta lokacin da wata mummunar gobara ta mamaye kogin Lewis Canyon, wanda iskar 60 miles per hour (97 km/h) da gudu zuwa 80 miles per hour (130 km/h) .

Wutar Clover

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Wutar Mist ta fara ne a ranar 9 ga Yuli, a gabashin wurin shakatawa a cikin Absaroka Range. Kwanaki biyu bayan haka, Wutar Clover ta fara a wannan yankin kuma gobarar ta haɗu kuma an sake masa suna Wutar Clovers Mist a ranar ga Yuli. Kashewa a cikin ƙasa mai tsawo, wannan wuta tana da wuyar yaƙi kuma a ranar 20 ga watan Agusta, wutar ta ci gaba daga kudu zuwa ƙaramin garin Cooke City, Montana kuma ta ci gaba da barazana ga garin na makonni da yawa.[27] Wutar Clover Mist ta cinye fiye da kadada 140,000 (567 ). [1]

Storm Creek, Hellroaring, da wuta ta Fan

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Wutar Storm Creek ta fara ne a ranar 14 ga Yuni, da kyau a arewacin wurin shakatawa a cikin Absaroka-Beartooth Wilderness, kuma kusan watanni biyu ya zama kamar ba ya haifar da barazana ga Yellowstone. Sa'an nan, a ranar 20 ga watan Agusta, gobarar ta yi saurin zuwa kudu kuma ta yi barazana ga garin Cooke City, a wannan lokacin daga arewa. Kokarin da aka yi na murkushe wuta mai zurfi da kuma sanya wuta don ƙoƙarin kashe gobarar mai kusan ya haifar da bala'i lokacin da canjin da ba zato ba tsammani a cikin iska ya kawo gobarar zuwa cikin yadudduka ɗari na sassa na garin, ya tilasta kwashewa a ranar 6 ga Satumba.[28] Wutar Storm Creek ta ƙone fiye da kadada 143,000.[27]

Sauran babbar gobarar da ke arewacin wurin shakatawa ita ce Wutar Hellroaring . An fara shi a cikin gandun daji na Gallatin a ranar 15 ga watan Agusta daga gawayi daga wuta da ba a kula da ita ba, gobarar da farko ta koma arewa, amma sai ta juya bayan 'yan kwanaki kuma ta koma kudu, tana barazanar yankin kusa da Tower Junction.[27] Daga ƙarshe ya ƙone kadada 101,996.[27]

Juyin halitta na gobara.
Animated GIF showing how the fires progressed from July to October 1988
Ci gaban gobara daban-daban a yankin Greater Yellowstone, Yuli zuwa Oktoba 1988.

A arewa maso yamma, Wutar Fan ta fara ne a ranar 25 ga Yuni, kuma an fara la'akari da barazana ga garin Gardiner, Montana, a waje da ƙofar arewacin wurin shakatawa. Ya kasance mafi nasara a cikin dukkan gobarar 1988. Kodayake ba a hana wutar ba har tsawon watanni, a tsakiyar watan Agusta, ba a sake la'akari da ita barazana ga rayuka da dukiya ba.[27] Wutar Fan ta ƙone kadada 27,346 gabaɗaya.[27]

Wutar Arewacin Fork

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Wutar da ta fi girma a wurin shakatawa ita ce Wutar Arewacin Fork, duka dangane da lalacewar gine-gine da yankin da aka ƙone. Wutar ta fara ne a ranar 22 ga watan Yuli, lokacin da wani mutum mai yankan katako ya zubar da sigari a cikin gandun daji na Caribou-Targhee a waje da iyakar yammacin wurin shakatawa.[29][3] Wutar Arewacin Fork ita ce kawai babbar gobara da aka yi tun daga farko tun lokacin da ta fara bayan an dakatar da manufofin wuta a ranar 15 ga Yuli.[26] Wutar ta bazu zuwa arewa maso gabas kuma a ƙarshen mako na farko na watan Agusta, tana barazana ga Madison Junction da wuraren sansanin da ke kusa. Wutar ta tashi zuwa Norris Junction a ranar 20 ga watan Agusta. Masu kashe gobara a can sun yi amfani da ruwa da kumfa don hana wutar cinye gine-ginen. Wutar ta ci gaba da ci gaba zuwa gabas tare da Yellowstone Plateau, kuma a ranar 25 ga watan Agusta, ta kai wuraren baƙi a Canyon, inda hukumomin kula da ƙasa da sojojin Amurka suka yi kokari sosai don kare gine-gine. Yankin gabas na wuta ya kwanta na kwanaki da yawa, sannan iskõki masu saukowa daga Yellowstone Plateau suka tilasta harshen wuta tare da gefen yammacin wuta zuwa garin West Yellowstone, Montana . [27] A can, 'yan ƙasa masu zaman kansu sun taimaka wa ma'aikatan da aka ba su don tsoma daruruwan kadada na gandun daji don kare garin da kuma tashar wutar lantarki. Wutar ta ƙone wani bangare mai yawa na gandun daji tare da kwarin Kogin Madison.[30]

