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Xenophobia da wariyar launin fata a Gabas ta Tsakiya

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Xenophobia da wariyar launin fata a Gabas ta Tsakiya
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Ƙaramin ɓangare na Wariyar launin fata da Kyamar Baki
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 28°N 45°E / 28°N 45°E / 28; 45

Labarin ya bayyana yanayin Dangantakar launin fata da wariyar launin fata a Gabas ta Tsakiya. An yi Allah wadai da wariyar launin fata a duk faɗin duniya, tare da jihohi 174 da suka shiga Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan kawar da Dukkanin Nuna Bambanci a ranar 8 ga Afrilu, 2011. [1] A cikin ƙasashe daban-daban, siffofin da wariyar launin fata ke ɗauka na iya zama daban-daban saboda dalilai na tarihi, al'adu, addini, tattalin arziki ko yawan jama'a.

Bahrain

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Duk da kasancewa mafi yawan jama'a, [2] Musulmai Shia a Bahrain suna fuskantar tsanantawa mai tsanani.,[3] [4][5][6] Raymond Barrett[7][8][9][10] An kwatanta halin da ake ciki na Musulmai Shia da wariyar launin fata.

Iran

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A cewar Mataki na 19 na kundin tsarin mulkin Iran: [11] "Dukan mutanen Iran, komai kabilanci ko kabilar da suke ciki, suna jin daɗin daidaito; kuma launi, launin fata, harshe, da sauransu, ba sa ba da wata dama". Iran ta sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan kawar da dukkan nau'ikan nuna bambanci na launin fata.

Iraki

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, Rashid Ali al-Kaylani ya zargi ƙiyayya ta Burtaniya game da matsayinsa na Nazi a kan al'ummar Yahudawa na Iraki. A shekara ta 1941, 'yan kasar Iraqi sun kashe Yahudawa 200 a Baghdad a cikin wani Kisan kiyashi. Bayan Yaƙin Larabawa da Isra'ila na 1948, Yahudawa na Iraki sun fuskanci tsanantawa sosai har zuwa 1951, kusan 100,000 daga cikinsu sun bar ƙasar yayin da sarakunan Iraki suka kwace dukiyoyinsu da dukiyar kuɗi.[12] A cikin shekara ta 1987-1988, sojojin Iraki sun gudanar da kisan kare dangi a kan Kurdawa na Iraki wanda ya kashe daruruwan dubban mutane. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ba da rahoton cewa kodayake Kiristoci sun ƙunshi ƙasa da 5% na yawan mutanen Iraki, sun kai kusan 40% na 'yan gudun hijira da suka tsere daga Iraki.[13] Fiye da kashi 50% na Kiristoci na Iraki sun riga sun bar ƙasar tun shekara ta 2003. Al'ummar Kirista ta Iraki sun kai miliyan 1.4 a farkon shekarun 1980 a farkon yakin Iran-Irak . Amma kamar yadda mamayewar 2003 ta karfafa hankalin Islama, jimlar adadin Kiristoci ya ragu zuwa kusan 500,000 a shekara ta 2006, daga cikinsu 250,000 suna zaune a Bagadaza. [14] Bugu da ƙari, al'ummomin Mandaean da Yazidi suna cikin haɗarin kawarwa saboda tsarkakewar kabilanci ta masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na Islama. Wani labarin Mayu 25, 2007 ya lura cewa a cikin watanni bakwai da suka gabata mutane 69 ne kawai daga Iraki aka ba su Matsayin 'yan gudun hijira a Amurka.

Isra'ila

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A ranar 22 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2007, Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan kawar da nuna bambancin launin fata [15] zai yi la'akari da rahoton da Isra'ila ta gabatar a karkashin Mataki na 9 na Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan kawar da dukkan nau'ikan nuna bambancin jinsi.  [ana buƙatar hujja]Rahoton ya bayyana cewa "An haramta nuna bambanci na launin fata a Isra'ila. Jiha ta Isra'ila ta yi Allah wadai da duk wani nau'in nuna bambanci, kuma gwamnatinta ta ci gaba da bin manufofin da ke hana irin wannan nuna bambanci".[16] Caputi, wannan rahoto ya kalubalanci rahotanni da yawa da wasu hukumomi suka gabatar wa kwamitin wadanda mafi yawansu daga Musulmai ne masu karfi ko Larabawa mafi rinjaye. Adalah (The Legal Center for Arab Minority Rights in Israel), wata kungiya mai ba da shawara ta Larabawa, ta yi zargin cewa "Jam'ar Isra'ila tana bin manufofin nuna bambanci na ƙasa da gidaje ga 'yan ƙasar Larabawa na Isra'ila" kuma "an yi watsi da bukatun' yan ƙasar Larabawa ta Isra'ila".[17] A duk faɗin al'ummar Isra'ila ta Yahudawa, kuma musamman a tsakanin matasa, ra'ayi na adawa da Larabawa ya karu, yana nuna kansa ta hanyar karuwar laifukan ƙiyayya, binciken ra'ayi, da maganganun ƙiyayya daga manyan mambobin Knesset.[18] Jaridar Haaretz ta rubuta "Bari mu fuskanci shi: Isra'ila tana da matsalar wariyar launin fata".

