Yaƙe-yaƙe na Anglo-Ashanti

Yaƙe-yaƙe na Anglo-Ashanti

5°27′N 0°58′W
Iri	series of wars (en)
Bangare na	Kasa Afrika
Kwanan watan	1823 –  1900
Wuri	Daular Ashanti
Participant (en)	Daular Biritaniya Daular Ashanti
Has part(s) (en)
War of the Golden Stool (en) Yaƙin Amoaful Battle of Ordashu (en) Yaƙin Nsamankow

Yaƙe-yaƙe na Anglo-Ashanti jerin rikice-rikice ne guda biyar da suka faru tsakanin 1824 zuwa 1900 tsakanin Daular Ashanti —a cikin yankin Akan na gabar tekun Gold — da daular Burtaniya da ƙawayenta na Afirka. Duk da nasarar Ashanti na farko, Burtaniya ta yi nasara a cikin rikice-rikicen, wanda ya haifar da mamaye daular Ashanti ta 1900.

Yaƙe-yaƙe na farko

Birtaniya sun yi yaƙi uku a baya a cikin Gold Coast:

A yakin Ashanti-Fante na 1806-07, Burtaniya ta ki mika 'yan tawaye biyu da Ashanti ke bi, amma daga karshe suka mika daya (dayan ya tsere).

A Yaƙin Ga–Fante na 1811, Ashanti sun nemi taimakon ƙawancensu na Ga a yaƙi da Fante da ƙawayensu na Biritaniya. Sojojin Ashanti sun yi nasara a yakin farko amma fadan ‘yan daba daga Fante ya tilasta musu komawa baya. Ashanti sun kama wani katangar Birtaniyya a Tantamkweri .

A yakin Ashanti-Akim-Akwapim na 1814-16 Ashanti ya ci kawancen Akim-Akwapim. Hukumomin Biritaniya, Dutch da Danish duk sun daidaita da Ashanti. A shekara ta 1817, Ashanti suna faɗaɗa tare da dakaru kimanin 20,000, don haka (British) Kamfanin Kasuwanci na Afirka ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar abokantaka wanda ya amince da ikirarin Ashanti na ikon mallaka a kan yawancin bakin teku. An narkar da Kamfanin Kasuwanci na Afirka a cikin 1821 kuma gwamnatin Biritaniya ta karɓi ikon mallakar garu na kasuwanci a gabar tekun Gold daga hannun 'yan kasuwa.

Yaƙin Anglo-Ashanti na Farko (1823-1831)

A shekara ta 1817, wata tawagar Birtaniyya ta ziyarci babban birnin Ashanti na Kumasi kuma ta kulla da Asantehene Osei Bonsu wata yerjejeniya ta "zaman lafiya da zaman lafiya na dindindin" wadda ta bayyana cewa babu "falafa" (kalmar da aka saba da ita) ta tsaya tsakanin masu rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar. Duk da haka, duk da yarjejeniyar babban "palaver" ya kasance har yanzu, wato Ashanti da'awar cewa su ne masu mulki na dukan Gold Coast kuma Birtaniya ya kamata su biya su "bayanin kula" (wani lokaci na haya) don musanya don ba da izini su mamaye garu a bakin tekun. Turawan Ingila sun ki biyan hayar Asantehene na katangarsu, wanda ya haifar da tashin hankali. A ranar 28 ga Fabrairun 1820, wata tawagar Birtaniyya karkashin jagorancin Joseph Dupuis ta isa Kumasi a wani yunƙuri na warware "palaver". Dupuis ya rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da aka yi Allah wadai da ita a lokacin a matsayin "cikakkiyar siyar da kaya" wacce ta amince da ikirarin Ashanti na karbar haraji daga mutanen bakin teku; ya yi watsi da da'awar Burtaniya na kare mutanen bakin teku daga hare-haren Ashanti kuma sun amince da haƙƙin Asantehene na "kawar da tsaba na rashin biyayya da rashin biyayya". Lokacin da John Hope Smith, gwamnan Gold Coast, ya koyi a cikin Afrilu 1820 na yarjejeniyar da Dupuis ya sanya hannu a lokacin da ya dawo daga Kumasi, ya ƙi yarjejeniyar. Rashin amincewa da yarjejeniyar ya haifar da korafin Ashanti cewa Birtaniya suna mu'amala da mugun imani.