Tsakanin Satumba 5 da 7, wani busassun gaba ya tura harshen wuta tare da sashin kudancin Arewacin Fork Fire zuwa babban tsohuwar baƙo mai aminci kusa da Upper Geyser Basin . [27] An umarci duk ma'aikatan da ba na gaggawa ba a kwashe su; duk da haka, batutuwan siyasa sun rinjayi umarnin gudanar da National Park Service ba a rufe ginin gaba ɗaya ga masu yawon bude ido masu shigowa ba, tare da wasu baƙi har yanzu suna isa Old Faithful ba da daɗewa ba kafin mummunan wuta ya faru da tsakar rana. Wani bama-bamai na sama tare da tankunan iska da ke sauke wuta ya gaza.[26] Masu kashe gobara sun mai da hankali kan kariya ta tsari, musamman wadanda ke da muhimmancin tarihi kamar Old Faithful Inn, ta amfani da injunan wuta da tsarin famfo na ruwa don kiyaye rufin da sauran farfajiyar gine-ginen. Masu kashe gobara 1,200 ciki har da ma'aikatan soja 120 sun haƙa layin wuta kuma sun share bishiyoyi kusa da gine-gine. Iska ta kai har zuwa mil 80 a kowace awa (130 km / h) yayin da wuta ta kusanci daga yamma.[31]

North Fork fire is seen spreading towards buildings in the Old Faithful area on September 7. 1988
Wutar Arewacin Fork ta kusanci Old Faithful a ranar 7 ga Satumba, 1988.

Gobarar ta bazu zuwa sassan dazuzzukan da ke kusa, amma gaba daya nesa ba kusa ba daga manyan gine-gine, amma kananan gine-gine 19 sun lalace sannan kuma an samu barna mai yawa a wani tsohon dakin kwanan dalibai. Gobarar ta yi tsanani matuka, ta yadda motocin da aka bari a kusa da gobarar suka narkar da ƙafafunsu, da farfasa gilashin gilashi, da kuma kona fenti. [32] Ko da yake mafi yawan Old Faithful hadaddun da aka kare, da wurin shakatawa sabis ya yanke shawarar cewa a karon farko, dukan wurin shakatawa za a rufe ga wadanda ba gaggawa ma'aikatan a ranar Satumba 8. Da dare na 9th da safe na Satumba 10, da Arewa Fork Wuta tsalle a fireline tare da ta arewa maso gabas flank da kuma kusanci Mammoth Hot Springs inda wani babban taro na tarihi da aka located a cikin tarihi. Ruwan sama da dusar ƙanƙara sun isa kan lokaci don rage wutar kafin su yi barazana ga rukunin. A lokacin da gobarar Arewa ta mutu a ƙarshe, ita ce ke da alhakin kashi 60% na yankin da ya kone a cikin wurin shakatawa; fiye da 400,000 acres (1,600 km2) . [33]

Tasirin da aka samu a wurin shakatawa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Shuke-shuke da namun daji

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
An image from 2006 of a burned area shows new tree saplings as well as still standing dead trees burned by the fires nearly twenty years earlier
A cikin wannan hoton na shekara ta 2006, matattu har yanzu suna tsaye kusan shekaru 20 bayan gobarar, amma itatuwan lodgepole suna bunƙasa a cikin gandun daji.

