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Yaƙin Fatagar

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Infotaula d'esdevenimentYaƙin Fatagar
Iri faɗa
Kwanan watan 23 ga Maris, 1559
Wuri Fetegar (en) Fassara
Participant (en) Fassara

Yakin Fatagar (wanda aka fi sani da Nech Sar ) rikici ne na ramuwar gayya tsakanin wadanda suka shiga yakin Habasha-Adal na baya. An gwabza tsakanin sojojin daular Adal Sultanate karkashin jagorancin Nur ibn Mujahid, da kuma daular Habasha karkashin sarki Gelawdewos . Daga baya sojojin Adal suka kashe Sarkin Habasha a wannan yakin.[1][2] [3][4][5][6]

Mohammed Hassen yana kallon wannan yakin a matsayin gagarumin kayar da Masarautar Habasha ta yi. "Ba wai mutuwar Galawdewos kawai ta haifar da mummunan bakin ciki a duk fadin kasar Kirista ba, ya bar fagen siyasa da rashin tabbas da ruwa. Bayan wannan yakin, wannan rundunar ba ta iya samun cikakken karfinta ba kuma ta kasa samun nasarar mayar da wani inch na ƙasar da aka rasa kafin 1559 ga makiyaya Oromo ."[7] [8][9]

[10]

Fage

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Shugaban Adal Bati del Wambara kuma matar Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi ta sharadi ga Nur cewa za ta aure shi kadai, idan ya yi sanadin mutuwar sarkin Habasha. Wannan nasarar ta zama dole domin share fagen ganin Nur ta samu amincewr.[11][12][13] [14][15][16][17]

Yaƙi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Mutanen Espanya Jesuit, Pedro Paez ya rubuta cewa a cikin Maris 1559, Gelawdewos yana cikin Masarautar Oye, inda Nur ya aika da ’yan leƙen asiri don ganin ƙarfinsa da abin da yake yi, kuma da dawowarsu suka ce yana da maza da yawa kuma yana shagaltuwa da kansa a cikin bukukuwa, kuma a cikin kotunsa duk waƙa ne da rawa, cin abinci da shan giya. Da ya ji haka, sai ya kira manyan hafsoshinsa, ya faɗa musu abin da ke faruwa, ya sa su rantse ba za su sha ruwan inabi ba. Kuma a lokaci guda ya kwadaitar da su da yin azumi da addu'a tare da sauran mazaje, kuma a kan haka suka daure na tsawon lokaci. Daga baya ya sake aika ’yan leƙen asirinsa, suka tarar da sarki da mutanensa kamar dā, suna kaɗe-kaɗe da shagali, suna ci da sha; Ya tattara shugabanninsa ya ce musu, 'Yanzu ya yi da za mu yi yaƙi da mutumin nan, gama Allah ya bashe shi a hannunmu. Nur ya tashi daga ƙasarsa kai tsaye tare da Malassay ciki har da dawakai 1,700 da sojojin ƙafa da yawa. Da sarki ya ji labari yana zuwa, sai ya fita ya tarye shi da sojojin dawakai da yawa.[18][19][20][21][22]

Duk da haka, mai binciken Richard Francis Burton ya ba da labari daban-daban, ya kara da cewa Gelawdewos ya kasance yana kula da maido da Debre Werq lokacin da ya sami sako daga Sarki Nur yana kalubalantarsa da ya yi yaki. Lokacin da Sarkin ya sadu da sarki, wani firist ya yi gargaɗi cewa mala’ika Jibra’ilu ya gaya masa cewa Gelawdewos zai yi kasada da ransa ba tare da bukata ba wanda ya sa yawancin sojojin Habasha suka gudu. James Bruce ya bayyana cewa wasikar ta gargadi Gelawdewos da ya kasance cikin shiri, domin nan ba da dadewa ba zai fuskanci wannan barazanar cewa ko da yake Gragn ya mutu, har yanzu akwai wani gwamnan Zeyla, wanda aka zabi danginsa a matsayin wani makami na musamman na zubar da jinin sarakunan Abyssiniya.

