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Wutar lantarki ta ruwa

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Wutar lantarki ta ruwa
electricity generation (en) Fassara da industry (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare nahydropower (en) Fassara, Makamashi mai sabuntawa da Makamashi mai ɗorewa
Bangare naEnergy industry

Wutar lantarki ta ruwa, ko kuma wutar lantarki ta ruwa, wutar lantarki ce da ake samu daga wutar lantarki ta ruwa. Wutar lantarki ta ruwa tana samar da kashi 15% na wutar lantarki a duniya, kusan 4,210 TWh a shekarar 2023, [1] wanda ya fi duk sauran hanyoyin samar da makamashin nukiliya da aka haɗa kuma ya fi ƙarfin nukiliya . [2] Wutar lantarki ta ruwa za ta iya samar da wutar lantarki mai ƙarancin carbon idan ana buƙata, wanda hakan ke sanya ta zama muhimmin abu don ƙirƙirar tsarin samar da wutar lantarki mai aminci da tsafta. [2] Tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa wadda ke da madatsar ruwa da kuma ma'ajiyar ruwa ita ce madogara mai sassauƙa, domin ana iya ƙara ko rage adadin wutar lantarki da ake samarwa cikin daƙiƙa ko mintuna saboda bambancin buƙatar wutar lantarki. Da zarar an gina wani rukunin wutar lantarki na ruwa, ba ya fitar da shara kai tsaye, kuma kusan koyaushe yana fitar da iskar gas mai gurbata muhalli ƙasa da na tashoshin makamashi masu amfani da man fetur . Duk da haka, idan aka gina shi a yankunan dazuzzukan ruwan sama ke da zurfi, inda wani ɓangare na dajin ke cike da ruwa, ana iya fitar da iskar gas mai yawa. [3]

Gina rukunin wutar lantarki na iya yin babban tasiri ga muhalli, musamman ma asarar filayen noma da kuma ƙaura daga jama'a . [4] Suna kuma kawo cikas ga yanayin muhalli na kogin da abin ya shafa, suna shafar muhalli da yanayin halittu, da kuma yanayin zaftarewar ƙasa da zaizayar ƙasa. Duk da cewa madatsun ruwa na iya rage haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa, gazawar madatsun ruwa na iya zama bala'i.

A shekarar 2025, karfin wutar lantarki da aka sanya a duniya ya kai kusan 1,456 GW, mafi girma a cikin dukkan fasahar makamashi mai sabuntawa. [5] Wutar lantarki ta ruwa tana taka muhimmiyar rawa a ƙasashe kamar Brazil, Norway da China. [6] amma akwai iyakokin ƙasa da matsalolin muhalli. Ana iya amfani da wutar lantarki ta ruwa a yankunan bakin teku.

China ta ƙara 24 GW a shekarar 2022, wanda ya kai kusan kashi uku cikin huɗu na ƙarin ƙarfin wutar lantarki a duniya. Turai ta ƙara 2 GW, mafi girman adadin da aka samu a yankin tun daga shekarar 1990. A halin yanzu, a duk duniya, samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa ya karu da kashi 70 TWh (ƙara 2%) a shekarar 2022 kuma ya kasance mafi girman tushen makamashi mai sabuntawa, wanda ya zarce duk sauran fasahohin da aka haɗa. [7]

Tarihi

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Gidan Tarihi na tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa "A ƙarƙashin garin" a Užice, Serbia, an gina ta a shekarar 1900

Amfani da wutar lantarki ta ruwa da ruwa don samar da makamashin inji za a iya gano shi tun daga zamanin daular China ta 202 BC da kuma daular Han [8] . A ƙarshen ƙarni na 18, wutar lantarki ta hydraulic ta samar da tushen makamashin da ake buƙata don fara juyin juya halin masana'antu . [9] A tsakiyar shekarun 1700, injiniya ɗan ƙasar Faransa Bernard Forest de Bélidor ya buga Architecture Hydraulique, wanda ya bayyana injunan hydraulic na tsaye da kwance, kuma a cikin 1771 haɗin wutar lantarki ta Richard Arkwright, tsarin ruwa, da ci gaba da samarwa sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin ci gaban tsarin masana'anta, tare da ayyukan aiki na zamani. A shekarun 1840, an ƙirƙiro hanyoyin samar da wutar lantarki na hydraulic don samar da wutar lantarki da kuma isar da ita ga masu amfani da ita.

A ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, an ƙera janareta na wutar lantarki kuma yanzu ana iya haɗa shi da injinan hydraulic. [10] Bukatar da ke ƙaruwa daga juyin juya halin masana'antu za ta haifar da ci gaba. [11] A shekarar 1878, William Armstrong ya ƙirƙiro tsarin samar da wutar lantarki ta farko a duniya a Cragside da ke Northumberland, Ingila. An yi amfani da shi wajen kunna fitilar baka guda ɗaya a cikin ɗakin zane-zanensa. Tsohon Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Schoelkopf mai lamba 1, Amurka, kusa da Niagara Falls, ya fara samar da wutar lantarki a shekarar 1881. A ranar 5 ga Satumba, 1882, injinan samar da wutar lantarki a St. Anthony Falls da ke kan kogin Mississippi sun kunna fitilun baka a gefen titin Washington da ke Minneapolis, Minnesota [12] . Tashar wutar lantarki ta farko ta Edison, Vulcan Street Plant, ta fara aiki a ranar 30 ga Satumba, 1882, a Appleton, Wisconsin, tare da samar da wutar lantarki ta kimanin kilowatts 12.5. [13] A shekarar 1886, akwai tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki guda 45 a Amurka da Kanada; kuma zuwa shekarar 1889, akwai guda 200 a Amurka kawai. [10]

