Yaƙe-yaƙe na Herero
 | ||||
| ||||
| Iri |
colonial war (en)  | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bangare na | Scramble for Africa | |||
| Kwanan watan | 1904 – 1908 | |||
| Wuri |
German South-West Africa (en) | |||
Yaƙe-yaƙe na Herero jerin yaƙe-yaƙi ne na 'yan mulkin mallaka tsakanin Daular Jamus da Mutanen Herero na Jamus ta Kudu maso Yammacin Afirka (Namibia ta yanzu). Sun faru ne tsakanin shekarun 1904 da 1908.
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kafin mulkin mallaka na Kudu maso Yammacin Afirka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Hereros sun kasance masu kiwon shanu, suna mamaye mafi yawan tsakiya da arewacin Afirka ta Kudu maso Yamma. A ƙarƙashin jagorancin Jonker Afrikaner, wanda ya mutu a shekarar 1861, kuma daga baya a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Samuel Maharero, sun sami rinjaye a kan mutanen Nama da Orlam a cikin jerin rikice-rikice da suka samu a matakai na baya, sun ga yawan amfani da bindigogi da aka samu daga 'yan kasuwa na Turai.[1]
Mulkin mallaka na Jamus
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A farkon shekarun 1880, ɗan siyasan Jamus Otto von Bismarck, ya sauya ƙin yarda da mulkin mallaka, ya yanke shawarar manufofin faɗaɗa mulkin mallaka. A cikin shekarar 1882 Bismarck ya ba da izini ga Adolf Lüderitz don samun ƙasashe waɗanda Jamus za ta kawo a cikin "kariya", a ƙarƙashin yanayin da aka kafa tashar jiragen ruwa a cikin yankunan da aka karɓa kuma akwai "bayani mai kyau" ga ƙasar. Lüderitz ya sayi taken ga Angra Pequena (daga baya aka sake masa suna Lüderitz Bay) daga Joseph Fredericks, shugaban Mutanen Oorlam, don musayar bindigogi 200, alamun Jamus 2,500, da wasu sojoji masu wasa, kuma sun kafa tashar jiragen ruwa a can. Bayyana taken Jamus tsakanin manyan ƙasashen Turai ya ɗauki ɗan lokaci, yayin da Burtaniya ta yi watsi da ita don amsa buƙatar Jamus don bayyana iyakokin taken su, duk da haka a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1884 Bismarck ya umarci wakilin Jamus da ya bayyana "Lüderitzland" (kamar yadda Lüderitz ke riƙewa a Kudu maso Yammacin Afirka ya zama sananne) a ƙarƙashin "kariya" na Jamus. Lüderitz ya ci gaba da yaɗa tasirin Jamus a duk yankin Kudu maso Yammacin Afirka har zuwa shekara ta 1885 kawai wata ƙabila ɗaya a ciki Witboois ba ta kammala wani irin tsari tare da Jamus ba.[1]
Yayinda masu wa'azi a ƙasashen waje na Rhenish, 'yan kasuwa, da sauran Turawa suka kasance a yankin tun daga shekarun 1830, sai kawai tare da zuwan da'awar Jamus ga Kudu maso Yammacin Afirka ne mazaunin Jamus na yankin ya fara da gaske. A shekara ta 1903 akwai kimanin mazauna Turai 4,682 a cikin kariya wanda kusan 3,000 Jamusawa ne, mafi yawansu a garuruwan Lüderitz, Swakopmund, da Windhoek. Zuwan babbar sasantawar Jamus ya kuma kawo canje-canje a cikin yadda Turawa ke bi da 'yan asalin Herero da Nama, tare da' yan asalin da ke fuskantar ƙaruwar nuna bambanci na doka da kuma kwace ƙasa don amfani da mazauna Turai.