Kamar yadda tarihin Galawdewos ya nuna, Nur ya mamaye Fatagar don yakar Gelawdewos ya yada zango a daya daga cikin kasashen da ke kasar Fatagar. Gelawdewos ya nufi sansaninsa, bayan kwana goma sha biyu ya kafa sansaninsa, bayan da ya bar wani fili tsakaninsa da Nur tazarar bindiga. A ranar Maundy Alhamis 1559, da karfe shida na rana, an yi yaƙi tsakanin Gälawdewos da Nur. Yaƙin ya yi tsanani a ranar, hayaƙin wutar yaƙi ya rufe rana, mai kauri kamar hazo. Kamar yadda tarihin Harari ya nuna, a farkon yakin an harbi Galawdéwos da harsashi mai zafi, amma ya ci gaba da fafutuka har sai da dawakai na Harari da dama suka kewaye shi, lamarin da ya yi sanadiyyar mutuwarsa. Ya zo a cikin littafin tarihin cewa mahayan dawakai kusan ashirin ne suka kewaye shi da suka soke shi da mashi

Bayan haka

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Daga baya Paez ya ambaci cewa Adaliwa sun yi garkuwa da dukiya da yawa da kuma lokacin da suke shirin bikin nasararsu. Ya rubuta cewa Nur ya amsa musu da cewa bai samu wannan nasara da karfinsa ba, amma Allah, ko kadan, ya ba shi. Saboda haka, a cikin gane wannan, ya ce, "Ba zan hau doki, nuna girma da girma, amma cewa tawali'u jaki maimakon." Wannan wani abu ne da ya shahara da gaske kuma ya fi cancanta a kula tun da wanda ya yi hakan ba shi da ilimin Allah. Da aka kammala biki, sai manyan mutane suka nemi Nur da ya sake su daga rantsuwar da ya yi musu na cewa ba za su sha giya ba, tunda yanzu yaki ya kare. Amma ya ki yin hakan kai tsaye; maimakon haka, sai ya wajabta musu su sake rantsuwa, yana mai cewa, “Ba za ku sha ruwan inabi ba har tsawon shekaru uku, domin amincewa da abin da nake binta ga Allah saboda gagarumar nasarar da ya ba ni, domin sojojina sun yi ƙanƙanta da na sarki.”

Pankhurst ya ce mutuwar Gelawdewos ya sa karfin sojan Kirista a yankin ya durkushe. Sai Nur ya yanke kan sarki ya aika da shi da nasara, zuwa " Ƙasar Sa'ad ad-Din ". An ce an nuna kan Gelawdewos a Harar tsawon makonni a kan mashi. Marubutan tarihin Adali sun ambata cewa sun ga yanke kan da idanunsu. Bruce ta ce Bati del Wambara ta daure kansa da gashin kanta a wani reshen bishiya da ke kusa da kofarta wanda ya kasance a wurin har tsawon shekaru 3. Marubutan tarihi daga baya sun ambaci cewa ya lalata kasashen Abyssiniya . [23] Jeronimo Lobo ya kuma bayyana cewa, Nur ya lalatar da duk kasar kuma ya shiga tsakiyar kasar Abyssinia . Da yawa daga cikin waɗanda suka ci nasara a kansa za su kashe mazaje na waɗannan yankuna yayin da suke kare mata daga baya su haɗa su.

