Yaƙin Burmi
| Iri | faɗa |
|---|---|
| Kwanan watan | 27 ga Yuli, 1903 |
| Wuri | Yankin Yaƙin Mborni |
Participant (en)  | |
Yakin Burmi shi ne yaƙin ƙarshe tsakanin Turawan mulkin mallaka da sojojin Daular Sakkwato a lokacin da Turawan mulkin mallaka na Arewacin Najeriya ke yankin Pacific.[1] Yaƙin ya zo ne bayan nasarar da Ingila ta samu a yaƙin Kano da Kwatarkwashi,[1] wanda ya tilastawa sojojin Sokoto ja da baya a faɗin Arewacin Najeriya, inda suka mamaye Burmi.[2][3] A lokacin kwamandan yaƙi na sojojin Birtaniya Manjo Marsh da kuma Halifan Sokoto, Muhammadu Attahiru I duk an kashe su.[4][5][page needed][6]
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Bayan kama garin Sakkwato da turawan mulkin mallaka na Ingila suka yi a ranar 15 ga watan Maris 1903, Halifan Sakkwato Muhammadu Attahiru ya kasance yana tafiya tare da ɗimbin mabiya. Nufinsa shi ne ya yi hijira zuwa Makka maimakon ya ci gaba da zama a ƙarƙashin mulkin Birtaniya. Yayin da yake yunƙurin gujewa kamun Turawan mulkin mallaka, Halifa ya ratsa garuruwa da dama, yana jawo mabiya da suka haɗa shi da nufin yin hijira su ma. [7] A gundumomin Kano akalla rabin al'ummar yankunan da ya ratsa ne suka shiga aikin hajjinsa.
Turawan Ingila sun ci gaba da bin umarninsu na kama Attahiru ko su kashe shi, amma ba su samu damar cim masa ba. A yayin bitar, sojojin Birtaniyya sun kashe a kalla mutane 35 da suke yunkurin bin Halifan a faɗin "abubuwa 6". An ci gaba da bibiyar har zuwa garin Burmi da ke masarautar Gombe a ranar 13 ga watan Yuni.
Burmi dai na ƙarƙashin ikon Burtaniya ne. Sai dai bayan da turawan Ingila suka naɗa shugaban garin ya ki amsa kiran nasu, sai suka kai hari garin. Hare-haren dai ya janyo hasarar da dama ga dakarun Burmi, inda shugaban garin na cikin waɗanda aka kashe. Duk da nasarar da suka samu, Birtaniya sun ƙasa shiga garin saboda harbin kibiya mai karfin gaske da masu kare ta suka yi. Daga ƙarshe dai suka yanke shawarar janyewa zuwa Bauchi "don kada 'makiya' su samu nasara a kai musu farmaki su gama da su." Rikicin na Burtaniya ya haɗa da sojoji biyu da aka kashe sannan hamsin da shida suka samu raunuka, yayin da masu tsaron Burmi suka yi asara mai yawa, inda aka kashe akalla 150, rahotanni sun ce gawawwakinsu na kwance a bakin kofar.
Kwamandan Birtaniya a Gujba a lardin Bornu, Kyaftin Hamilton Browne, ya samu labarin cewa Attahiru ya isa Bima kusa da Gwoni, kimanin mil 30 yamma da Gujba. Nan da nan Browne ya bar Gujba tare da wani jami'in soja ɗaya, sojojin haya 51, da kuma bindigar Maxim. Daga ƙarshe dai sun isa Gwoni a ranar 17 ga watan Mayu. Da ganin sansanin Attahiru, sai suka bude wuta da bindigar Maxim da bindigu. Mamaki ya kama shi, sai mabiyan Halifa suka gudu suka haye kogin Gongola zuwa yamma, suka bar “dukkan kayansu, bindigu 63, foda mai yawa, rakuma da dawakai da jakuna da yawa.” Attahiru ya ja da baya ya nufi Burmi, yana rubuta wa Bature mazaunin Bauchi, CL Temple, yana mai cewa “ba shi da komi a yi tafiya.” Temple ya amsa, "yana neman miƙa wuya ba tare da sharaɗi ba."