Tasirin gobarar a Yellowstone ya bambanta sosai. A cikin iyakar wuta, manyan gandun daji ba su taɓa su ba.[34] Akwai manyan nau'ikan konewa guda uku. Daga ra'ayi mai kyau, gobarar da ta fi lalacewa ita ce gobarar kambi wanda a wurare da yawa ya shafe dukkan gandun daji. Wutar Crown ta kai kusan kashi 41 cikin dari na duk yankin da ya kone.[35] Wutar da aka haɗu ta ƙone rufin da ciyayi a ƙasa, ko kuma ta ƙone ɗaya ko ɗayan yayin da suke yaduwa cikin gandun daji. Wutar ƙasa ta bazu a hankali tare da ƙasa, tana cinye ƙananan tsire-tsire da kayan shuke-shuke; wasu gobarar ƙasa sun ƙone tsawon lokaci da ƙarfi, suna ba da gudummawa ga asarar bishiyoyi da yawa waɗanda ba a taɓa ƙone rufin su kai tsaye ba.[35] 

Farfadowa daga gobarar ya fara kusan nan take, tare da tsire-tsire kamar su fireweed da suka bayyana a cikin 'yan kwanaki bayan gobara ta wuce. Duk da yake gandun daji na ƙasa da ke kewaye da su sun sake dasa su har ma da watsar da iri ta jirgin sama, sake farfadowa a Yellowstone gabaɗaya ya cika sosai har ma ba a yi ƙoƙarin sake dasa su ba.[35] Kodayake wasu ƙananan tsire-tsire ba su sake ɗaukar wuraren zama na kafin wuta ba, yawancin sun yi, kuma yawancin tsire-shuke sun sake tashi daga tsire-tire da ke akwai waɗanda suka tsira daga zafi daga gobarar. Akwai tarin furanni a wuraren da aka ƙone, musamman tsakanin shekaru biyu zuwa biyar bayan gobarar.[36] 

A bull elk wanders in a completely burned area after the fires
Kwararrun bijimi a yankin da aka ƙone kwanan nan

Tsuntsaye ba su da nisa don tafiya, har ma a wuraren da aka ƙone sosai. Yawancin gandun daji da aka fi ƙonewa sun kasance a cikin 160 zuwa 650 feet (49 zuwa 198 na wuraren da ba su da tasiri. Duk da haka, yawancin sake farfadowa na tsire-tsire da bishiyoyi sun fito ne daga tushe na yanzu, ko dai a sama ko a ƙasa. Lodgepole pine gabaɗaya ba sa warwatsa tsaba fiye da ƙafa 200 (61 , don haka warwatsa iri daga ƙananan ɓangarorin da aka ƙone a bayyane yake ba shi da tasiri sosai a wuraren da suka ƙone sosai.[35] A yankunan da suka fuskanci cikakkiyar ƙonewa, matsakaicin zurfin ƙasa mai ƙonewa ya kasance kusan rabin inci (14 mm), don haka ƙananan tushen, har ma da ciyawa, wuta ta kashe su. Wannan ya ba da damar sake farfadowa cikin sauri a duk yanayin halittu.[37] 

Itacen da ya fi girma a Yellowstone, itacen pine, ya yi mummunar lalacewa daga gobarar, sai dai a wuraren da zafi da harshen wuta suka kasance masu sauƙi. Farin lodgepole yana da Serotinus kuma sau da yawa yana samar da ƙwayoyin pine waɗanda ke kasancewa a rufe kuma ba za su watsar da tsaba ba sai dai idan an sanya su a wuta. Binciken makircin gwaji da aka kafa bayan gobarar ya nuna cewa mafi kyawun watsa iri ya faru ne a yankunan da suka fuskanci mummunan gobarar ƙasa, kuma cewa watsawar iri ya fi ƙasa a yankunan waɗanda ke da ƙananan ƙonewa.[37] Yankunan da ke da gobarar kambi wani lokacin suna da mafi girman farfadowa na lodgepole pine bayan shekaru 5.[38] Koyaya, yawan sake farfadowa na lodgepole bai kasance daidai ba, tare da wasu yankuna suna ganin yawan sabbin ci gaba yayin da wasu yankunan suna da ƙasa. Tsayawa na matattu lodgepole da gobarar ta kashe na iya ci gaba da shekaru da yawa, tashi sama da sabon girma da samar da mazaunin tsuntsaye da sauran namun daji.[35] 