Wani babban canji ya faru lokacin da wani rahoto da aka rubuta Commodore Sir James Lucas Yeo na Royal Navy ya fito fili. Yeo a matsayinsa na kwamandan runduna ta yammacin Afirka ya ziyarci sansanonin 'yan kasuwa na Afirka inda ya ba da rahoto ga London cewa ba a kula da gandun dajin. Yeo ya kuma bayar da rahoton da ya fi yin illa cewa duk da cewa an daina cinikin bayi (ko da yake ba bautar ba) a cikin daular Burtaniya a cikin 1807, Kamfanin Kasuwanci na Afirka yana ci gaba da cinikin bayi ba bisa ka'ida ba. Dangane da rahoton na Yeo, a ranar 7 ga Mayu 1821 an zartar da wani doka na majalisar dokoki wanda ya canza matsayin Gold Coast daga wani mallakar mallaka wanda Kamfanin Kasuwanci na Afirka ya mulki zuwa masarautar Crown wanda gwamnatin Burtaniya za ta yi mulki kai tsaye. Da farko an haɗa Gold Coast zuwa yankin Crown na Sierre Leone ba tare da tunanin nisan mil 900 tsakanin su biyun ba. A ranar 28 ga Maris 1821, Birgediya Janar Sir Charles MacCarthy ya isa Cape Coast Castle a matsayin sabon gwamna tare da umarnin rufe wasu garu na bakin teku da ba za a iya karewa ba; don tabbatar da cewa sauran sansanonin sun bi doka ta hanyar kasuwanci da jiragen ruwa na Burtaniya kawai; da kuma dakile cinikin bayi da ke ci gaba da bunkasa. MacCarthy ya kasance sabon zuwa Gold Coast, kuma rashin son 'yan kasuwa na ba da haɗin kai da mutumin da aka aiko don maye gurbin mulkinsu ya sa shi kadaici kuma don haka ya jahilci al'amuran Gold Coast. MacCarthy a lokacin da yake gwamna ya fi sha'awar neman gwamnatin Burtaniya ta sayi sauran garu na Dutch da Danish da ke gabar tekun Gold da kuma kokarin hana 'yan kasuwar katangar kasuwanci da jiragen ruwa na Amurka fiye da alakar Ashanti. A cikin 1820s, Birtaniya sun yanke shawarar tallafa wa Fante a kan hare-haren Ashanti daga cikin gida. Tashin hankali na tattalin arziki da zamantakewa ya taka rawa wajen haifar da barkewar tashin hankali.

Dalilin yakin ya faru ne lokacin da gungun Ashanti suka sace tare da kashe wani ma'aikacin Afirka na Royal Corps a ranar 1 ga Fabrairun 1823. Freeman ya rubuta cewa babu wata shaida cewa Sarkin Ashanti ne ke da alhakin kai harin saboda rikicin da ya barke tsakanin Sajan da masu aikata Ashanti. Sajan Kujo Otetfo na Royal African Colonial Corps ya shiga takaddamar baki da wani dan kasuwan Ashanti, kuma a cewar wani likita dan kasar Birtaniya, Walton Claridge "ya yiwa Sarkin Ashanti mugun zagi, kuma wannan lamari mara muhimmanci ne ya haifar da tartsatsin da ya jefa kasar baki daya cikin tashin hankali". Otetfo ya caccaki Ashanti da cewa "Kormantine da Asabar", yana nufin yakin Cormantine a 1731 da aka kashe Sarkin Ashanti, shan kashi da ake ganin ya zama abin kunya ga Ashanti har ya zama babban laifi a ma ambaci yakin da aka yi a cikin mulkinsu. Wata jam'iyyar Ashanti ta yi garkuwa da Otetfo bayan 'yan makonni, kuma an fille kai a ranar 2 ga Fabrairun 1823. Masanin tarihi Wilks ya kara da cewa an kai harin ne a karkashin umarnin Jam'iyyar War ba Asantehene Osei Bonsu ba yayin da suka kashe Sergent saboda zagin Asantehene. An kai wani ƙaramin rukuni na Burtaniya cikin tarko wanda ya haifar da 10 mutu, 39 wadanda suka jikkata da kuma koma bayan Birtaniya. Ashanti ya yi kokarin tattaunawa amma gwamnan Birtaniyya, Sir Charles MacCarthy, ya ki amincewa da ikirarin Ashanti ga yankunan Fanti na gabar teku kuma ya ki amincewa da Ashanti don yin shawarwari.