Bayan da ya sami labarin koma bayan Birtaniya daga Burmi, Browne ya koma Gujba, ya bar sintiri a gefen hagu na Kogin Gongola "don kallon abokan gaba." A daidai wannan lokaci, Manjo Barlow, wani jami'in Birtaniya, ya bar Zariya tare da wasu jami'an Birtaniya guda biyu da wasu sojojin haya 60. Ya isa Gombe ne a ranar 23 ga watan Mayu, da samun labarin kasancewar Attahiru a Burmi, sai ya tashi ya kama Halifa a ranar 26 ga watan Mayu, a ranar 31 ga Mayu, Barlow tare da ‘yan sintiri da Browne ya bari, suka mamaye garin Ashaka da ke gabar kogin Gongola. Masu tsaron garin sun yi mummunar ɓarna.
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Tare da wannan haɗin gwiwar sojojin, Barlow "ya ci gaba da leka garin Burmi ba tare da yunkurin tilasta kofar shiga ba." Tun daga ranar 4 ga watan Yuni, Barlow ya aiwatar da wani shingen shinge a Burmi, "ya yanke musu shanu da kayan abinci" da aka aiko daga Bauchi. Bayan kamar sati biyu, mutanen Burmi, sun fusata sosai, suka fito don kai hari ga turawan Ingila da suka yiwa ƙawanya. Daga ƙarshe dai an fatattake su bayan an ɗauki tsawon lokaci ana fafatawa, inda aka kashe 18 daga cikinsu.
A halin da ake ciki kuma, labarin komawar Birtaniya daga Burmi a baya ya isa garin Zungeru a ranar 6 ga watan Yuni, inda ta mayar da martani, Birtaniya ta aike da ƙarin dakaru guda biyu, da rabin kamfanin haya, da kuma ɗimbin alburusai daga Zariya zuwa Bauchi. An tura Manjo Charles Marsh daga Lokoja da wata rundunar sojan turawa tara, sojojin haya 165, da bindiga mai tsawon millimeter 75, suka isa Bauchi a ranar 12 ga watan Yuli, amma kafin isowar Marsh, sai ga wata rundunar hafsoshi biyu na Turawa da sojojin haya 50 a ƙarƙashin Captain WD Sword suka iso Burmi daga Bauchi a ranar 19 ga watan Yuni, tare da Browne3 suka iso garin Burmiton, tare da Maxilton. gun. Ƙarfafawa ya kawo jimlar ƙarfin Birtaniyya a Burmi zuwa jami'ai bakwai da maza 180. A ranar 22 ga watan Yuni, sun yi yunkurin kutsawa cikin garin amma aka fatattaki su, inda suka samu raunuka guda huɗu da ‘yan raunuka.
Ƙarin ƙarfafawa ya isa Burmi a ranar 27 ga watan Yuni, yana ƙara ƙarfin zuwa 270 'Rank and File.' Ƙarfafawar ya kawo umarni daga William Wallace, Frederick Lugard's na biyu a cikin umarnin, [8] cewa kada a sake kai hari kan Burmi har sai duk ƙarfafawa sun isa. A ranar 30 ga watan Yuni, Barlow, tare da rakiyar Resident Temple da sojojin haya 130 ɗauke da bindigar Maxim, sun ci gaba da ''ziyarci' ƙauyuka daban-daban a yankin. A yayin wannan ‘ziyarar’ sun kori tare da kona wani gari mai suna Birri, inda suka samu raunata wasu mutane biyu da suka samu munanan raunuka, wasu goma sha biyar suka samu raunuka.
A halin da ake ciki, a baya a Burmi, sauran sojojin Birtaniya sun yi wani ƙaramin ruƙuni na masu kare 200 da suka kai hari yayin da Birtaniya ke yanke kayan abinci. A yayin faɗan dai an kashe 50 daga cikin masu kare Burmi, yayin da turawan Ingila suka rasa doki tare da jikkata wasu sojojin haya. Ya zuwa ranar 24 ga watan Yuli, duk sojojin sun isa Burmi, kuma Birtaniya sun shirya don sake kewaye garin.