Tawaye
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A shekara ta 1903, wasu daga cikin ƙabilun Khoi da Herero sun tashi cikin tawaye kuma an kashe Jamusawa mazauna Jamus kimanin 120-150, tare da azabtar da mutane da dama da rikicin ya rutsa da su kafin su mutu. An tura sojoji daga Jamus don sake kafa oda amma sai kawai suka tarwatsa 'yan tawayen, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Cif Samuel Maharero. A cikin wata sananniyar wasiƙa zuwa Hendrik Witbooi, shugaban Nama, Maharero ya nemi shirya tawayensa da Jamusawa yayin da yake gina ƙawance tare da sauran ƙabilu, yana cewa Mu mutu muna yaƙi! [2] Herero ya jagoranci wani kamfen, yana gudanar da ayyuka cikin sauri da sauri sannan kuma suka narke cikin filin da suka sani da kyau, tare da hana Jamusawa samun fa'ida da makamansu na zamani da bindigogi. Duk da haka an yi yaƙi na ƙarshe a ranar 11 ga watan Agusta 1904, a Yaƙin Waterberg a Dutsen Waterberg. Cif Maharero ya yi imanin fa'idarsa ta shida zuwa ɗaya akan Jamusawa za ta ba shi damar yin nasara a faɗan ƙarshe. Jamusawa sun sami lokaci don gabatar da makamansu na manyan bindigogi da manyan makamai. Bangarorin biyu sun yi asara mai yawa, amma Herero sun warwatse aka ci su.
A cikin watan Oktoba 1904, Janar Lothar von Trotha ya ba da umarni a kashe kowane namiji Herero kuma a fitar da mata da yara zuwa cikin hamada. Da labarin wannan umarni ya isa Jamus, aka soke shi.[ana buƙatar hujja] amma Trotha da farko ya yi watsi da Berlin. Lokacin da aka dakatar da odar wargazawa a ƙarshen shekarar 1904, ƴan ƙabilar da suka tsira da aka yi garkuwa da su a sansanonin taro, yayin da wasu aka mayar da su a matsayin aikin bauta ga kasuwancin Jamus; da yawa Herero sun mutu saboda yawan aiki da rashin abinci mai gina jiki.
Ya ɗauki Jamusawa har zuwa shekara ta 1908 don sake kafa ikon yankin. A wancan lokacin an kashe dubun dubatan 'yan Afirka (kimanin da suka kai daga 34,000 zuwa 110,000) ko dai an kashe su [3] [4] :296[5] [6] [7] [8] ko sun mutu saboda ƙishirwa yayin gudu. 65,000 na 80,000 Hereros da akalla 10,000 na 20,000 Nama sun mutu a sakamakon rikicin.
A lokacin yaƙin, sojojin Jamus kusan 19,000 ne suka shiga hannu.[ana buƙatar hujja]
Kimanin lokaci guda, an gano lu'u-lu'u a yankin, wanda ya kara wadata sosai.[importance?]
Bayan haka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cikin shekarar 1915, lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya, sojojin Afirka ta Kudu sun mamaye shi a cikin abin da ake kira Kamfen na Afirka ta Kudu, kuma SW Africa a hukumance ta zama wa'adin Afirka ta Kudu a shekarar 1920. [9]
A ranar 16 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2004, shekaru 100 bayan yakin, gwamnatin Jamus a hukumance ta nemi afuwar wannan ɗanyen aiki.[10] Heidemarie Wieczorek-Zeul, ministar taimakon raya ƙasa ta Jamus ta ce "Mu Jamusawa mun yarda da alhakinmu na tarihi da ɗabi'a da kuma laifin da Jamusawa suka yi a wancan lokacin." Bugu da ƙari, ta yarda cewa kisan kiyashin yayi daidai da kisan kiyashi.[11]
Sai a shekara ta 2015 gwamnatin Jamus ta yarda cewa kisan kiyashin yayi daidai da kisan kiyashi sannan ta sake neman afuwa a shekarar 2016. Kungiyar Herero dai na tuhumar gwamnatin Jamus ne a wata ƙara da ta shigar a gabanta.[12] A cikin shekarar 2021, Jamus ta ba da sanarwar cewa za ta biya Namibiya Yuro biliyan 1.1.[13]
A cikin adabi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Yaƙe-yaƙe na Herero da kisan kiyashin duka an kwatanta su a cikin wani babi na 1963 novel V. na Thomas Pynchon. Labari mai ban tausayi na Herero da Nama kisan kare dangi kuma ya bayyana a cikin littafin Pynchon na shekarar 1973 mai suna Gravity's Rainbow.