Jordan

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Wani lokaci ana nuna wariyar launin fata a kwallon kafa inda wasu mutane a cikin masu sauraro ke haifar da al'amuran karya tunda 'yan Jordan yawanci suna tallafawa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Al Faisaly kuma' yan Palasdinawa suna tallafawa Al Wehdat.

Lebanon

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An zargi Lebanon da yin wariyar launin fata a kan mazaunan Palasdinawa. A cewar Human Rights Watch, "A shekara ta 2001, Majalisar ta zartar da dokar da ta hana Falasdinawa mallakar dukiya, haƙƙin da suke da shi tsawon shekaru. Dokar Lebanon ta kuma takaita ikon su na yin aiki a wurare da yawa. A shekara ta 2006, Lebanon ta kawar da haramtacciyar haramtacciya ga Palasdinawa da ke riƙe da mafi yawan mukamai da fasaha, idan sun sami izinin aiki na wucin gadi daga Ma'aikatar Ma'aikalin Ma'aikata, amma za su zaɓi fiye da 20 na manyan sana'a 20 sun kasance ba da iyaka ga Palasdinu ba su ba su ba.

A cikin 2012 da 2013, hukumomin Lebanon sun gudanar da tsare-tsare a yankuna daban-daban, masu aiki na Beirut, suna nuna yanayin da ke karuwa na tsananin wariyar launin fata, wariyar launin fatar, da nuna bambanci a cikin al'ummar Lebanon, musamman ga 'yan tsiraru. Wadannan hare-haren sun yi niyya ga ma'aikatan ƙaura, 'yan gudun hijira, da mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu, waɗanda galibi suna fuskantar matsalolin tsarin shari'a, yayin da suke fuskantar haɗarin da ya fi girma na tsare-tsare da kuma zalunci daga hukumomin Lebanon yayin da suke tsare.

A shekara ta 2010, an ba Palasdinawa hakkoki iri ɗaya na aiki kamar sauran baƙi a ƙasar.

Oman

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Al'ummar Oman galibi kabilanci ne. Oman tana da nau'ikan sanannun asali guda uku.[19] Biyu daga cikin wadannan asali sune "ƙabilar da Ibadism", na uku yana da alaƙa da "cinikin teku".[19] Abubuwa biyu na farko sun bazu a cikin Oman, ana gwada waɗannan asali sosai ga al'ada, sakamakon dogon lokaci na warewa. Asalin na uku, wanda ya shafi Muscat da yankunan bakin teku na Oman, shine asalin da ya zama a cikin Kasuwanci da kasuwanci. Sakamakon haka, ana ganin ainihin na uku ya fi budewa da haƙuri ga wasu. Don haka, tashin hankali tsakanin kungiyoyin zamantakewa da al'adu a cikin al'ummar Oman ya wanzu. Mafi mahimmanci, shine kasancewar rashin daidaito tsakanin waɗannan ƙungiyoyi uku.[19] A cewar CIA, yawan mutanen Oman sun hada da Larabawa, Baluchi, Asiya ta Kudu (Indiya, Pakistan, Sri Lankan, Bangladesh), da kabilun Afirka.[20] Zuriyar kabilun bayin da bayi sun sha wahala daga nuna bambanci.[21] Omanis na asalin bayi wani lokacin ana kiransu "khaddam" (Bawan) kuma wasu suna biyayya ga iyayengiji na baya, duk da 'yanci na doka.[19] Oman ita ce ta ƙarshe a duniya da ta kawar da bautar a shekarar 1970.[22] An yi imanin cewa ana bi da ma'aikatan ƙaura a Oman fiye da sauran Jihohin Larabawa na Tekun Farisa.[22] Matsalolin ma'aikatan gida a Oman batu ne mai haramtacce.[23][22] Kowace kwana shida, wani ɗan gudun hijira na Indiya a Oman ya kashe kansa.[24] An yi kamfen da ke roƙon hukumomi da su bincika yawan masu kisan kai.[25]

Falasdinu

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kungiyoyin Palasdinawa da mutane daban-daban an zarge su da kasancewa masu adawa da Yahudawa. Howard Gutman ya yi imanin cewa yawancin ƙiyayya ta Musulmi ga Yahudawa ta samo asali ne daga rikice-rikicen Larabawa da Isra'ila da ke gudana kuma zaman lafiya zai rage ƙiyayya da Yahudawa sosai.

