Yaƙe-yaƙe na 'yanci na ƙasa

yaƙe-yaƙe na 'yanci na ƙasa
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na	war of independence (en)
Bangare na	war of independence (en)

Sojojin ruwa na Allied a Yaƙin Navarino da Ambroise Louis Garneray, wani ɓangare na Yakin Independence na Girka da Daular Ottoman

'yaƙe-yaƙe na 'yanci' na ƙasa, wanda kuma ake kira yaƙe-yaƙi na' yanci ko yaƙe-yanci, rikice-rikice ne da kasashe suka yi don samun' 'yancin kai. Ana amfani da kalmar tare da yaƙe-yaƙe da ikon kasashen waje (ko aƙalla waɗanda aka ɗauka a matsayin baƙi) don kafa Jihohi masu zaman kansu daban-daban ga 'yan tawaye. Daga ra'ayi daban, ana kiran irin waɗannan yaƙe-yaƙe tawaye ko tawaye. Yakin 'yan tawaye ko yaƙin asymmetric sau da yawa ana amfani da shi ta ƙungiyoyin da ake kira ƙungiyoyin' yanci na ƙasa, sau da yawa tare da tallafi daga wasu jihohi. Kalmar nan "yaƙe-yaƙe na 'yanci na ƙasa" galibi ana amfani da ita ga waɗanda aka yi yaƙi a lokacin yunkurin mulkin mallaka. Tun da yake waɗannan sun kasance da farko a cikin Duniya ta uku, a kan ikon Yamma da tasirin tattalin arzikinsu, da kuma babban bangare na Yaƙin Cold, ana amfani da wannan magana sau da yawa don sukar ikon kasashen waje da ke ciki.

Wasu daga cikin wadannan yaƙe-yaƙe sun sami goyon baya daga Tarayyar Soviet, wanda ya yi iƙirarin kasancewa mai adawa da mulkin mallaka, yana tallafawa maye gurbin gwamnatocin da ke goyon bayan Yamma da Kwaminisanci na gida ko wasu jam'iyyun da ba na Yamma ba. A watan Janairun 1961 Firayim Ministan Soviet Nikita Khrushchev ya yi alkawarin tallafawa "yaƙe-yaƙe na 'yanci na kasa" a duk duniya. A gefe guda, sau da yawa ana kallon sa hannun Soviet a matsayin hanyar kara girman da tasirin Soviet Bloc, kuma ta haka ne wani nau'i na mulkin mallaka kanta. Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin ta soki Tarayyar Soviet a matsayin mai mulkin mallaka. Hakanan, kasar Sin ta gabatar da kansu a matsayin samfuran ci gaban kasa mai zaman kanta a waje da tasirin Yamma, musamman a matsayin irin wannan matsayi da sauran ƙiyayya na dogon lokaci suna nufin an dauke su a matsayin barazana ga ikon Yamma kuma suna ɗaukar kansu a matsayin haka, ta amfani da albarkatun su don taimakawa ƙungiyoyi a siyasa, tattalin arziki da soja kamar a Vietnam. Lokacin da aka bayyana al'ummar a cikin kabilanci, yaƙe-yaƙe da aka yi don 'yantar da ita sau da yawa sun haifar da tsarkake kabilanci ko kisan kare dangi don kawar da yankin da ake da'awar daga wasu kungiyoyin jama'a.

Batutuwan Shari'a

Dokar kasa da kasa gabaɗaya tana riƙe da cewa mutane da ke da haƙƙin doka don ƙaddamar da kansu suna da damar yin yaƙe-yaƙe na 'yanci na ƙasa. Duk da yake jihohin Yamma suna kallon waɗannan yaƙe-yaƙe a matsayin yaƙe-yan ƙasa, Kasashen Duniya ta Uku da na Kwaminisanci suna kallon su a matsayin yaƙi na duniya. Wannan bambanci a cikin rarrabuwa yana haifar da ra'ayoyi daban-daban game da waɗanne dokokin yaƙi ke aiki a irin waɗannan yanayi. Koyaya, akwai yarjejeniya ta gaba ɗaya tsakanin dukkan jihohi a yau bisa ka'idar cewa amfani da karfi don rushe haƙƙin doka na mutane ga ƙaddamar da kai ba bisa ka'ida ba ne.

