Yaƙi da kisan kiyashi a Shar al-Shatt

Yaƙi da kisan kiyashi a Shar al-Shatt
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	32°53′43″N 13°12′37″E / 32.895278°N 13.210278°E
Iri	faɗa ; Kisan Kiyashi
Kwanan watan	23 Oktoba 1911
Wuri	Tripolitania vilayet (en)
Ƙasa	Daular Usmaniyya

Yaƙin da kisan kiyashi a Shar al-Shatt (Larabci|شارع الشط; Sciara Sciat a Italiyanci) ya ne a ranar 23 ga Oktoba 1911 a ƙauyen Shar al-shatt a gefen Tripoli, Libya a lokacin Yaƙin Italo-Turki. An kashe Italiyanci 503 a Shar al-Shatt, daga cikinsu 125 a cikin kisan kiyashi na sojoji da suka mika wuya. Wannan lamarin ya zama sananne a matsayin "Massacre of Italians at Sciara Sciat". Italiyanci sun mayar da martani ta hanyar sake dawo da Shar al-Shatt kuma sun fara gudanar da mummunan ramuwar gayya.Samfuri:Sfnp

Hare-haren da ba su dace ba

A ranar 23 ga Oktoba, 1911, Kyaftin Carlo Maria Piazza ya yi abin da ake la'akari da jirgin yaki na farko, yana gudanar da bincike a kudu maso yammacin Tripoli, inda ya gano wasu ayyukan a sansanin abokan gaba, amma rahoton da ya yi ba a watsa shi ga umurnin ba, yayin da jirgin na biyu, a wannan lokacin da Kyaftin Riccardo Moizo ya gudanar, bai gano wani abu mai ban sha'awa ba.^[1] A zahiri, ba su gudanar da bincike na gaske ba amma sun iyakance kansu ga gwaje-gwaje na ingancin jirgin sama na injunan jirgin sama guda ɗaya tare da sauƙin tashi na oasis kusa da Tripoli. A wannan safiya, Ottomans, da goyon bayan 'yan bindiga na Larabawa, ba zato ba tsammani sun kai hari kan iyakar tsaron Italiya a Tripoli. A wannan lokacin, kimanin mutane 8,500 da batirin bindigogi uku ne suka gudanar da kewayon tsaro na birnin (kimanin kilomita 13): 6th Infantry Regiment da 40th Infantary Regiment zuwa yamma, 82nd da 84th Infantory Regiments tare da kudancin gaba a tsakiya da 11th Bersaglieri Regiment zuwa gabas. Harin farko ya shiga yankin yammacin Tripoli wanda rundunar sojan kasa ta 6 ta gudanar, wanda tare da sa hannun jirgin yaki na Sicily ya sauƙaƙe harin.^[1] Wani hari na biyu na Ottoman ya sake kai hari kan tsaron yammacin Tripoli wanda rundunar sojan kasa ta 82 ke gudanarwa, wanda aka sake sauƙaƙewa yayin da aka ba da rahoton harbin bindiga a kan sojojin Italiya daga oasis a bayansu.^[1] Nan da nan aka shirya ayyukan tsaftacewa, wanda ya haifar da kamawa da kwace makamai.^[1]

Harin da aka yi a kan Oasis na Shar al-Shatt, 23 ga Oktoba

Hare-haren da Kanal Neşet ya kai kan matsayin Italiyanci da safe ya yi amfani da shi ne kawai don rufe babban harin da aka yi wa manyan mukamai na gabashin da ke hannun 11th Regiment of Bersaglieri karkashin umurnin Kanar Gustavo Fara kuma wanda, saboda yanayin yankin, ba za a iya tabbatar da shi yadda ya kamata ba.^[2] A zahiri, suna ƙetare Menscia, gundumar da ke da yawan jama'a a cikin Tripoli oasis, sabili da haka ba za a iya tallafawa da bindigogi ba (saboda rashin kewayon harbi) kuma ba a shirya su don karewa don kauce wa lalata dukiyar mazauna ba. A tura Bersaglieri ya ga battalion XXXIII da aka tura ba tare da ajiya ba tsakanin Fort Messri da Henni, battalion XXVII tsakanin Henni da teku tare da kamfani a ajiya a Bu Sette, da kuma battalion XV a ajiya gabashin Henni.