Qatar

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

'Yan ƙasa a Qatar suna nuna bambanci ga Ma'aikatan ƙaura duk da cewa sun kasance mafi yawan jama'a.[26] Rashin amincewa ya fito ne daga yanayin aiki da suka sanya ma'aikatan su masu ƙaura. Wadannan ma'aikata galibi ana sanya su a cikin yankunan aiki masu haɗari waɗanda ba su da wani zaɓi sai dai su tsaya saboda babu wasu ayyukan da ke akwai.[26] Abubuwan da suka faru a gasar cin Kofin Duniya na 2022 misali ne.

Ma'aikatan cikin gida sune babban burin wariyar launin fata a Qatar saboda yana faruwa a bayan rufe kofofin. Wadannan ma'aikata suna fuskantar cin zarafin tunani kuma wasu kuma suna fuskantar cinyewar jiki kamar fyade.[26] Ma'aikatan gida galibi ba sa iya tserewa saboda yanayin aiki da suke fuskanta. Mutane da yawa, suna aiki ba tare da samun kowane irin albashi ba. Rashin kuɗin da suke da shi ya sa ba za su iya komawa gida ba kuma ya shafi iyalansu yayin da yawancin su suka dogara da kuɗin da ma'aikacin ke samu.

Saudi Arabia

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Nuna wariyar launin fata a Saudi Arabia game da ma'aikatan ma'aikata waɗanda baƙi ne, galibi daga ƙasashe masu tasowa. Ma'aikatan Asiya sun tsananta wa wadanda ke fama da wariyar launin fata da nuna bambanci a kasar, [27] [28] an yi amfani da ma'aikatan kasashen waje, wadanda ba a biya su ba, wadanda aka yi musu fyade, da yawa da kuma kulle su a wuraren aikinsu.[29][30] Kungiyar Human Rights Watch (HRW) ta bayyana waɗannan yanayi a matsayin "kusan Bautar" kuma ta danganta su da "rashin bambancin jinsi, addini, da launin fata".[31] A lokuta da yawa ma'aikata ba sa son bayar da rahoton ma'aikatansu saboda tsoron rasa ayyukansu ko ci gaba da cin zarafi.[31]

Akwai lokuta da yawa na adawa da Yahudawa a Saudi Arabia kuma ya zama ruwan dare a cikin addinai. Kafofin yada labarai na Saudi Arabiya galibi suna kai farmaki ga Yahudawa a cikin littattafai, labarai, a masallacinsu da kuma abin da wasu ke bayyana a matsayin satire na adawa da Yahudawa. Jami'an gwamnatin Saudiyya da shugabannin addinai na jihohi galibi suna inganta ra'ayin cewa Yahudawa suna makirci don mamaye duk duniya; a matsayin tabbacin da'awar su suna bugawa kuma akai-akai suna ambaton The Protocols of the Elders of Zion a matsayin gaskiya.[32]

Turkiyya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, wariyar launin fata a Turkiyya ya karu ga' yan kasar Gabas ta Tsakiya kamar 'Yan gudun hijirar Siriya, 'yan Afghanistan, da' yan gudun hijirar Afirka.[26][33][34][35][36][37]