Shirye-shiryen dabaru

Flag of Mozambique; mai zaman kansa daga Portugal tun 1975, bayan Juyin Juya Halin Carnation a Lisbon, tare da Kalashnikov a matsayin alama ce ta gwagwarmayar da aka yi da Daular Portugal, littafin a matsayin alama ta koyarwa da aikin gona a matsayin alama layin tattalin arziki.

Yaƙe-yaƙe na 'yanci na ƙasa galibi ana yaƙi da su ta hanyar yaƙin' yan tawaye. Babban manufar waɗannan dabarun ita ce kara farashin dakarun masu adawa da 'yan tawaye da suka wuce inda irin waɗannan dakarun suke shirye su ɗauka. Yaƙe-yaƙe na 'yanci na ƙasa gabaɗaya sun dogara da goyon bayan jama'a, tare da fararen hula na yau da kullun da ke ba da muhimmiyar goyon baya. A ƙarshe, yaƙe-yaƙe na 'yanci na ƙasa galibi ana saka su a cikin babban mahallin siyasa mai iko kuma galibi yaƙe-yanci ne.

Wadannan dabarun sun bayyana dalilin da ya sa suke cin nasara sosai a kan gwamnatocin kasashen waje kuma ba su yi nasara ba a kan gwamnatan 'yan asalin ƙasar. Gwamnatocin kasashen waje yawanci suna da ƙofar da za su fi so su koma gida maimakon su yi yaƙi. Sabanin haka, mulkin 'yan asalin ba shi da wurin da za su iya komawa, kuma za su yi yaƙi da wuya saboda rashin madadin. Bugu da ƙari, gwamnatocin ƙasashen waje yawanci suna da ƙananan magoya baya a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo, kuma waɗanda ke akwai sau da yawa ana iya gano su cikin sauƙi, suna ba da damar sojojin 'yan tawaye su gano burinsu. Sabanin haka, gwamnatocin 'yan asalin suna da goyon baya mafi mashahuri, kuma magoya bayansu galibi ba a gane su da sauƙi ba, yana mai da wuya a gudanar da ayyukan da aka yi musu ba tare da haifar da lahani ga jam'iyyun tsaka-tsaki ba.

Tarihi

Lokacin mulkin mallaka

mika wuya ga Ubangiji Cornwallis a Yorktown a shekara ta 1781

Yaƙin Rancagua a lokacin Yakin Independence na Chile a cikin 1814

Ana iya la'akari da Juyin Juya Halin Haiti (1791-1804) a matsayin daya daga cikin yaƙe-yaƙe na farko na 'yanci na kasa. Ya sanya bayi masu 'yanci da kansu a kan Daular Faransa, yana faruwa a lokacin da ƙungiyoyi masu alaƙa kamar juyin juya halin Amurka da Faransa suka haifar da hauhawar sanin ƙasa a duniyar Atlantic. A lokaci guda a lokacin Yaƙe-yaƙe na 'yancin kai na Mutanen Espanya (1808-1833), masu kishin ƙasa sun kaddamar da jerin yaƙe- yaƙe-yancin kai masu rikitarwa a kan masu mulkin mallaka, wanda ya haifar da kafa sabbin jihohin Latin Amurka. Siege na Patras (1821) ya haifar da Yakin Independence na Girka, wanda ya kawo karshen Mulkin Ottoman a kafa Masarautar Girka. Rashin gamsuwa da mulkin kamfanin Burtaniya a Indiya ya haifar da Sepoy Mutiny (1857-1858), wanda wani lokacin ana bayyana shi a matsayin Yaƙin Independence na Indiya na farko .

Easter Rising (1916) a Dublin ya haifar da Irish War of Independence (1919-1921), wanda ya ƙare a kafa Irish Free State . Bayan yakin duniya na farko da Juyin Juya Halin Rasha na 1917 Bolsheviks ba su yi nasara ba har sai Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, da Poland sun sami 'yancin kai. Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Ukraine ta yi yaƙi da yaƙin neman 'yancin kai (1917-1921), wanda ya haifar da shiga cikin Jamhuriyar Soviet. Bayan shan kashi na Daular Ottoman, Ƙungiyar Ƙasar Turkiyya ta yi yaƙi da jerin kamfen a cikin yakin neman 'yancin kai (1919-1922), wanda ya haifar da janyewar sojojin Allied da kafa Jamhuriyar Turkiyya.