MacCarthy ya dawo daga Saliyo lokacin da ya sami labarin fille kan Otetfo kuma ya sauka a Cape Coast Castle . Dokta Clardige ya rubuta cewa: "Tafiyarsa ci gaba ce mai cike da nasara. 'Yan Anamabos da sauran mutanen kauyukan da ya wuce sun yaba da shi da farin ciki". Duk da yadda aka lalata ƙarfin da ya aika cikin ƙasa, MacCarthy ya ba da rahoton yaƙin zuwa London a matsayin nasara. MacCarthy ya rubuta wa Sakataren Mulkin Mallaka, Lord Bathurst imaninsa cewa Ashanti suna "tashi" kuma "ba su shirya don yaki ba, amma sun dogara ne kawai akan ta'addancin sunansu don kawo mu don neman sulhu, kuma ina tsammanin za a yi amfani da su daga 'yan ƙasa a ƙarƙashin sansaninmu ... gudunmawar zinari dari shida". MacCarthy ya nemi kuma ya sami izini don a sake tura Rundunar Sojojin Afirka daga Cape Colony (yanzu kudu maso yammacin Afirka ta Kudu) zuwa Gold Coast. Rundunar ‘yan sandan Afrika ta Royal, wadda ta kunshi kamfanoni shida na sojan farar fata, da kuma wasu kamfanoni uku na sojan bakar fata, “Rundunar ladabtarwa” ne na Sojojin Birtaniyya da ke da nufin hukunta sojoji masu “mummunan hali” wadanda aka samu da laifin aikata laifuka. Ba a dauki Rundunar Sojojin Afirka a matsayin wani sashe mai inganci, amma ita ce rukunin Sojojin Burtaniya daya tilo da ke da ayyuka a Afirka.

MacCarthy ya jagoranci mamaya daga Cape Coast a cikin ginshiƙai biyu. Komawa don fuskantar Burtaniya wasu sojojin Ashanti ne na maza 10,000 dauke da musket na "Long Dane". Sojojin Ashanti sun kasance da ladabtarwa mai kyau kamar yadda masanin ɗan adam ɗan Amurka Robert B. Edgerton ya lura cewa Ashanti: "sun yi tafiya cikin tsari mai kyau, bindigoginsu suna ɗaukar daidai kusurwa guda, kafin su juya zuwa ga abokan gaba kuma suna harba volleys a kan umarni, kawai sojojin Afirka da aka sani da yin haka". Ashanti gabaɗaya ba su da harsashi don "Dogon Dane" muskets kuma sun yi amfani da kusoshi a maimakon haka, wanda ya tabbatar da zama ingantaccen madadin. Da jin cewa sojojin Ashanti suna tafiya, MacCarthy ya raba dakarunsa cikin rashin hikima. MacCarthy ya kasa fahimta har sai da ya makara cewa rundunar Ashanti da yake fuskanta ita ce babbar rundunar Ashanti maimakon masu gadi kamar yadda ya zaci. Gwamna yana cikin rukunin farko na 500, waɗanda suka rasa alaƙa da shafi na biyu lokacin da suka ci karo da sojojin Ashanti na kusan 10,000 a ranar 22 ga Janairu 1824, a yaƙin Nsamankow . Turawan Ingila sun kare da harsashi, sun yi hasarar da aka yi musu yawa. An kashe kusan dukkanin sojojin Birtaniya nan take yayin da 20 suka yi nasarar tserewa. MacCarthy, Ensign Wetherell, da sakatarensa Williams sun yi ƙoƙari su ja da baya. MacCarthy ya ji rauni da harbin bindiga, duk da haka, kuma harbi na biyu ya mutu jim kadan bayan haka. An kashe Ensign Wetherell yayin da yake kare gawar MacCarthy. An kama Williams fursuna. An kare shi daga mutuwa lokacin da wani babban hafsan Ashanti ya gane shi saboda wata alfarma da Williams ya nuna masa a baya. An tsare Williams a fursuna na tsawon watanni da dama a cikin wata bukka da ke rike da yanke kawunan MacCarthy da Wetherell.

An yi wa kwanyar MacCarthy da zinari kuma sarakunan Ashanti sun yi amfani da shi azaman ƙoƙon sha . Wani shaidan gani da ido ya bayyana cewa "yaga ensign Wetherell, wanda kuma ya bayyana cewa ya samu rauni, yana kwance kusa da MacCarthy. Wasu daga cikin Ashantis na yunkurin yanke kansa, kuma sun riga sun yi masa gaci guda daya a bayan wuyansa; An yi sa'a a wannan rikicin wani Ashanti na hukuma ya zo ya gane Williams, wanda ya sami wani alheri daga gare shi. Hankali, ya ga kututturan MacCarthy, Buckle, da Wetherell a lokacin da aka yi garkuwa da shi, an kwantar da shi a ƙarƙashin wani rumbun katako a cikin ɗakuna ɗaya da shugabannin waɗanda, saboda wani tsari na musamman, suna cikin cikakkiyar yanayin kiyayewa.