Babban harin an kai shi kan Bersaglieri, ya kai hari da sassafe a kamfanin na 7 na rundunar XXXIII, wanda aka ajiye a Fort Messri, da sauri kamfanin na 9, kamfanin na 3 na rundunar sojan ƙasa da na XV ya ƙarfafa shi, yana gudanar da kawar da maharan a kan asarar nauyi. ^[2] Har ila yau, fararen hula da ke harbi daga ɓoye a cikin oasis sun kai hari ga kamfanin daga baya.^[2] Kamfanin na 8, wanda aka tura a Henni, ya kuma shiga cikin rikici, ya yi yaƙi har zuwa faɗuwar dare, wanda kamfanin 1st da 2nd na battalion na XV da kamfanin 6 na battalions na XXVII suka ƙarfafa, wanda ya fara zuwa masallacin Bu Mescia tare da hanyar zuwa makabartar Rebab, sannan zuwa Henni inda Gustavo Fara ya jagoranci tsaron.^[3]

Mafi mahimmancin yanayin ya faru ne a bangaren Battalion na XXVII, wanda ke kusa da Shar al-Shatt tare da Kamfanin 4 a gabashin Henni wanda Kamfanin 5 ya gefen hagu, wanda aka tura har zuwa teku. Har ila yau, hare-haren tashin hankali sun mamaye su, rundunar ba za ta iya dogaro da kowane ajiya ko ƙarfafawa nan da nan ba da daɗewa ba ta sami kanta cikin matsaloli masu tsanani, wanda ya kara tsanantawa da yawan hare-hares a kan matsayinta ta yawan jama'ar yankin. Kamfanin 4 ya tilasta janyewa zuwa makabartar Rebab, inda ya toshe kansa don kare kansa har sai da aka mika wuya.^[2] Kamfanin na 5 da farko ya sami nasarar tsayawa, amma a kusa da karfe 1 na yamma shi ma dole ne ya koma baya, na farko zuwa Amedia, sannan zuwa Tripoli kanta, koyaushe masu kai farmaki suna damun su kuma suna ƙarƙashin wuta daga mutanen yankin da ke harbi daga kowane gida, suma suna fama da asarar nauyi.

Yanayin kawai ya daidaita a kusa da karfe 5 na yamma, tare da isowar wani battalion na 82nd Infantry Regiment, da kuma battalions biyu na ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa da kamfanonin saukowa na Sicily, Sardegna, Re Umberto da Carlo Alberto suka kafa, tare da goyon bayan batirin saukowa 75 mm da aka riga aka tura a Bu Meliana. Shar al-Shatt ya sake zama ne kawai a faɗuwar rana ta hanyar sojoji na 82nd Infantry Regiment da ke da goyon bayan ragowar Kamfanoni na 4 da 5 na Bersaglieri (an rage zuwa mutane 57 kawai da suka tsira a cikin rukuni biyu), bayan gwagwarmayar gida-gida.

Yaƙin Bu-Meliana, 26 ga Oktoba

Kwanaki uku bayan yakin Shar al-Shatt, a ranar 26 ga Oktoba, da karfe 5 na safe, kuma tare da dukkan dakarun da ke akwai, Ottomans sun sake kai hari Tripoli, suna shiga duk yankin kudu maso gabas. Duk da iyakantaccen ci gaba zuwa yamma, layin Italiyanci ya sami nasarar riƙewa, galibi godiya ga murfin bindigogi da hare-hare ta hanyar ƙarfafawa da ke fitowa daga birnin (a lokacin waɗannan rikice-rikice, da sauransu, an kashe mai karɓar lambar yabo ta zinariya ta Soja, Riccardo Grazioli Lante della Rovere). Da karfe 8 na safe aikin Turkiyya ya ƙare kuma sojojin da ke kai hari suna cikin jirgin. Harin lokaci guda a gabashin gabashin layin tsaro bai sami sakamako mafi kyau ba.