Yakin Independence na Indonesia (1945-1949) ya biyo baya tare da 'Yanci na Irian Jaya (1960-1962), Yaƙin Indochina na farko (1946-54), Yaƙin Vietnam (1959-75), Yakin 'Yanci ya Bangladesh (1971) da Yaƙin Aljeriya (1954-62) duk an dauke su yaƙe-yaƙe na 'yanci na kasa ta bangarorin tawaye na rikice-rikice. Yakin da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Afirka (ANC) ke yi da mulkin wariyar launin fata kuma wani misali ne. Yawancin waɗannan tawaye sun sami goyon baya daga Tarayyar Soviet. Tun lokacin juyin juya hali Rasha manufofin juyin juya hali na Kwaminisanci da kwaminisancin sun kasance tare da shugabannin masu adawa da mulkin mallaka, don haka suna bayyana haɗin gwiwa tsakanin dakarun masu adawa le mulkin mallaka da Marxism. An tsara manufar "masarauta" kanta a cikin littafin Lenin na 1916, Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism . Misali, Ho Chi Minh - wanda ya kafa Viet-Minh a 1941 kuma ya ayyana 'yancin Vietnam a ranar 2 ga Satumba, 1945, bayan Juyin Juya Halin Agusta na 1945 - ya kasance memba na kafa Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Faransa (PCF) a 1921. A watan Janairun 1961, sama da shekaru uku kafin Lamarin Gulf of Tonkin wanda zai nuna karuwar shiga cikin Yaƙin Vietnam, Firayim Ministan Soviet Nikita Khrushchev zai yi alkawarin tallafawa "yaƙe-yaƙe na 'yanci na kasa" a duk duniya. A cikin wannan shekaru goma, Cuba, karkashin jagorancin Fidel Castro, za ta goyi bayan ƙungiyoyin 'yanci na ƙasa a Angola da Mozambique.

Yaƙe-yaƙe na mulkin mallaka na Portugal a ƙarshe sun kai ga amincewa Angola, Mozambique da Guinea-Bissau a matsayin ƙasashe masu cin gashin kansu a 1975, bayan juyin juya halin Carnation na Afrilu. Yaƙin Bush na Rhodesian ya zama fagen yaƙin neman zaɓe ta hanyar dalilai na ZANLA da ZAPU akan Rhodesia har zuwa lokacin da mulkin farar fata ya ƙare a 1979 kuma yarjejeniyar Lancaster House ta haifar da 'yancin kai ga Zimbabwe a cikin Afrilu 1980. A watan Fabrairun 1991, watanni shida bayan barkewar yakin Gulf, kawancen da Amurka ke jagoranta ta kaddamar da farmaki ta kasa don kwato Kuwait daga mamayar Iraqi . Watsewar Yugoslavia a 1991 ya haifar da ƙarancin yaƙe-yaƙe na samun 'yancin kai a wani ɓangare na Yaƙin Yugoslavia, gami da Yaƙin Kwanaki Goma da Yaƙin 'Yancin kai na Croatian . Sakamakon kisan kiyashin da aka yi a kasar Ruwanda ya ga kungiyar AFDL ta mamaye kasar Zaire tare da hambarar da gwamnatin Mobutu tare da mayar da sunanta zuwa Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Kwango . A yakin basasar Libya na farko (2011), bore ya koma tawaye, wanda ya hambarar da gwamnatin Muammar Gaddafi, sannan majalisar rikon kwarya ta kasa ta ayyana 'yantar da Libya daga shekaru 42 na mulkinsa.

Yaƙe-yaƙen da ke gudana da ake bayyana su a matsayin gwagwarmayar 'yancin kai

Ƙungiyar 'Yantar da Falasɗinu (PLO) ƙungiya ce ta gwagwarmayar 'yancin kai, wato tana da sahalewar doka a matsayin haka. Sauran ƙungiyoyin gwagwarmayar 'yancin kai a OAU a wancan lokacin sun haɗa da African National Congress (ANC) da Pan Africanist Congress of Azania (PAC). Ita ce kaɗai ƙungiyar ba daga Afirka ba da ta samu matsayin mai sa ido a OAU, kuma ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin farko da Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta ba da dindindin matsayin mai sa ido bisa ƙuduri na shekarar 1974. PLO tana kuma halartar tattaunawar Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya; tun daga 1988, tana wakiltar al’ummar Falasɗinu a Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ƙarƙashin sunan "Falasɗinu".

