Yaƙin Abukir (1799)
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| Iri | faɗa | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bangare na |
French invasion of Egypt and Syria (en)  | |||
| Kwanan watan | 25 ga Yuli, 1799 | |||
| Wuri |
Abu Qir (en) | |||
| Ƙasa | Misra | |||
| Participant (en) | ||||
An yi 'Yaƙin Aboukir' (wanda aka fi sani da yakin Aboukir ko Yaƙin Abu Qir ) a ranar 25 ga Yuli 1799 tsakanin Sojojin Faransa na Gabas a karkashin Napoleon da sojojin Ottoman a karkashin Mustafa Pasha a lokacin mamayar Faransa a Misira da Siriya . [1]An dauke shi yakin farko da aka yi da wannan sunan, saboda an riga an yi yakin sojan ruwa a ranar 1 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1798, yakin Nilu . (Yaƙin da aka yi na biyu ya biyo baya a ranar 8 ga Maris 1801.)
Ba da daɗewa ba sojojin Faransa suka dawo daga yakin zuwa Siriya, sai sojojin Ottoman suka kai Masar ta hanyar jirgin ruwa na Anglo-Ottoman a karkashin Sidney Smith don kawo karshen mulkin Faransa a Masar.[1][2] Pasha kwararren kwamandan ne wanda ya yi yaƙi da Rasha. Ya san cewa cajin da aka yi wa faransanci ba shi da amfani. Don haka, ya nemi kauce musu ta hanyar karfafa bakin rairayin bakin teku tare da layin tsaro guda biyu. Daga wannan bakin teku Pasha zai iya kai hari kan Masar. Koyaya, nan da nan Napoleon ya ga lahani a cikin dabarar kamar yadda yake nufin cewa Ottomans ba su da inda za su gudu idan an rushe su.[3]
Faransanci sun kai hari kan matsayin Ottoman kuma da sauri suka karya layin tsaro na farko kafin a kammala shi. Layin na biyu, duk da haka, ya zama mai wahala don cin nasara kuma Faransanci sun janye na ɗan lokaci. A wannan lokacin, janar din sojan doki Murat ya ga damarsa kuma ya kai hari tare da sojan dakarunsa, da sauri ya kori Ottomans da aka fallasa.[3] Cutar Murat ta yi sauri sosai har ya fashe a cikin alfarwar Pasha kuma ya kama nasa, ya yanke yatsunsa biyu da sabre. A sakamakon haka, Pasha ta harbe Murat a cikin jaw. Nan da nan, an yi wa Murat aiki kuma ya ci gaba da aikinsa washegari.
Sojojin Ottoman sun tsere cikin tsoro. Wasu Ottomans sun nitse yayin da suke ƙoƙarin yin iyo zuwa jiragen ruwa na Burtaniya mil biyu daga bakin teku, yayin da wasu suka gudu zuwa gidan sarauta na Abukir, amma sun mika wuya jim kadan bayan haka. Sojojin Ottoman sun hallaka, yayin da asarar Faransa ta kasance ƙasa da 1,000.[4] Labarin nasarar ya kai Faransa kafin Napoleon ya isa a watan Oktoba kuma wannan ya sa ya fi shahara, wani muhimmin abu idan aka yi la'akari da matsalolin da ke faruwa a cikin Directory na Faransa. Wannan yaƙin ya tabbatar da ikon Faransa a kan Masar na ɗan lokaci.[5]
Sharar fage
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kodayake an sanya shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na Daular Ottoman, an mallaki Masar a matsayin lardin da ke da ikon cin gashin kansa na ƙarni da yawa, kuma ana tattauna yiwuwar zama a Faransa tun 1774. A farkon shekara ta 1798, Napoleon ya ba da shawarar haɗa shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na babban shiri don raunana bukatun Birtaniya a Asiya.[6] Ya yi fatan yin amfani da Masar a matsayin mataki na farko na karbar Constantinople, sannan ya mamaye Indiya kuma ya kai farmaki ga mallakar Burtaniya a can.[7] An amince da wannan yadda ya kamata, kuma a watan Yulin shekara ta 1798, rundunar balaguron Faransa sama da 40,000 ta sauka a Alexandria.[8]
Tare da goyon bayan Burtaniya, Ottomans yanzu sun ayyana yaƙi da Faransa, kuma a cikin 1799 sun aika da sojoji biyu don sake kwace Masar. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan ya kai shi Royal Navy, yayin da ɗayan ya yi tafiya a bakin tekun Siriya. Napoleon ya dauki mataki kuma ya yi tafiya zuwa arewa a watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1799, ya dauki Birnin Gaza, El Arish, da Jaffa, amma daga nan aka dakatar da shi a Acre sama da watanni biyu. Djezzar Pasha, gwamnan Ottoman, ne ya jagoranci tsaron, tare da taimakon Antoine na Phélippeaux, injiniya da kuma masanin bindigogi wanda ya yi karatu tare da Napoleon a École militaire amma yanzu ya zama kwamandan Burtaniya.[9] Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Royal ta ci gaba da cika birnin da kayayyaki, kuma tare da sojojinsa da annoba ta kashe, Napoleon ya janye, ya kawo karshen shirye-shiryen kama Constantinople.[10]
Yaƙi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Napoleon ya kafa sansanin sojojinsa a daren 24th, washegari da safe a ranar 25 ga Yuli ya ba da umarnin kai hari kan sojojin Ottoman. Pasha ya shirya sojojinsa a cikin layi biyu masu kariya tare da bangarorin biyu da aka kafa a bakin tekun. An sanya ƙungiyar Lanusse a gefen hagu na Faransa, yayin da aka sanya ƙungiyar Lannes a dama. Murat yana cikin gaba tare da sojan doki. Ginin Ottoman da ramuka a gefen yamma, da ke fuskantar Lanusse, har yanzu ba a gama su ba, kuma ƙungiyar da ke ƙarƙashin Lanusse ta sami nasarar karya layin Ottoman bayan mummunan fada. Lannuse ya yi amfani da rushewa a gefen dama na Ottoman don juyawa a kusa da kuma bayan gefen hagu na layin tsaro na farko. Wannan ya haifar da tsoro tsakanin masu kare Ottomans a gefen hagu, ba tare da wani abu da za su koma baya ba, da yawa sun shiga cikin ruwa kuma sun yi ƙoƙari su yi iyo zuwa jiragen Ottoman da na Burtaniya mafi kusa, inda kusan dukansu suka nitse. A cewar Napoleon,
The enemy threw themselves into the water in an attempt to reach the boats which were more than 2 miles out at sea; they all drowned, the most horrible sight I've seen.