Sakamakon

Firayim Minista Giovanni Giolitti, bayan yakin Shar al-Shatt, ya tura sojoji don neman nasara da za ta dawo da martabar Italiya a Turai. Koyaya, Janar Caneva ya kasance mai shakku game da nasarar wannan aikin saboda yana tsoron hamada, wanda sojojin Italiya ba su saba da shi ba, kuma ya ba da shawarar a maimakon haka don ƙaddamar da ingantaccen farfaganda wanda zai raba Larabawa da Turkiyya a sansanin adawa.^[4]

Daga ra'ayi na soja, hare-haren Ottoman sun taƙaita yankin zuwa gabas tare da watsar da wasu matsayi (Fort Hamidie, Henni da Fort Mesri). ^[4] A matakin siyasa, duk da haka, ya nuna ƙarshen mafarkin Italiyanci na iya yin aiki tare da Larabawa don fitar da Turks. A halin yanzu, Turks sun shiga garuruwan Tripoli tare da ayyukan 'yan tawaye, ta amfani da masu harbi da harbe-harbe na bindigogi tare da ɓangarorin da aka motsa nan da nan.

A cikin watan Nuwamba, an kai battalions bakwai na sojan ƙasa, ɗaya Alpini, ɗaya grenadier da ɗaya 75 mm batir daga Italiya, sun haɗa kai a cikin 3rd Special Division [1] (Lieutenant Janar Felice De Chaurand). A ranar 26 ga watan Nuwamba, Bersaglieri na 11 da 93rd Infantry tare da battalions biyu na grenadiers sun sake mamaye oasis kuma sun sake kwace dukkan mukamai da suka rage tsakanin 27 da 28 ga Oktoba, an kare su a gefen hagu ta hanyar 23rd da 52nd Infantry Regiments daga yiwuwar hare-hare daga Ain Zara.

Kisan kiyashi

Rundunar sojojin Italiya ta bayyana daga Ottoman Tripoli a yammacin 28 ga Satumba 1911; da sauri sojojin 1,500 suka ci birnin.

Duk da nasarar da Italiya ta yi a birnin Tripoli da kewayenta daga Daular Ottoman a farkon kwanakin Oktoba, cikin Ottoman Libya jim kadan bayan haka ya ɓarke cikin tawaye, tare da hukumomin Italiya sun rasa iko a kan manyan yankuna na yankin.

Kafin isowar sojojin Italiya, sel karkashin jagorancin jami'an Ottoman (wanda ake kira "Young Turks", kamar Mustafa Kemal Atatürk) sun karfafa 'yan asalin Libya su shiga masana'antu da kamfanoni na Italiya a Tripolitania, su binciki hanyoyi, kuma suyi ƙididdigar dukkan maza da za su iya ɗaukar makamai a Tripoli da Derna, don shirya jihadi na Musulmai na gida.

Cikin Tripolitania sun tashi cikin tawaye daga makonni na farko kuma Musulmai na cikin gida sun ci sojojin Italiya da sauri (wanda jami'an Turkiyya ke tallafawa), kamar yadda ya faru a Shar al-Shatt.Samfuri:Sfnp

An sanya Battalion na IV na 11th Bersaglieri Regiment na Colonel Gustavo Fara a cikin karamin ƙauyen oasis a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsaron Tripoli. A ranar 23 ga Oktoba, sojojin Italiya kusan 500 sun kai hari daga Turks da Larabawa kuma an mamaye su da sauri kuma an kashe su. Kimanin 290 Bersaglieri, wadanda suka tsira daga harin farko sun mika wuya ga masu jihadi a cikin makabartar yankin, amma duk an azabtar da su kuma an kashe su