Wasu makonni bayan haka, wata babbar rundunar Birtaniyya da ta kunshi sojojin White da na 'yan asalin kasar sun tsaya cik tare da sojojin Ashanti guda daya da suka ci karfin MacCarthy. Sojojin Birtaniyya sun koma bakin tekun tare da mutuwar mutane 176 tare da jikkata wasu 677.

Manjo Alexander Gordon Laing ya koma Birtaniya da labarin shan kaye. Ashanti sun gangara zuwa bakin teku, amma cuta ta tilasta musu komawa. Sabon gwamnan yankin Gold Coast, John Hope Smith, ya fara tattara sabbin sojoji, da suka hada da 'yan asalin kasar, ciki har da Denkyiras da sauran abokan gaba na gargajiya na Ashanti. A watan Agusta 1826, gwamnan ya ji cewa Ashanti na shirin kai hari Accra . An shirya wani wuri na tsaro a fili mai nisan 15 kilometres (10 mi) arewa da Accra da 11,000 maza jira.

A ranar 7 ga Agusta, sojojin Ashanti suka bayyana kuma suka kai hari a tsakiyar layin Burtaniya inda aka gudanar da mafi kyawun sojoji, wadanda suka hada da wasu sojojin ruwa na Royal Marines, 'yan bindiga da batir na rokoki na Congreve . Yakin dai ya watse aka koma fafatawa da hannu amma dakarun Ashanti ba su taka rawar gani ba a bangarensu yayin da suke ganin kamar sun samu nasara a tsakiya. Sannan aka harba rokoki. Sabon sabon makami, fashewar fashe-fashe, hanyoyin roka, da munanan raunuka da suka haifar da tarkacen karfen da ke tashi ya sa Ashanti ta koma baya. Ba da daɗewa ba suka gudu suka bar dubban mutane a filin wasa. A cikin 1831, an karɓi kogin Pra a matsayin iyaka a cikin yarjejeniya.

Yaƙin Anglo-Ashanti na Biyu (1863-1864)

Yakin ya faru tsakanin 1863 da 1864. Zaman lafiya ya wanzu fiye da shekaru 30, tare da rundunonin biyu sun makale a gefen iyakar. Dalilin da ke haifar da rikice-rikicen Ashanti akai-akai baya bin fahimta ko kafa iyakokin yanki. A cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, Birtaniya ta kasance cikin rikice-rikice da rikice-rikice. A cikin 1860s kadai kambin yana da hannu sosai a cikin takaddamar Yaƙin Alade mara jini da Amurka akan iyakar Kanada. Za su yi aiki tare da Amurka da sauran ikon mallaka a kan dauloli a Japan a lokacin 1863. Bugu da ƙari, an yi jayayya a New Zealand game da Maori. A cikin 1863, wani babban sojojin Ashanti ya ketare kogin Pra don neman wani mai gudun hijira, Kwesi Gyana, sojojin Birtaniya, Afirka da Indiya sun amsa amma babu wani bangare da ya yi ikirarin nasara yayin da rashin lafiya ya yi nasara a bangarorin biyu fiye da yakin kai tsaye. Yaƙin ya ƙare a shekara ta 1864 kuma sakamakon ya kasance mai tsauri.

Yaƙin Anglo-Ashanti na uku (1873-1874)

Jami'an Ingilishi suna zaɓar wuraren zama a cikin fadar sarki a Fomena a 1874

Fadan daji,Samfuri:Fix-span Yaƙin Anglo-Ashanti na uku. Hoton 1874

Yakin Anglo-Ashanti na Uku, wanda kuma aka sani da "First Ashanti Expedition", ya kasance daga 1873 zuwa 1875. A shekara ta 1869, an ɗauke iyalin Jamusawa masu wa’azi a ƙasashen waje da kuma wani ɗan ƙasar Switzerland daga Togo zuwa Kumasi. Har yanzu ana tsare da su a cikin 1873.

An kafa yankin Gold Coast na Burtaniya a hukumance a cikin 1867 kuma a cikin 1872, Biritaniya ta faɗaɗa yankinsu lokacin da suka sayi Kogin Gold Coast daga Dutch, gami da Elmina wanda Ashanti ya ɗauka. Yaren mutanen Holland sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Butre a 1656 tare da Ahanta . Shirye-shiryen yerjejeniyar sun tabbata sosai kuma sun daidaita harkokin diflomasiyyar Dutch-Ahanta fiye da shekaru 213. Wannan duk ya canza tare da siyar da Gold Coast na Dutch. Ashanti sun mamaye sabuwar kariyar Burtaniya.

