Xincan languages

Xincan languages
Dangin harshen	abu abstract entity (en) languoid (en) language (en) human language (en) indigenous language (en) Indigenous languages of the Americas (en) Mesoamerican languages (en) Xincan languages
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-3	xin
Glottolog	xinc1247

Xinca (ko Xinka, Sinca, ko Szinca ) ƙaramin iyali ne da ya ɓace daga harsunan Mesoamerican ; a da, ana ɗaukar harshen a matsayin harshe ɗaya tilo . Mutanen Xinca ' yan asalin ƙasar sun taɓa yin magana da Xinca a kudu maso gabashin Guatemala, sassan El Salvador, da Honduras .

A tarihi ana kiransu da Popoluca ko Popoluca-Xinca ; Popoluca kalma ce ta Nahuatl don magana mara fahimta.

Rarrabawa

Harsunan Xincan ba su da wata alaƙa da aka nuna da sauran iyalai na harsuna. Lehmann (1920) ya yi ƙoƙarin haɗa Xincan da Lencan, amma ba a taɓa nuna shawarar ba. Wani bincike na lissafi mai sarrafa kansa ( ASJP 4) na Müller et al. (2013) ya kuma gano kamanceceniya tsakanin Xincan da Lencan . Duk da haka, tunda an samar da binciken ta atomatik, rukunin na iya zama ko dai saboda aro na kalmomi ko gado na kwayoyin halitta.

A da, ana ɗaukar harsunan Xincan a matsayin waɗanda ba su da harshe ɗaya. Duk da haka, binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna cewa hakika dangin harshe ne.

Harsuna

Akwai aƙalla harsunan Xincan guda huɗu, waɗanda kowannensu ya ɓace yanzu. An yi amfani da Yupiltepeque a Sashen Jutiapa, yayin da sauran kuma aka yi amfani da su a Sashen Santa Rosa . Campbell kuma ya nuna cewa harshen Alagüilac na San Cristóbal Acasaguastlán wataƙila yaren Xincan ne.

• Sinactan

Sachse (2010) ya ɗauki duk masu magana da Xincan a yau a matsayin masu magana da rabin harshe, inda masu magana da cikakken harshe suka riga suka mutu.

Tarihi

Harsunan Xincan suna da kalmomi da yawa na aro daga harsunan Mayan musamman a fannin noma, wanda ke nuna alaƙa mai zurfi da mutanen Mayan . Waɗannan sun fito ne daga rassan Chʼolan da Quichean . A cewar Campbell, Xinca kuma tana da "adadin kalmomin aro na Mixe-Zoquean", wanda ke nuna alaƙa da nau'ikan Mixe-Zoque da suka shuɗe a yanzu a gabar tekun Guatemalan Pacific.

A ƙarni na 16, yankin Xinca ya faɗaɗa daga gabar tekun Pacific zuwa tsaunukan Jalapa . A shekara ta 1524, Daular Spain ta mamaye yawan jama'a. An tilasta wa mutane da yawa shiga bauta kuma aka tilasta musu shiga cikin mamayar El Salvador ta zamani. Daga nan ne aka samo sunayen garin, kogi, da gadar "Los Esclavos" (Bayi) a yankin Cuilapa, Santa Rosa .

Bayan shekara ta 1575, tsarin kawar da al'adun Xinca ya karu, musamman saboda fitar da su zuwa wasu yankuna. Wannan kuma ya taimaka wajen rage yawan masu magana da harshen Xinca. Babban Bishop Pedro Cortés y Larraz ya gabatar da daya daga cikin tsoffin bayanai game da wannan harshe a lokacin ziyarar da ya kai wa diocese na Taxisco a shekara ta 1769.

Yanayin zamani

An yi amfani da harshen Xinca kwanan nan a ƙananan hukumomi bakwai da wani ƙauye a sassan Santa Rosa da Jutiapa . A shekarar 1991, an ruwaito cewa harshen yana da masu magana 25 kawai; bugu na 2006 na Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics ya ruwaito ƙasa da goma. Duk da haka, daga cikin Xinca 16,214 waɗanda suka amsa ga ƙidayar jama'a ta 2002, 1,283 sun ruwaito cewa su masu magana ne na Xinka, wataƙila masu magana da rabin harshe ko mutanen da suka san wasu kalmomi da jimloli na harsunan. Duk da haka, zuwa shekarar 2010, duk masu magana da cikakken harshe sun mutu, wanda ya bar masu magana da rabin harshe waɗanda suka san harsunan kawai.

Rarrabawa

Harsunan Xincan sun kasance sun fi yaɗuwa a baya, wanda ya bayyana a cikin manyan kalmomi daban-daban masu asalin Xincan (Campbell 1997:166). Wadannan ma'anonin suna da alama da irin waɗannan prefixes kamar ay - "wurin" (misali Ayampuc, Ayarza), al - "wurin" (Alzatate), san - "in" (misali Sansare, Sansur), ko tare da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun wuri - (a) gua ko - hua "gari, mazaunin" (misali Pasasagua, Jagua, Anchaguaa).

Kaufman (1970:66) ya lissafa waɗannan garuruwan a matsayin waɗanda a da ake magana da su a Xinca.