Aspen ya zama yadu bayan gobarar, yana mamaye yankunan da conifers suka mamaye. An yi imanin cewa aspen ya sake farfadowa ta hanyar tsiro daga tushen da ke akwai maimakon ta hanyar watsa iri. Koyaya, tsiro na aspen ya bayyana shekaru biyu bayan gobarar har zuwa kilomita 9 (14 daga itatuwan aspen mafi kusa da aka sani. Aspen shine abincin da aka fi so ga elk kuma yawancin sabbin aspen saboda haka ƙananan ne, sai dai a wuraren da suka fi wuya ga elk su isa.[37] Sake farfado da aspen bayan gobarar ya bambanta da abubuwan da suka faru kafin gobara, kamar yadda aspen ya kasance da ƙarancin gaske a cikin wurin shakatawa.[35] Wani abu ba shi da alaƙa, maido da kyarketai zuwa Yellowstone National Park tun daga 1995 na iya samun tasiri mai kyau a kan makomar aspen a cikin wurin shakatawa saboda raguwar yawan elk saboda farautar da kyarkewa da sauran masu cin nama.[39]

Sabanin rahotanni na kafofin watsa labarai da hasashe a lokacin, gobarar ta kashe dabbobi kaɗan na wurin shakatawa - binciken ya nuna cewa kimanin 345 elk (na kimanin 40,000-50,000), 36 mule deer, 12 moose, 6 black bears, da 9 bison sun mutu.[14][40] Daga cikin grizzlies 21 da aka yi amfani da su a rediyo kuma suna da gidaje inda gobarar ta faru, an yi imanin cewa daya ne kawai ya ɓace. An lura da Grizzlies a wuraren da aka ƙone sau da yawa fiye da wuraren da ba a ƙone su ba a shekara mai zuwa, suna cin abinci a kan yaduwar tushen da ganye da kuma tururuwa waɗanda suka bunƙasa saboda duk itacen da ya mutu.[41] Moose ya kasance yana raguwa a sassan arewacin wurin shakatawa tun daga shekarun 1960, amma raguwar ta zama a bayyane bayan gobarar. Da zarar an ƙidaya kusan 1,000, zuwa 2020 an yi imanin ƙasa da 200 suna zaune a wurin shakatawa.[42] An danganta wannan ga asarar gandun daji masu yawa waɗanda ƙananan nau'ikan moose da ke zaune a wurin shakatawa suka fi so.[42] Ba kamar elk ba, waɗanda galibi makiyaya ne kuma suna cin ciyawa, moose sun fi zama masu bincike, suna cinye ainihin tushen abinci na katako, musamman willow da subalpine fir, waɗanda kuma wuta ta rage su. Dukkanin ungulates sun sami babban mutuwar farko a cikin hunturu bayan gobarar, amma wannan an danganta shi da matsanancin hunturu fiye da gobarar kanta.[43] Koyaya, yawan moose, ba kamar sauran ungulates ba, ba su sake dawowa a cikin shekaru masu zuwa ba.[42] Rukunin mai yiwuwa sun sami mafi girman mutuwar dukkan dabbobi masu shayarwa ba kawai saboda zafi da hayaki ba za su iya tserewa cikin sauƙi ba, har ma saboda raguwar murfin gandun daji, yana ba da damar masu cin nama da ƙarancin wahalar ganin su.[44]

Kimanin kifaye 100 da suka mutu an bayar da rahoton su a cikin koguna biyu bayan an zubar da mai hana wuta ba da gangan ba. Baya ga raguwar wucin gadi a cikin wasu nau'ikan kwari na ruwa, ba a lura da tasirin dogon lokaci a rayuwar ruwa a kowane kogin ko tabkuna na Yellowstone ba.[45]

 