An aika Janar Garnet Wolseley a kan Ashanti tare da sojojin Birtaniya 2,500 da dubban dubban sojojin Yammacin Indiya da na Afirka (ciki har da wasu Fante) kuma daga baya ya zama sunan gida a Birtaniya. Wakilan yaki sun rufe yakin, ciki har da Henry Morton Stanley da GA Henty . An buga umarnin soja da na likita ga sojojin. Gwamnatin Biritaniya ta ki amincewa da roko na yin katsalandan ga kamfanonin kera makamai na Burtaniya da ke sayar wa bangarorin biyu.

Ginin hanya

An nada Wolseley a ranar 13 ga Agusta 1873 kuma ya tafi Gold Coast don yin shirye-shiryensa kafin zuwan sojojinsa a cikin Janairu 1874. A ranar 27 ga Satumba, 1873, ƙungiyar Injiniyan Sarauta ta sauka a Cape Coast Castle . Aikin su shine fadada waƙar fayil guda ɗaya wanda ya kai Kumasi, 160 miles (260 km) nesa, zuwa hanyar da ta dace da motsin sojoji. A ƙarshen tafiya ta kowace rana, kusan kowane 10 miles (16 km) za a gina katafaren sansani da 70 feet (21 m) dogayen bukkoki a cikin wata rumfa a cikin wani yanki da aka cire daga bishiyu da na karkashin kasa domin ba da kariya daga makiya.

An gina gada a kan koguna ta amfani da bishiyoyi, bamboo da masu rarrafe don igiyoyi da babbar gada ta 63 yards (58 m) -fadi Pra River aka gina ta amfani da pre-ƙera guda kawo daga Chatham, Ingila . Gabaɗaya, za a gina gadoji 237. Wasu daga cikin sansanonin sun fi girma-Prahsue, kusa da gada yana da bukka na likita da hasumiya a kan tudu, shaguna, jabu, ofishin telegraph da ofis. An tanadi ton 400 na abinci da harsashi na mita 1.1. An ba da aikin a cikin gida. Don fara ma'aikatan ba su san yadda ake amfani da kayan aikin Turai ba kuma suna da alhakin bacewa cikin daji idan sun ji jita-jita cewa Ashanti suna nan kusa. Rashin lafiya, duk da shan quinine kullum, injiniyoyin Turai sun yi iƙirarin. Duk da haka, hanyar ta ci gaba. A ranar 24 ga Janairu layin telegraph ya isa Prahsue.

Afirka ta Yamma c. 1875

Sojojin farko sun isa a ƙarshen Disamba kuma a ranar 1 ga Janairu 1874 suka fara tafiya a kan hanyar zuwa gaba, rabin bataliya a lokaci guda. Sojojin sun ƙunshi bataliyar kowacce daga Black Watch, Rifle Brigade da Royal Welch Fusiliers, tare da 1st da 2nd West India Regiments, Naval Brigade, biyu na asali regiments, Royal Artillery, Royal Engineers da Royal Marines . Ya zuwa ranar 29 ga Janairu, hanyar ta kammala fiye da rabin kuma suna kusa da tashar Ashanti. An fara artabu tsakanin dakarun biyu. Wolseley ya shirya don yin yaƙi.

Yaƙi

An yi yakin Amoaful a ranar 31 ga Janairu. An yanke wata hanya zuwa ƙauyen kuma Black Watch ta jagoranci hanya, ta kafa filin wasa tare da Brigade na Bindiga, yayin da ginshiƙai masu banƙyama suka kewaya ƙauyen. Tare da buga bututun " The Campbells Suna Zuwa " Black Watch da aka caje shi da bayonets kuma Ashantis da ya gigice ya gudu. ginshiƙan gefen sun kasance suna tafiya a hankali a cikin daji kuma Ashantis sun zagaya su a cikin ƙirar doki na yau da kullun kuma suka kai hari sansanin 2 miles (3.2 km) zuwa baya. Injiniyoyin Masarautar sun kare kansu har sai da Rundunar Bindiga ta samu sauki. Ko da yake an sake yin wani ƙaramin yaƙi bayan kwana biyu, Yaƙin Ordashu, aikin ya kasance mai mahimmanci kuma hanyar Kumasi a buɗe take. An kashe turawa uku sannan 165 suka jikkata, daya aka kashe sannan sojojin Afrika 29 suka jikkata.

Kona Kumasi a 1874

Kona Kumasi wanda Henry Morton Stanley ya zana

Ashanti sun yi watsi da babban birnin kasar Kumasi lokacin da turawan Ingila suka zo a ranar 4 ga watan Fabrairu kuma turawan Ingila suka mamaye shi na dan lokaci. Sun rusa gidan sarautar da bama-bamai, inda suka bar Kumasi tulin kufai. Girman gidan sarautar ya burge Turawan Ingila da yadda abin da ke cikinsa ke ciki, ciki har da "jerukan littattafai a cikin harsuna da dama".