Yaƙi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An fara yakin ne da karfe 11 na safe ranar 27 ga watan Yulin 1903, inda sojojin Birtaniya suka yi ta luguden wuta a garin Burmi. Bayan harin da aka kai a garin, Burtaniya ta kaddamar da harin gaba-gaba a garin, wanda Manjo Charles Marsh ya jagoranta da kansa, wanda kibiyar guba ta same shi a yayin ci gaba. Marsh ya mutu bayan kimanin mintuna 20, yayin da ake ci gaba da gwabzawa. [4]
Da zarar sun shiga cikin matsugunin, sojojin Birtaniya da sauran sojojin Burmi sun yi mugun faɗa ta hannu da hannu, inda daga karshe suka samu nasara a kan sauran masu tsaron baya kuma suka kawar da Muhammadu Attahiru I. [4] A cewar rahotanni na Birtaniya, "bindigu na [Maxim] sun yi kisa mai kyau" kuma a kalla" an kashe makiya sama da 600 tare da kone garin." An tsinci gawar Attahiru kwance a ƙarƙashin gawarwakin mabiyansa 90. : 192
Bayan haka
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Gwamnatin ‘yan mulkin mallaka ta tsoratar da shan kayen da Birtaniyya ta yi a Burmi, saboda sakon da za ta aike wa sabbin masarautun da aka ci a yankin. Rashin nasarar kama Burmi da Kyaftin Sword ya yi ya sa Ofishin Mulkin Mallaka a Landan ya faɗakar da Saliyo, Gold Coast, Legas, da Kudancin Najeriya don shirya abubuwan ƙarfafawa. Jimillar kashe-kashen da Turawan Ingila suka yi a Burmi, su ne mafi yawa da suka sha a lokacin da suka ci mulkin Halifanci. A cewar William Wallace, wanda shi ne mukaddashin babban kwamishinan Arewacin Najeriya a wancan lokacin, nasarar da Birtaniyya ta samu na da nasaba da "babban ikon dakatar da harsashin mu, mark IV, wanda shi ne ɗaya daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da suka kai ga nasararmu. Idan ba tare da wannan harsashi ba, da nasararmu ta kasance cikin shakku." : 309
Ɗan Attahiru, Muhammad Bello bin Attahiru ko Mai Wurno ya ci gaba da jagorantar sauran ’yan ƙungiyar, daga ƙarshe ya zauna a ƙasar Sudan, inda da yawa daga cikin zuriyar suke zaune a yau. [ <span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (November 2024)">shafi<span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span>ake bukata</span> ] [9] : 311 Wasu manyan jami'an Sokoto sun yi nasarar tserewa kamawa ko a kashe su, ciki har da Etsu Nupe Abubakar da Sarkin Misau, Ahmadu, waɗanda dukkansu suka gudu zuwa Makka. Duk da haka, Madaki ('kwamandan sojojin doki') na Kano, Kwairanga, yana cikin waɗanda aka kashe. [9]
Bayan kashin daular Sokoto da aka yi a Burmi, Turawan mulkin mallaka sun naɗa Muhammadu Attahiru II a matsayin Sarkin Musulmi. Har zuwa shekara ta 1906, an ci gaba da yin tawaye ga mulkin Birtaniya, bayan da aka yi galaba a kan wata tawaye ɗauke da makamai a ƙauyen Satiru, kusa da Sakkwato. [4]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- 1 2 Dusgate, Richard H. (1985). The conquest of Northern Nigeria. Internet Archive. London, England ; Totowa, N.J. : F. Cass. p. 216. ISBN 978-0-7146-3227-8.
- ↑ "EX-SULTAN OF SOKOTC SLAIN.; He and 700 Natives Killed in a Desperperate Battle With a British Force". New York Times. 21 August 1903.
- ↑ Johnston, Harry (January 1904). "Northern Nigeria: Discussion". The Geographical Journal. 23 (1): 27–29. Bibcode:1904GeogJ..23...27J. doi:10.2307/1775736. JSTOR 1775736.
- 1 2 3 4 "POISON ARROW: THE SOKOTO CALIPHATE, NIGERIA, 1903". britainssmallwars.co.uk.
- ↑ Falola, Toyin (2009). Colonialism and Violence in Nigeria. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
- ↑ Sani, Najib (16 January 2022). "Mbormi: Where Sultan Attahiru Died Defending Caliphate Against British Colonialists" (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 29 April 2022. Retrieved 28 March 2022.
- ↑ Robinson, David (1987). "The Umarian Emigration of the Late Nineteenth Century". The International Journal of African Historical Studies. 20 (2): 245–270. doi:10.2307/219842. ISSN 0361-7882. JSTOR 219842.
- ↑ Ikimẹ, Obaro (1974). "The British in Bauchi, 1901-1908: An Episode in the British Occupation and Control of Northern Nigeria". Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria. 7 (2): 271–290. ISSN 0018-2540. JSTOR 41857013.
- 1 2 Adele̩ye̩, R. A. (1968). "The Dilemma of the Wazir: The Place of the Risālat Al-Wazīr 'Ila Ahl Al- C Ilm Wa'l-Tadabbur in the History of the Conquest of the Sokoto Caliphate". Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria. 4 (2): 285–311. ISSN 0018-2540. JSTOR 41856750.