Wadannan rikice-rikicen da ke faruwa yanzu ana yawan bayyana su a matsayin yaƙe-yaƙen ko gwagwarmayar 'yancin kai na ƙasa (sau da yawa ana samun sabani dangane da wannan bayani):

• Yawancin 'yan Chechnya da wasu daga cikin masu lura daga waje suna ɗaukar Yaƙin Chechnya na Farko da na Biyu a matsayin gwagwarmayar 'yancin kai da Rasha.

• Wasu kungiyoyin mayaƙan ƙasar Iraq, da wasu ƙungiyoyin siyasa, suna ganin Yaƙin Iraq a matsayin gwagwarmayar 'yancin kai da kawancen sojojin da Amurka ta jagoranta.

• Yawancin Kurdawa suna ɗaukar rikicin Kurdawa da Turkiyya a matsayin gwagwarmayar 'yancin kai na Kurdawa a cikin ƙasar Turkiyya.

• Polisario Front tana neman 'yancin yankin Sahara ta Yamma tun daga 1975 kuma tana ɗaukar yaƙin guerilla da Maroko a matsayin yaƙin 'yancin kai (kamar yadda kasashe da dama, ƙasashen waje da Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Afirka suka amince), yayin da Maroko ke kallon ta a matsayin ƙungiyar neman ballewa. Wasu ƙasashe sun amince da Polisario a matsayin wakili na halastacciyar wakilcin al'ummar Sahrawi. Yaƙin ya tsaya tun bayan yarjejeniyar tsagaita wuta ta 1991.

Rikice-rikice

Tawayen Ireland na 1798

Yaƙin Ostrołęka yayin Tashin Nuwamba

Kare hanyar Shipka daga sojojin Turkiyya, wanda ya kasance muhimmi wajen samun 'yancin kan Bulgaria

Fadan tsakanin Turawa da Rumaniyawa a lokacin Yaƙin 'Yancin Rumaniya na 1877

Dakarun Estonia na shirye-shiryen fada a lokacin Yaƙin 'Yancin Estonia (1918–1920)

Rikice-rikicen da aka bayyana a matsayin gwagwarmayar samun 'yancin kai:

• Yaƙin 'Yancin Sweden (1521–1523).
• Yaƙin Shekaru Tamanin.
• Tashin Khmelnytsky.
• Yaƙin Juyin Juya Halin Amurka.
• Tawayen Ireland na 1798.
• Tawayen Ireland na 1803.
• Yaƙin Tsibiran Iberia da Napoleon a lokacin Yaƙin Napoleon.
• Juyin Juya Halin Haiti.
• Yaƙin Jamus na 1813 da Napoleon a ƙasashen Jamusawa.
• Yaƙe-yaƙen 'Yancin ƙasashen Amurka ta Kudanci.
• Yaƙin Sweden da Norway.
• Yaƙin 'Yancin Greece (1821).
• Juyin Juya Halin Belgium.
• Juyin Juya Halin Serbia.
• Yaƙin 'Yancin Dominican (1844–1856).
• Yaƙe-yaƙen 'Yancin Italiya (1848–1866).
• Yaƙin Mayar da 'Yanci na Dominican (1863–1865).
• Yaƙin Serbia da Turkiyya (1876–1878).
• Yaƙin Mayar da Mulki na Portugal.

Yaƙe-yaƙen bayyana na neman 'yanci daga mulkin mallaka:

• • Juyin Juya Halin Philippines.
  • Yaƙin Rif da mulkin mallakar Spain a Morocco.
  • Tashin Agusta, Viet Minh da mamayar Japan a Vietnam.
  • Yaƙin Indochina na Farko, Viet Minh da mulkin mallakar Faransa a Indochina.
  • Juyin Juya Halin Indonesia.
  • Gwagwarmayar 'yan Tamil da danniya da tsarin kwashe mutane zuwa yankin Tamil a Sri Lanka.
  • Tashin Malagasy da Faransa a 1947.
  • Yaƙin Algeria da Faransa (1954–1962).
  • Yaƙin Portugal a kasashen Angola, Guinea-Bissau da Mozambique da Portugal (1961–1974).
  • A Cameroon, daga UPC da Faransa.
  • A Yemen ta Kudu, daga National Liberation Front (NLF) da Front for the Liberation of Occupied South Yemen (FLOSY).
  • Tawayen Mau Mau da Birtaniya a Kenya.
  • Yaƙin Gwari a Rhodesia (yanzu Zimbabwe), wanda ZANU da ZAPU suka jagoranta.
  • A Sahara ta Yamma, daga Sojojin 'Yancin Maroko da Spain da Faransa, da kuma Polisario Front da Maroko da Mauritania.
  • A Namibia, daga SWAPO da SWANU da Afirka ta Kudu mai nuna wariyar launin fata.
  • Tawayen Dhofar a Muscat da Oman.
  • Yaƙin Dervish a Somalia.
  • Tawayen Brunei.