Ashanti ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Fomena a watan Yuli 1874 don kawo karshen yakin. Daga cikin batutuwan yarjejeniyar da aka yi tsakanin Sarauniya Victoria da Kofi Karikari, Sarkin Ashanti, akwai cewa "Sarkin Ashanti ya yi alkawarin biyan adadin zinare 50,000 da aka amince da shi a matsayin diyya ga mai martaba Sarauniyar Ingila ta karshen yakin..." Yarjejeniyar kuma ta bukaci kawo karshen sadaukarwar dan Adam da kuma 'yanci tsakanin Majesty na kasuwanci da kuma 'yancin kai tsakanin Majesty. a kan [Gold Coast], duk mutanen da ke da 'yancin kai hajarsu daga Tekun zuwa Kumasi, ko kuma daga wurin zuwa duk wani abin da Mai Martaba ya mallaka a gabar Tekun." Bugu da ƙari, yarjejeniyar ta ce: "Sarkin Ashanti ya ba da tabbacin cewa hanyar da ta tashi daga Kumasi zuwa Kogin Pra za ta kasance a bude kullum..." Wolseley ya kammala yakin a cikin watanni biyu, kuma ya sake komawa gida kafin lokacin rashin lafiya ya fara.

Wolseley ta sami ci gaba kuma an ba ta girma. Mutanen Birtaniya sun mutu 18 daga yakin da 55 daga cututtuka (70% ), tare da 185 da suka ji rauni.

Ana kai wadanda suka jikkata zuwa jiragen ruwa na asibiti

Wasu asusun Biritaniya suna ba da girmamawa ga gwagwarmayar Ashanti a Amoaful, musamman ma dabarar fahimtar kwamandan su, Amankwatia: "Babban Cif Amankwatia yana cikin wadanda aka kashe [...] An nuna fasaha mai ban sha'awa a matsayin da Amankwatia ya zaba, kuma jajircewa da babban matsayi da ya nuna a cikin tsaro ya haifar da babban suna a matsayin soja mai basira kuma gallan."

Yaƙin neman zaɓe kuma sananne ne ga misali na farko da aka yi rikodi na injin jan hankali da ake aiki da shi akan sabis mai aiki. Tushen sapper mai lamba 8 (wanda Aveling da Porter suka yi) an fitar dashi kuma an taru a Cape Coast Castle. A matsayin injin jan hankali yana da iyakataccen nasarar ɗaukar kaya masu nauyi a kan rairayin bakin teku, amma ya ba da sabis mai kyau lokacin da aka yi aiki a matsayin injin tsaye yana tuƙi babban zato.

Kafin yakin 1873, Wolseley ya yi yakin neman tufafin da ya fi dacewa don yanayi mai zafi kuma a cikin wannan yakin ya yi nasarar fitar da sojojinsa a cikin tufafi mafi kyau.

Yakin Anglo-Ashanti na Hudu (1895–1896)

Taswirar yankin Gold Coast na Birtaniya daga 1896 tana nuna Ashanti

Yakin Ingila da Ashanti na hudu, wanda kuma aka sani da "Kaddamar da Ashanti karo na biyu", bai daɗe ba, daga 26 ga Disamba 1895 zuwa 4 ga Fabrairu 1896. Ashanti sun ƙi amincewa da tayin da ba na hukuma ba na zama ƙarƙashin kariyar Birtaniya a 1891, wanda ya ci gaba har zuwa 1894. Birtaniya na kuma so su kafa wakilinsu a Kumasi. Sarkin Ashanti, Prempeh I, ya ƙi mika mulkinsa.

Domin hana Faransa da Jamus shiga yankin Ashanti (da zinariya), Birtaniya na da niyyar mamaye Ashanti gaba ɗaya. Ashanti sun tura wata tawaga zuwa birnin London suna ba da rangwame dangane da cinikayyar zinariya, koko da roba da kuma yarda da mulkin mallaka. Amma Birtaniyawa sun riga sun yanke shawarar warware matsalar ta hanyar soja, tawagar ta dawo Kumasi ne kwana kaɗan kafin sojojin su mamaye garin.