— Napoleon Bonaparte
Faransanci sun ci gaba da kai hari kan layin Ottoman na biyu, wanda aka kare shi sosai. Harin Faransanci, wanda jiragen Ottoman da na Burtaniya suka jefa bam, an fatattake shi, amma gefen yammacin tsibirin ba shi da goyon baya daga rundunar Anglo-Ottoman; hare-haren bincike na Faransa guda biyu a gefen gabas an kore su tare da goyon bayan bindigogi na Burtaniya. [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9]p. 365 Yayin da Faransanci suka janye, daruruwan sojojin Ottoman sun fito daga garkuwarsu kuma suka fara bin Faransanci da ke janyewa, suna fille kawunan gawawwakin mutanen Faransa da suka mutu. Bayan da aka kori sojojin Ottoman da ke kare layin farko, Napoleon ya yi la'akari da motsa batirin bindigoginsa zuwa tuddai biyu a gaban layin na biyu, wanda aka kare shi sosai kuma ya zama kamar ba zai iya kai farmaki ba. Amma ganin cewa yammacin bayin Aboukir ya shimfiɗa kamar cape, kuma ya tura bindigoginsa a can. Wannan ya ba da damar batirin Faransa su jefa bam a gefen dama na Ottoman. Ottomans sun yi amfani da gefen dama dan kadan a cikin ƙasa, suna barin karamin rata a cikin layin su. A wannan lokacin, Murat ya ga dama tare da budewa a cikin layin Ottoman da kuma sojoji da yawa na Ottoman da ke fitowa daga kariya daga garkuwar su don lalata mutuwar Faransanci, kuma ya caje sojan doki a kan Ottomans da suka warwatse. Tsoro ya bazu a cikin sojojin Ottoman, har zuwa layin tsaron su, kuma a cikin minti kaɗan Murat ya sami kansa yana caji a cikin sansanin Ottoman, inda ya sami alfarwar Pasha. Pasha ya fito a gaban Murat kuma ya harbe shi da bindiga, ya ji masa rauni a cikin jaw. Murat ya girgiza sabre a hannun dama na Pasha, ya yanke yatsunsa biyu kuma ya umarci mutanensa su kama shi.
Sakamakon haka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Smith ya aika da wasika ga Horatio Nelson, a ranar 2 ga watan Agusta, yana sanar da shi game da cin nasara, yana rubutu; Shafi na 364Page 364
I am sorry to have to acquaint your lordship of the entire defeat of the first division of the Ottoman army, destined to act against the enemy in Egypt, under the command of his excellency Mustapha Serasker, who is wounded and taken prisoner, after having defended himself gallantly, and wounded General Murat, who took him. However, under these untoward circumstances, we have the satisfaction of observing the enemy's loss to be such, that a few more victories like this will annihilate the French army. It is much to be lamented that we had not two regular regiments, in addition to the remnant of the Chiflick (sic) corps, which was almost entirely cut to pieces for want of support; we should then have been able to have kept the redoubt and castle of Aboukir, which Mustapha Pasha and Patrona Bey took by assault, on the 15th ultimo; as it was, the unformed mass of irregular infantry could not withstand the spirited at-tack of a small body of French cavalry, which leaped over the works after having been three times repulsed by the effect of our cannon. On my arrival, five days after the disembarkation, I found the Turkish army in a very different position from that in which I hoped to find it, from the correspondence which had passed between Mustapha Pasha and me; and much less considerable, being but 5,000 men instead of 15,000, as had been reported. Hassan Bey, who came with me, had but 2,000, and as Buonaparte was at Rahmania, an attack was to be expected immediately; it was therefore the more necessary to make the best of our ground. The Turks are not easily brought to quit their arms for entrenching tools, of which they only begin to see the utility; thus the attempt at making lines across the peninsula, from the redoubt to the sea on each side, was very imperfect. The gun-boats were ordered to take a station to flank these lines, but there was no stimulating their crews to any degree of exertion in the transporting of them, and thus the enemy had less fire opposed to them than might have been produced, had the division destined for the west side of the Isthmus reached its station. The English rowing boats alone went there, after completely clearing the east side from the enemy, and we felt the insufficiency of our fire so much the more, since even that made a considerable impression on the blue column as it advanced to the assault; it was even repulsed twice, but the barbarous custom of the Turks, in cutting off the heads of their fallen enemies, to effect which they ran forward irregularly, produced a burst of indignation amongst the French infantry, which rallied them; the suddenness of their return to the assault discomfited the unconnected defenders of these imperfect lines; the sea was soon covered with hundreds of fugitives swimming off to us, and the castle on the point became too much crowded for it to be practicable for the besieged to act in its defence, or for us to supply such a numerous garrison....
— Sir William Sidney Smith, Letter to Lord Nelson, August 2nd 1799 off Aboukir bay. The life and correspondence of Admiral Sir William Sidney Smith, G.C.B.