I saw (in Sciara Sciat) in one mosque seventeen Italians, crucified with their bodies reduced to the status of bloody rags and bones, but whose faces still retained traces of their hellish agony. Long rods had been passed through the necks of these wretched men and their arms rested on these rods. They were then nailed to the wall and died slowly with untold suffering. It is impossible for us to paint the picture of this hideous rotted meat hanging pitifully on the bloody wall. In a corner another body was crucified, but as an officer he was chosen to experience refined sufferings. His eyes were stitched closed. All the bodies were mutilated and castrated; so indescribable was the scene and the bodies appeared swollen as shapeless carrion. But that's not all! In the cemetery of Chui, which served as a refuge from the Turks and to whence soldiers retreated from afar, we could see another show. In front of one door near the Italian trenches five soldiers had been buried up to their shoulders, their heads emerged from the black sand stained with their blood: heads horrible to see and there you could read all the tortures of hunger and thirst.

Gaston Leroux, correspondent of "Matin-Journal"Samfuri:Sfnp

Jaridu Argentina Enzo D'Armesano na jaridar Buenos Aires "La Prensa" ya kasance washegari a Shar al-Shatt kuma ya ba da rahoton zalunci tare da bayanin da ya burge mutanen Argentina. Ya ba da rahoton cewa fararen hula da yawa na yankin sun kusanci layin Italiyanci daga baya, da farko suna nuna abota, kawai don su fada musu da wuƙaƙe. Ya rubuta cewa mutane uku da suka tsira daga 4th Battalion sun zargi fararen hula Larabawa na oasis na Shar al-Shatt da "tradimento" (cin amana).Samfuri:Sfnp

Sakamakon haka

A hukumance, jami'an Italiya 21 da sojoji 482 sun mutu a Shar al-Shatt, 290 daga cikinsu an kashe su bayan sun mika wuya a makabartar.Samfuri:Sfnp

A cikin 1932, Mussolini ya kaddamar da Abin tunawa ga Bersaglieri a Roma, tare da ɗaya daga cikin bangarorin da aka sassaƙa don tunawa da waɗanda suka mutu a Shar al-Shatt. Masanin gine-gine Italo Mancini ne ya tsara wannan abin tunawa kuma masanin zane Publio Morbiducci ne ya kirkireshi.Samfuri:Sfnp

Aiyukan da aka zaba

Bandini, Franco (1971). Gli italiani in Africa storia delle guerre colonialili 1882-1943. Milano: Longanesi & C.
Childs, Timothy Winston (1990). Italo-Turkish Diplomacy and the War Over Libya: 1911–1912. Brill. ISBN 90-04-09025-8.
Cronaca e storia del corpo dei Bersaglieri, 1836–1986 [Chronicle and History of the Bersaglieri Corps (1836-1986)] (in Italiyanci). Piazza. 1986. OCLC 219933820.
de Martino, Antonio (1911). Tripoli Italiana: la guerra italo-turca [Tripoli Italiana: The Italian-Turkish War]. Società libraria italiana.
Gerwarth, Robert; Manela, Erez (2014). Empires at War: 1911–1923. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-100694-4.
Leroux, Gaston (23 August 1917). "No title cited". Matin Journal.
Painter, Borden (2007). Mussolini's Rome: Rebuilding the Eternal City. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-4039-8002-1.
Vandervort, Bruce (2012). Verso la quarta sponda la guerra italiana per la Libia (1911-1912) (in Italiyanci). Rome: Stato maggiore dell'esercito.

[Vandervort_288-1] 1 2 3 4 Vandervort 2012.

[Vandervort_289-2] 1 2 3 4 Vandervort 2012.

[3] Bandini 1971.

[Vandervort_295-4] 1 2 Vandervort 2012.

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