Kanar Sir Francis Scott ya bar Cape Coast tare da babban rundunar sojojin Birtaniya da na tsibirin Caribbean, tare da bindigogin Maxim da manyan makamai 75mm a watan Disamba 1895, kuma ta hanyar hanyar da aka gina tun 1874 suka isa Kumasi a watan Janairu 1896. Major Robert Baden-Powell ya jagoranci sojojin gida na ƙabilu daban-daban a yakin. Asantehene ya umurci Ashanti kada su yi ƙoƙarin yin tirjiya, amma cututtuka sun yi sanadiyyar mutuwar da dama daga cikin sojojin Birtaniya. Gwamna William Maxwell ya iso Kumasi bayan haka. Asantehene Agyeman Prempeh bai iya ko bai so biyan zinariya aunje 50,000 ba, don haka aka kama shi aka sauke shi daga mulki. An tilasta masa sanya hannu a yarjejeniyar kariya, sannan tare da wasu shugabannin Ashanti aka tura su gudun hijira zuwa tsibirin Seychelles.

Baden-Powell ya wallafa wani littafi na rayuwa da ke bayyana dalilan da ya ce su suka jawo yakin: dakatar da sadaukar da rayuka, dakatar da cinikin bayi da hare-haren bayi, tabbatar da zaman lafiya da tsaro ga ƙabilun makwabta, da inganta cinikayya. Har ila yau, ya yi imanin cewa da an tura ƙaramin runduna, da hakan zai jawo zubar da jini. Prempeh I an tura shi gudun hijira zuwa Seychelles. Bayan shekaru goma sha ɗaya, Baden-Powell ya kafa kungiyar Boy Scouts. Daga bisani kuma, bayan an saki Prempeh ya koma gida, ya zama Babban Scout na Ashanti.

Sojojin Birtaniya sun bar Kumasi a ranar 22 ga Janairu 1896, suka isa gabar teku bayan makonni biyu. Ba a harba ko da harsashi ɗaya ba, amma Turawa 18 sun mutu, kuma kashi 50% na dakarun sun kamu da cuta. Daga cikin waɗanda suka mutu akwai surukin Sarauniyar Victoria, Prince Henry na Battenberg, wanda ya kamu da rashin lafiya kafin ya isa Kumasi kuma ya mutu a ranar 20 ga Janairu a cikin jirgin ruwa yana komawa Ingila. A shekarar 1897 yankin Ashanti ya zama ƙarƙashin mulkin kariya na Birtaniya.

Yaƙi na Biyar, "Yaƙin Kujerar Zinariya", 1900

Fasaha tana shigowa Gabar Zinariya, an fara gina hanyar jirgin ƙasa zuwa Kumasi a shekarar 1898 amma ba a kammala ta ba kafin wani sabon yaƙi ya ɓarke. An kammala aikin hanyar a shekarar 1903.

A cikin Yaƙin Kujerar Zinariya (1900), wanda kuma aka fi sani da "Ƙetare Ashanti na Uku", a ranar 25 ga Maris 1900, wakilin Birtaniya, Sir Frederick Mitchell Hodgson, ya aikata kuskuren siyasa ta hanyar nacewa cewa zai zauna a kan Kujerar Zinariya, ba tare da fahimtar cewa ita ce kujerar sarauta kuma mai tsarki sosai ga Ashanti ba. Ya bayar da umarnin a fara bincike don nemo kujerar. Ashanti sun fusata da wannan ɗabi’a, suka kai hari kan sojojin da ke gudanar da binciken.

Sojojin Birtaniya sun janye zuwa wata ƙaramar kariya, murabba’i mai faɗin 50 yards (46 m), tare da bangon dutse mai tsawo da tagogi da kuma rumfunan harbi a kowane kusurwa, inda Turawa takwas, masu gudanar da mulki 'yan jini haɗe da wasu da dama, da Hausawa 500 daga Najeriya da manyan bindigogi ƙanana guda shida da bindigogi Maxim guda huɗu suka tsaya sun kare kansu. Birtaniya ta tsare wasu shugabanni masu girma a cikin sansanin. An kewaye sansanin, an kuma sare wayoyin sadarwa na telegraph. Wani ƙungiyar ceto mai mutane 700 ta iso a watan Yuni, amma ba su iya fitar da marasa lafiya ba daga cikin sansanin. Maza lafiyayyu sun tsere ciki har da Hodgson da matarsa da Hausawa 100, suka haɗu da tawagar ceto suka guje wa mayaƙan Ashanti 12,000 suka koma gabar teku.

A ranar 14 ga Yuli, wata tawagar ceto ta biyu mai mutane 1,000 ta isa Kumasi bayan ta yi fama da faɗace-faɗace a hanya, inda suka kubutar da sansanin a ranar 15 ga Yuli da saura 'yan kwanaki kaɗan da kayan abinci. Ragowar kotun Ashanti da ba a tura Seychelles ba ne suka jagoranci hari kan sojojin Birtaniya da na Fanti da ke Kumasi Fort, amma aka ci su.