• Yaƙin 'Yancin Estonia.
• Yaƙin 'Yancin Latvia.
• Yaƙe-yaƙen 'Yancin Lithuania.
• Yaƙin 'Yancin Ukraine.
• Yaƙin 'Yancin Turkiyya.
• Yaƙin 'Yancin Yugoslavia da Juyin Juya Halin Zamani a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na II, daga Partisans na Yugoslavia da Axis da abokan haɗin gwiwarsu.
• Yaƙin Cikin Gida na Italiya tsakanin sojojin Masarautar Italiya da masu adawa da mamayar Jamus na Nazi da gwamnatin Social Republic na Italiya.
• A China, Yaƙin Cikin Gida na Communist (1945–1949).
• A Koriya ta Arewa, Yaƙin Koriya da Koriya ta Kudu.
• Yaƙin Vietnam, tsakanin Koriya ta Kudu da Amurka da Koriya ta Arewa da China da Tarayyar Soviet da kasashen gurguzu.
• Yaƙin 'Yancin Eritrea da Habasha.
• Yaƙin 'Yancin Bangladesh da Pakistan ta Yamma.
• Yaƙin Soviet da Afghanistan da Sojojin Soviet.
• A Ireland, Yaƙin Anglo-Irish da rikicin The Troubles a Arewacin Ireland; har ila yau, tawayen Provisional IRA da Birtaniya domin samar da jamhuriya guda a Ireland daga 1969 zuwa 1998.
• A Cambodia, da mamayar Sojojin Vietnam da Jamhuriyar Kampuchea a lokacin Yaƙin Cambodia da Vietnam.
• Yaƙin Ogaden na 1977 tsakanin Somalia da Habasha.
• A Nicaragua, daga dakarun Augusto Sandino da mamayar sojojin Amurka.
• A Chadi, daga FROLINAT da mulkin kama karya na François Tombalbaye.
• A Afirka ta Kudu, daga Umkhonto we Sizwe da Azanian People's Liberation Army da tsarin wariyar launin fata.
• Yaƙin Chechen na Farko da na Biyu da Rasha.
• Rikicin Nagorno-Karabakh.
• A Bougainville, daga Bougainville Revolutionary Army da Papua New Guinea.
• Rikicin Chiapas daga Zapatista Army of National Liberation da Mexico.
• Yaƙin 'Yancin Croatia.
• Yaƙin 'Yancin Isra’ila (1948).
• Yaƙin 'Yancin Slovenia (Yaƙin Kwana Goma).
• Yaƙin Bosnia (1992–1995).
• Yaƙin Sahara ta Yamma.

Bibiyar Tarihi

• Boleslaw Adam Boczek (2005). International law: a dictionary. Scarecrow Press. p. 86. ISBN 978-0-8108-5078-1.
• Malanczuk, Peter Autor (1997). Akehurst's Modern Introduction to International Law. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-11120-1.
• Mitchell, Thomas G. (2000). Native vs. settler: ethnic conflict in Israel/Palestine, Northern Ireland, and South Africa (Illustrated ed.). Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-31357-8.
• Richard H. Shultz (1988). The Soviet Union and revolutionary warfare: principles, practices, and regional comparisons. Hoover Press. ISBN 978-0-8179-8711-4.
• Wilson, Heather A. (1990). International law and the use of force by national liberation movements (Illustrated ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-825662-5.

Mahaɗa

• Edre U. Olalia, Vice President of International Association of People’s Lawyers (IAPL) THE STATUS IN INTERNATIONAL LAW OF NATIONAL LIBERATION MOVEMENTS AND THEIR USE OF ARMED FORCE
• Edre U. Olalia, Vice President of International Association of People’s Lawyers - The status in International Law of National Liberation Movements
• A reversal of International Law