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. 1 2 3 Schullery, Paul (1989). "Yellowstone fires: a preliminary report". Northwest Science. 63 (1): 44–54.
  2. 1 2 "1988 Fires". National Park Service. Archived from the original on 12 October 2022. Retrieved February 16, 2022.
  3. 1 2 "The Greater Yellowstone Fires of 1988" (PDF). National Park Service. January 25, 1989. Retrieved June 13, 2022.
  4. ↑ Park, Mailing Address: PO Box 168 Yellowstone National; Us, WY 82190-0168 Phone: 307-344-7381 Contact. "1988 Wildfires in Yellowstone: Lasting Environmental Impacts and Changes to Wildfire Management Policy - Yellowstone National Park (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov (in Turanci). Retrieved 2025-01-19.
  5. ↑ "Wildfire Statistics" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. U.S. Congress. August 1, 2022. Retrieved August 27, 2022.
  6. ↑ "The Peshtigo Fire". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. National Weather Service. Retrieved February 23, 2022.
  7. 1 2 Aplet, Gregory H. (April 2006). "Evolution of Wilderness Fire Policy" (PDF). International Journal of Wilderness. 12 (1): 9–13. Retrieved February 23, 2022.
  8. ↑ "The Great Fire of 1910" (PDF). United States Department of Agriculture. United States Forest Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 5, 2016. Retrieved February 23, 2022.
  9. ↑ van Wagtendonk, Jan W. (December 1, 2007). "The History and Evolution of Wildland Fire Use". Fire Ecology. 3 (2): 3–17. Bibcode:2007FiEco...3b...3V. doi:10.4996/fireecology.0302003. S2CID 85841606.
  10. 1 2 "Wildfires in Western Forests". Natural Resources Defense Council. May 2003. Archived from the original on August 6, 2007. Retrieved February 23, 2022.
  11. 1 2 "Evolution of Federal Wildland Fire Management Policy" (PDF). Review and Update of the 1995 Federal Wildland Fire Management Policy January 2001. National Park Service, U.S. Forest Service. January 2001. Retrieved February 23, 2022.
  12. ↑ "Wildland Fire Program". National Park Service. Archived from the original on March 2, 2015. Retrieved February 23, 2022.
  13. ↑ "The Story of Smokey Bear". U.S. Forest Service. July 13, 2005. Archived from the original on June 30, 2020. Retrieved February 23, 2022.
  14. 1 2 3 4 "Fire". Nature. National Park Service. June 11, 2007. Retrieved March 6, 2022.
  15. ↑ Williams, Gerald W. (Summer 2000). "Introduction to Aboriginal Fire Use in North America" (PDF). Fire Management Today. USDA Forest Service. 60 (3): 8–12. Retrieved March 6, 2022.
  16. ↑ Knapp, Eric E.; Varner, Morgan (August 1, 2013). "Prescribed fire in North American forests and woodlands: history, current practice, and challenges". Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. 11 (s1). doi:10.1890/120329. Retrieved March 6, 2022.
  17. ↑ Leopold, A.S.; Cain, S.A; Cottam, C.M.; Gabrielson, I.N.; Kimball, T.L. (March 4, 1963). "Wildlife Management in the National Parks: The Leopold Report". National Park Service. Retrieved March 6, 2022.
  18. 1 2 "Fire Management". National Park Service. Archived from the original on May 22, 2019. Retrieved March 6, 2022.
  19. 1 2 Franke, Mary Ann (2000). "The Role of Fire in Yellowstone" (PDF). Yellowstone in the Afterglow. National Park Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 29, 2008. Retrieved March 13, 2022.
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Franke, Mary Ann (2000). "The Summer of 1988" (PDF). Yellowstone in the Afterglow. National Park Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 13, 2016. Retrieved March 13, 2022.
  21. 1 2 Lotan, James E. "Lodgepole Pine". Pinus contorta. U.S. Forest Service. Retrieved March 13, 2022.
  22. ↑ Franke, Mary Ann (2000). "The Summer of 1988" (PDF). Yellowstone in the Afterglow. National Park Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 13, 2016. Retrieved March 13, 2022.
  23. ↑ Lynch, Heather; Renkin, Roy A.; Crabtree, Robert L.; Moorcroft, Paul R. (January 19, 2007). "The Influence of Previous Mountain Pine Beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) Activity on the 1988 Yellowstone Fires" (PDF). Ecosystems. 2006 (9): 1318–1327. Retrieved March 13, 2022.
  24. ↑ Turner, Monica (August 28, 2018). "Here's how forests rebounded from Yellowstone's epic 1988 fires – and why that could be harder in the future". The Conversation. Retrieved March 13, 2022.