Yaa Asantewaa, mahaifiyar sarauniya ta Ejisu, wacce ta jagoranci tawaye, Sarki Prempeh I, da wasu shugabannin Ashanti an kuma tura su zuwa Seychelles. Yankunan Ashanti sun zama wani ɓangare na mulkin mallaka na Gabar Zinariya a ranar 1 ga Janairu 1902, bisa sharadin cewa ba za a taɓa Kujerar Zinariya da Birtaniya ko wani baƙon da ba Akan ba. Ashanti sun ɗauka cewa sun yi nasara domin kuwa ba a kama kujerar su ba. A watan Satumba, Birtaniya ta aike da tawagogin faɗa zuwa ƙauyuka da ke kusa da suka mara baya wa tawayen, wanda hakan ya haifar da faɗace-faɗace da dama.

Birtaniya da kawayenta sun yi asarar mutane 1,070 gaba ɗaya. An kiyasta cewa Ashanti sun rasa mutane kusan 2,000. Kujerar zinariya mai tsarki, wacce ke cikin tutar Ashanti, an ɓoye ta sosai har sai da wasu ma'aikatan gina hanya suka ci karo da ita a cikin shekarar 1920. Sarki Prempeh I ya dawo daga zaman gudun hijira a shekarar 1924, inda ya isa Kumasi da jirgin ƙasa na musamman.

Kyaututtuka Kyauta

An ba da kyaututtuka huɗu na Victoria Cross, don Gallantry a cikin lokacin 1873-74 da biyu don yaƙin neman zaɓe na 1900. (Duba Jerin masu karɓar Victoria Cross ta kamfen)

An ƙirƙiri kyautar Ashanti ga waɗanda ke da hannu a Yaƙin Golden Stool. Wannan balaguron ya ci gaba daga Maris zuwa Satumba 1900. An ba da shi azaman lambar yabo ta Azurfa ko tagulla.

Bayanan kafa

Bayan balaguron 1896, an kai Sarki Prempeh gudun hijira zuwa Seychelles. Bayan shekaru goma sha ɗaya, Baden-Powell ya kirkiro Ƙungiyar Boy Scout. An saki Sarki Prempeh daga gudun hijira kuma aka mayar da shi zuwa Ashanti, kuma ya zama Majiɓincin Ashanti Scouts.

Manazarta

Bibiyar Tarihi

• Anonymous (11 June 1874). "The Treaty with the King of the Ashantees". Wanganui Herald. p. 2.
• Edgerton, Robert B. (2010). The Fall of the Asante Empire: The Hundred-Year War For Africa's Gold Coast. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 9781451603736.
• Freeman, Richard Austin (1898). Travels and Life in Ashanti and Jaman. A. Constable & Company. p. 463. Charles MacCarthy Ashanti.
• Goldstein, Erik (2005). Wars and Peace Treaties: 1816–1991. London: Routledge. ISBN 9781134899111.
• Kochanski, Halik (1999). Sir Garnet Wolseley: Victorian Hero. A&C Black. ISBN 9781852851880.
• Lloyd, Alan (1964). The Drums of Kumasi: the story of the Ashanti wars. London: Longmans. LCCN 65006132. OL 5937815M.
• Low, Charles Rathbone (1878). A Memoir of Lieutenant-General Sir Garnet J. Wolseley. London: R. Bentley & Son.
• Nowers, Colonel John (1994), Steam Traction in the Royal Engineers, North Kent Books, ISBN 0-948305-07-X
• Perry, James (2005). Arrogant Armies Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them. Edison, New Jersey: Castle Books. ISBN 0471119768.
• Porter, Maj Gen Whitworth (1889). History of the Corps of Royal Engineers. II. Chatham: The Institution of Royal Engineers.
• Raugh, Harold E. (2004). The Victorians at War, 1815–1914: an Encyclopedia of British Military History. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781576079256.
• Wilks, Ivor (1975). Asante in the Nineteenth Century: The Structure and Evolution of a Political Order. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-20463-1.

Mahaɗa

• Media related to Anglo-Ashanti Wars at Wikimedia Commons
• Jones, Jim (2004). "The British in West Africa". Archived from the original on 7 November 2009. Retrieved 2009-11-07.
• Stanley, Henry Morton (1876). Coomassie and Magdala: the story of two British campaigns in Africa. New York: Harper.
• Boyle, Frederick (1874). Through Fanteeland to Coomassie, a diary of the Ashantee expedition. London: Chapman and Hall.
• Reade, Winwood (1874). The Story of the Ashantee Campaign. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
• Henty, George A (1904). Through Three Campaigns A Story of Chitral, Tirah and Ashanti. – historical fiction