Gidan janareta mai amfani da ruwa a Gidan Warwick, wanda aka yi amfani da shi don samar da wutar lantarki ga gidan sarauta daga 1894 zuwa 1940

A farkon karni na 20, kamfanonin kasuwanci suna gina ƙananan tashoshin wutar lantarki da yawa a tsaunukan da ke kusa da manyan birane. Grenoble, Faransa ta gudanar da bikin baje kolin makamashin ruwa da yawon bude ido na duniya, tare da sama da baƙi miliyan ɗaya a shekarar 1925. Zuwa shekarar 1920, lokacin da kashi 40% na wutar lantarki da ake samarwa a Amurka wutar lantarki ce, aka kafa Dokar Wutar Lantarki ta Tarayya . Dokar ta kafa Hukumar Wutar Lantarki ta Tarayya don tsara tashoshin wutar lantarki na ruwa a kan filaye da ruwa na tarayya. Yayin da tashoshin wutar lantarki suka ƙara girma, madatsun ruwa da ke da alaƙa da su sun ƙirƙiro ƙarin ayyuka, ciki har da kula da ambaliyar ruwa, ban ruwa da kuma kewayawa . Kuɗin gwamnatin tarayya ya zama dole don manyan ci gaba, kuma an ƙirƙiri kamfanoni mallakar gwamnatin tarayya, kamar Hukumar Kula da Wutar Lantarki ta Tennessee (1933) da Hukumar Kula da Wutar Lantarki ta Bonneville (1937). [11] Bugu da ƙari, Ofishin Maido da Albarkatun Ruwa wanda ya fara jerin ayyukan ban ruwa na yammacin Amurka a farkon ƙarni na 20, yanzu yana gina manyan ayyukan samar da wutar lantarki kamar Dam na Hoover na 1928. [14] Rundunar Injiniyoyi ta Sojojin Amurka ta kuma shiga cikin ayyukan samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa, inda ta kammala madatsar ruwan Bonneville a shekarar 1937 kuma Dokar Kula da Ambaliyar Ruwa ta 1936 ta amince da ita a matsayin babbar hukumar kula da ambaliyar ruwa ta tarayya.

Tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki na ruwa sun ci gaba da girma a duk tsawon ƙarni na 20. An kira wutar lantarki ta ruwa da "farin kwal". Tashar wutar lantarki ta farko ta Hoover Dam 1,345 MW ita ce babbar tashar wutar lantarki ta ruwa a duniya a shekarar 1936; ta yi kasa da madatsar ruwa ta Grand Coulee 6,809 MW a shekarar 1942. [15] An buɗe madatsar ruwan Itaipu a shekarar 1984 a Kudancin Amurka a matsayin mafi girma, yana samar da wutar 14 GW, amma a shekarar 2008 madatsar ruwan Three Gorges da ke China ta zarce ta da wutar lantarki 22.5 GW . A ƙarshe wutar lantarki ta ruwa za ta samar wa wasu ƙasashe, ciki har da Norway, Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kongo, Paraguay da Brazil, sama da kashi 85% na wutar lantarki.

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ "Global Electricity Review 2024". Ember. 2024-05-07. Retrieved 2024-09-02.
  2. 1 2 "Hydropower Special Market Report – Analysis". IEA. 30 June 2021. Retrieved 2022-01-30.
  3. ↑ de Faria, Felipe A M; Jaramillo, Paulina; Sawakuchi, Henrique O; Richey, Jeffrey E; Barros, Nathan (2015-12-01). "Estimating greenhouse gas emissions from future Amazonian hydroelectric reservoirs". Environmental Research Letters. 10 (12). Bibcode:2015ERL....10l4019D. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/10/12/124019. ISSN 1748-9326.
  4. ↑ Fearnside, Philip M. (1989-07-01). "Brazil's Balbina Dam: Environment versus the legacy of the Pharaohs in Amazonia". Environmental Management. 13 (4): 401–423. Bibcode:1989EnMan..13..401F. doi:10.1007/BF01867675. ISSN 1432-1009. S2CID 154405904.
  5. ↑ "Renewable Capacity Statistics 2026" (PDF). irena.org. ISBN 978-92-9260-725-8. Retrieved 24 August 2026.
  6. ↑ "BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2019" (PDF). BP. Retrieved 28 March 2020.
  7. ↑ "Hydroelectricity". IEA – International Energy Agency. 28 April 2024.
  8. ↑ "A brief history of hydropower". www.hydropower.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 2026-06-26.
  9. ↑ "The Early History of Water Power: From Medieval Mills to Water Hydroelectric Plants". Fuergy. Retrieved 2025-04-13.
  10. 1 2 "History of Hydropower". U.S. Department of Energy.
  11. 1 2 "Hydroelectric Power". Water Encyclopedia.
  12. ↑ Huber, Molly. "Hydroelectricity in Minneapolis, September 5, 1882 | MNopedia". www.mnhs.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 2026-07-10.
  13. ↑ "Hydroelectric power - energy from falling water". Clara.net.
  14. ↑ "Boulder Canyon Project Act" (PDF). December 21, 1928. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 13, 2011.
  15. ↑ "Hoover Dam and Lake Mead". U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. Archived from the original on 2010-12-03. Retrieved 2026-09-11.
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