Mummunan kisa na Herero da Nama a kan rayuwar mutum ɗaya da kuma tushen al'adun Herero ana gani a cikin littafin tarihin Mama Namibia na 2013 na Mari Serebrov.[14]
Yaƙin da kisan kiyashi duka suna da mahimmanci a cikin The Glamour of Prospecting,[15] wani asusun zamani na Frederick Cornell na ƙoƙarinsa na neman lu'u-lu'u a yankin. A cikin littafin, ya bayyana bayanansa na farko na shaida sansanin taro a tsibirin Shark a tsakanin sauran ɓangarorin rikicin.[15]
Duba kuma
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Bridgman 1981.
- ↑ Gewald, Jan-Bart, Herero Heroes: A Socio-political History of the Herero of Namibia, 1890-1923, London: James Curry Ltd (1999), ISBN 0852557493, p. 156
- ↑ Jeremy Sarkin-Hughes (2008) Colonial Genocide and Reparations Claims in the 21st Century: The Socio-Legal Context of Claims under International Law by the Herero against Germany for Genocide in Namibia, 1904-1908, p. 142, Praeger Security International, Westport, Conn. ISBN 978-0-31336-256-9
- ↑ A. Dirk Moses (2008) Empire, Colony, Genocide: Conquest, Occupation and Subaltern Resistance in World History, Berghahn Books, NY ISBN 978-1-84545-452-4
- ↑ Dominik J. Schaller (2008) From Conquest to Genocide: Colonial Rule in German Southwest Africa and German East Africa, p. 296, Berghahn Books, NY ISBN 1-8454-5452-9
- ↑ Sara L. Friedrichsmeyer, Sara Lennox, and Susanne M. Zantop (1998) The Imperialist Imagination: German Colonialism and Its Legacy, p. 87, University of Michigan Press ISBN 978-0-47209-682-4
- ↑ Walter Nuhn (1989) Sturm über Südwest. Der Hereroaufstand von 1904, Bernard & Graefe-Verlag, Koblenz ISBN 3-7637-5852-6.
- ↑ Marie-Aude Baronian, Stephan Besser, Yolande Jansen (2007) Diaspora and Memory: Figures of Displacement in Contemporary Literature, Arts and Politics, p. 33, Rodopi ISBN 978-1-42948-147-2
- ↑ "Namibia | South African History Online". sahistory.org.za. Retrieved 2019-11-11.
- ↑ Onishi, Norimitsu (29 December 2016). "Germany Grapples With Its African Genocide". The New York Times.
- ↑ "German minister says sorry for genocide in Namibia" (15 August 2004) The Guardian
- ↑ Christoph Schult und Christoph Titz (6 January 2017). "Herero und Nama verklagen Deutschland" Der Spiegel
- ↑ Oltermann, Philip (28 May 2021). "Germany agrees to pay Namibia €1.1bn over historical Herero-Nama genocide". The Guardian (in Turanci).
- ↑ Serebrov, Mari (2013) Mama Namibia. Windhoek, Namibia: Wordweaver Publishing House
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 Frederick Carruthers Cornell (1920). The Glamour of Prospecting: Wanderings of a South African Prospector in Search of Copper, Gold, Emeralds, and Diamonds. London, England: London, T.F. Unwin Ltd.
- ↑ Hull, Isabel V. (2005) Absolute Destruction: Military Culture and the Practices of War in Imperial Germany, p. 30, Cornell University
- ↑ Lahti, Jane (2019) The American West and the World: Transnational and Comparative Perspectives, p. 162, Routledge