Bayanan da aka ambata

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ "Report of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination 68th and 69th session". United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights.
  2. ↑ "Religion and Politics in Bahrain: Facts on the Ground: A Reliable Estimate of Bahrain's Sunni-Shi'i Balance, and Evidence of Demographic Engineering". bahrainipolitics.blogspot.co.uk. 2011-04-05. Retrieved 2016-03-02.
  3. ↑ "Religion and Politics in Bahrain: Facts on the Ground: A Reliable Estimate of Bahrain's Sunni-Shi'i Balance, and Evidence of Demographic Engineering". bahrainipolitics.blogspot.co.uk. 2011-04-05. Retrieved 2016-03-02.
  4. ↑ Aryn Baker [1] "Why A Saudi Intervention into Bahrain Won't End the Protests" March 14, 2011, Time Magazine.
  5. ↑ "A Smearing Campaign against the Shiite Bahraini Citizens with the Participation of the Bahraini Crown Prince and the Ambassador of Bahrain in Washington" Archived 2011-09-29 at the Wayback Machine, Bahrain Centre for Human Rights, viewed Mar 31, 2011
  6. ↑ Raymond Barrett "Bahrain emerging as flashpoint in Middle East unrest," Feb. 15, 2011, Christian Science Monitor.
  7. ↑ Nakash, Yitzhak (2006). Reaching for Power: The Shi'a in the Modern Arab World (PDF). Princeton University Press. p. 24.
  8. ↑ Bobby Ghosh (5 March 2007). "Behind the Sunni-Shi'ite Divide". Time magazine. Archived from the original on February 26, 2007. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
  9. ↑ Ameen Izzadeen [24] "Bahrain: the butchery of democracy dream," March 18, 32011, Daily Mirror
  10. ↑ "Bahrain emerging as flashpoint in Middle East unrest," Feb. 15, 2011, Christian Science Monitor.
  11. ↑ "Iranian Government Constitution, English Text - Iran Online". Archived from the original on 2013-09-27. Retrieved 2017-08-21.
  12. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named RubinIraq
  13. ↑ "Christians, targeted and suffering, flee Iraq". USA Today. Retrieved 17 June 2015.
  14. ↑ "Terror campaign targets Chaldean church in Iraq".
  15. ↑ "Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination". Archived from the original on 2008-05-09. Retrieved 2008-02-12.
  16. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2007-11-27. Retrieved 2008-02-12.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  17. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-26. Retrieved 2008-02-12.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  18. ↑ Muhareb, Mahmoud. "An Analysis of Israeli public opinion". Arab Center for Research & Policy Studies.[permanent dead link]
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named inequal
  20. ↑ "Oman". CIA – The World Factbook. Retrieved 29 October 2011.
  21. ↑ "BTI 2014 - Oman Country Report". Archived from the original on 2014-12-28.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 "Things We Don't Talk About". Archived from the original on 2014-12-28. Retrieved 2025-07-09.
  23. ↑ "A Taboo Subject: The Desperate Plight of Domestic Workers in Oman".
  24. ↑ "Migrant Rights". 21 November 2013.
  25. ↑ "Campaign in Oman to check suicide rate". 10 July 2012.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 26.3 Ullah, A.K.M. Ahsan; Lee, Shirley Chin Wei; Hassan, Noor Hasharina; Nawaz, Faraha (2020-03-14). "Xenophobia in the GCC countries: migrants' desire and distress". Global Affairs. 6 (2): 203–223. doi:10.1080/23340460.2020.1738951. ISSN 2334-0460. S2CID 216241811.
  27. ↑ "Asian maids in Gulf face maltreatment". Middle East Online. 10 October 2004. Retrieved 31 May 2015.
  28. ↑ Rabiya Parekh (2006-04-04). "World Service - World Have Your Say: South Asian workers in Saudi". BBC. Retrieved 2011-04-22.
  29. ↑ "Saudi Arabia: Asian immigrant forced to clean mosques for 'skipping prayers' - Adnkronos Religion". Adnkronos.com. 2003-04-07. Retrieved 2011-04-22.
  30. ↑ Chamberlain, Gethin (13 January 2013). "Saudi Arabia's treatment of foreign workers under fire after beheading of Sri Lankan maid for charges of murder". The Guardian. Retrieved 14 January 2013.
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Human Rights Watch (14 July 2004). "'Bad Dreams:' Exploitation and Abuse of Migrant Workers in Saudi Arabia". United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Retrieved 14 January 2013.
  32. ↑ "Saudi Arabia's Curriculum of Intolerance" (PDF). Center for Religious Freedom. pp. 1–39. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-08-23. Retrieved March 6, 2023. 2006 Saudi Arabia's Curriculum of Intolerance, Report by Center for Religious Freedom of Freedom House. 2006
  33. ↑ Tremblay, Pinar (2014-08-21). "Anti-Arab sentiment on rise in Turkey". Al-Monitor (in Turanci). Retrieved 2019-08-27.
  34. ↑ "Syrian refugees who were welcomed in Turkey now face backlash". NBC News (in Turanci). 18 March 2019. Retrieved 2019-08-27.
  35. ↑ Halis, Mujgan (2013-11-13). "Anti-Syrian sentiment on the rise in Turkey". Al-Monitor (in Harshen Turkiyya). Retrieved 2019-08-29.
  36. ↑ "Afghan Migrants in Turkey Worried About Increased Deportations". Voice of America. 2 August 2022. Retrieved 2022-08-27.
  37. ↑ ANI; ANI (2022-04-22). "Videos of 'Pakistani perverts' cause outrage on social media in Turkey". ThePrint (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-08-27.
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