  25. ↑ Schullery, Paul (November 1989). "The Fires and Fire Policy". BioScience. 39 (10): 686–694. doi:10.2307/1310999. JSTOR 1310999.
  26. 1 2 3 "Yellowstone and the Politics of Disaster" (PDF). A Test of Adversity and Strength: Wildland Fire in the National Park System. National Park Service. Retrieved March 27, 2022.
  27. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Rothermel, Richard; Hartford, Roberta; Chase, Carolyn (January 1994). "Fire Growth Maps for the 1988 Greater Yellowstone Area Fires" (PDF). Gen. Tech. Rep. Int-304. Ogden, Ut: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 64 P. U.S. Forest Service. 304. doi:10.2737/INT-GTR-304. Retrieved March 27, 2022. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  28. ↑ "Flames tower over Cooke City during the Yellowstone National Park fires". Missoulian. August 5, 2013. Retrieved March 27, 2022.
  29. ↑ Reh, Christopher; Scott Deitchman (February 1992). "Health Hazard Evaluation Report No. 88-320" (PDF). HETA 88-320-2176. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Retrieved March 27, 2022.
  30. ↑ Davy, Liz; Nelson, Paula; Ward, Matthew (December 13, 2018). "Unsung Heroes of the 1988 Yellowstone Fires: Church Leaders and Farmers". Fire Adapted Communities. Retrieved March 27, 2022.
  31. ↑ Barker, Rocky (Spring 2006). "Under Fire". Forest Magazine. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved March 27, 2022.
  32. ↑ "Yellowstone and the Politics of Disaster" (PDF). A Test of Adversity and Strength: Wildland Fire in the National Park System. National Park Service. Retrieved March 27, 2022.
  33. ↑ Schullery, Paul (1989). "Yellowstone fires: a preliminary report". Northwest Science. 63 (1): 44–54.
  34. ↑ Knight, Dennis H.; Linda L. Wallace (November 1989). "The Yellowstone Fires: Issues in Landscape Ecology". BioScience. 39 (10): 700–706. doi:10.2307/1311001. JSTOR 1311001.
  35. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Franke, May Ann (2000). "Changes in the Landscape" (PDF). Yellowstone in the Afterglow. National Park Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 29, 2008. Retrieved April 18, 2022.
  36. ↑ Romme, William H.; Laura Bohland; Cynthia Persichetty; Tanya Caruso (November 1995). "Germination Ecology of Some Common Forest Herbs in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, U.S.A.". Arctic and Alpine Research. 27 (4): 407–412. doi:10.2307/1552034. JSTOR 1552034.
  37. 1 2 3 Turner, Monica; Romme, William H; Tinker, Daniel B (2003). "Surprises and lessons from the 1988 Yellowstone fires" (PDF). Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. 1 (7): 351–358. doi:10.1890/1540-9295(2003)001[0351:SALFTY]2.0.CO;2. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 10, 2007. Retrieved April 18, 2022.
  38. ↑ Turner, Monica; William W. Hargrove; Robert H. Gardner; William H. Romme (November 1994). "Effects of Fire on Landscape Heterogeneity in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming". Journal of Vegetation Science. 5 (5): 731–742. Bibcode:1994JVegS...5..731T. doi:10.2307/3235886. JSTOR 3235886.
  39. ↑ Klaptosky, John (May 16, 2019). "The Plight of Aspen: Emerging as a Beneficiary of Wolf Restoration on Yellowstone's Northern Range". National Park Service. Retrieved August 28, 2022.
  40. ↑ Singer, Francis; William Schreier; Jill Oppenheim; Edward O. Garton (November 1989). "Drought, Fires, and Large Mammals". BioScience. 39 (10): 716–722. doi:10.2307/1311003. JSTOR 1311003.
  41. ↑ "Ecological Consequences of Fire". National Park Service. Retrieved April 18, 2022.
  42. 1 2 3 "Moose". National Park Service. October 22, 2020. Retrieved September 7, 2022.
  43. ↑ Gabbert, Bill (October 30, 2018). "Has Yellowstone "recovered" from the 1988 wildfires?". Wildfire Today. Retrieved September 7, 2022.[permanent dead link]
  44. ↑ Stone, Richard (June 1998). "Yellowstone Rising Again From Ashes of Devastating Fires". Science. 280 (5369): 1527–1528. doi:10.1126/science.280.5369.1527. S2CID 129065671.
  45. ↑ Franke, Mary Ann (2000). "Watershed and Stream Dynamics" (PDF). Yellowstone in the Afterglow. National Park Service. Retrieved July 2, 2025.
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