Sarki Nur ya kwashe lokaci mai tsawo a Chercher, yana yakar Amhara da ke kusa da Burka, kusa da Asba Tafari na zamani. Ya kori Amhara ta kudu zuwa Biyyoo Arabaa, ya warwatsa sojojinsu. Bugu da kari, musulmi sun samu gagarumar nasara a kan dakarun kiristoci a wani wuri da ake kira Bakha. [24] A al’adar Arsi-Hadiyya, an ce Nur ya kafa hedkwatarsa a Mogo da ke kudancin Shewa yana fatattakar sojojin Kirista da suka kai har Kaffa . A lokacin wannan faɗaɗa yamma, mutanen Hadiyya masu magana da Semitic daga yankin kogin Webi Shabelle sun ƙunshi kaso mai tsoka na sojojin Nur, tare da kabilun Harari, Harala, da Somaliya waɗanda a al'adance suka mamaye sojojin Adal . [24] Welbarag za su yi ƙaura zuwa yankin a Dutsen Duro kudu maso gabas da tafkin Langano yayin da wasu daga cikin Silt'e suka yi tururuwa zuwa Munesa . Daga baya waɗannan ƙungiyoyi sun yanke shawarar zama na dindindin a wannan ƙasa. Sarki Nur zai amince da wadannan ’yan mulkin mallaka na soji da su zauna a cikin sabbin yankunan da aka mamaye domin hakan zai taimaka wajen fadada yankin ikon Islama zuwa yamma zuwa ga wuraren kiristoci. Ragowar al’ummar Kiristocin da suka shude da suka tsira daga rikicin Habasha da Adal, ba su iya tinkarar wadannan mamaya na Hadiya ba. [18] [25]

Dakarun da aka dauka daga Gabashin Kahon Afirka don cin galaba kamar sojojin Somaliya, wani lokaci suna zama a cikin sabbin yankunan yammacin da aka ci su, kamar Hadiya, Sharkha, da Bale . Gadon wadannan mutane daga Ogaden ya kasance a yankin Arsi, wanda ake iya gane asalin kabilarsu, kamar kabilar Habr Yonis da Garjeeda. Habr Yonis, sun samo asali ne daga Hirna a cikin yankin Chercher, sun yi hijira zuwa yamma a zamanin mulkin Nur kuma sun zauna a gabashin tafkin Zway, a yankunan da suka dace da kiwo yayin da dangin Gajeeda suka bazu a tsakanin Ittuu da Arsi. Habarnosa suna da'awar zuriyar Habr Yonis . Wata runduna ta sojojin Nur ta isa tsaunin Gurage, inda zuriyar wadannan sojoji suka rike sunan Barbare, wanda ake zaton an samo su ne daga tashar jiragen ruwa ta Berbera na Somaliya . Al'ummar Barbare daga yankin Gurage ne suka tabbatar da wannan bayanin.

Nassoshi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ Nur Mujahid. Encyclopedia Aethiopica.
  2. ↑ Pankhurst, Alula; Piguet, François (2009). Moving People in Ethiopia: Development, Displacement & the State. James Currey. ISBN 9781847016133.
  3. ↑ Solomon, The Chronicle, p. 246, Chap. 84
  4. ↑ Beyene, Solomon Gebreyes (2016). The Chronicle of King Gälawdewos (1540-1559): A Critical Edition with Annotated Translation (in Turanci). Universität Hamburg. p. 32. Afterwards, the revival of the Muslim sultanate of ʿAdal under its new leader Nūr b. Muǧāḥid who succeeded to control the southern part of the Christian empire is discussed
  5. ↑ Conzelman, William Eliot (1895). Chronique de Galâwdêwos (Claudius), roi d'Ethiopie: Texte éthiopien (in Amharik). E. Bouillon. pp. 95–97.
  6. ↑ Beyene, Solomon Gebreyes (2016). The Chronicle of King Gälawdewos (1540-1559): A Critical Edition with Annotated Translation (in Turanci). Universität Hamburg. pp. 123–126.
  7. ↑ Shinn, David (2004). Historical Dictionary of Ethiopia. Scarecrow Press. p. 174. ISBN 9780810865662.
  8. ↑ Pankhurst, Richard (1997). The Ethiopian Borderlands. Red Sea Press. p. 246. ISBN 9780932415196.
  9. ↑ History of Harar and Hararis (PDF). Harar Tourism Bureau. p. 71.
  10. ↑ Mohammed Hassen (1983). The Oromo of Ethiopia, 1500-1850: with Special Emphasis on the Gibe Region (PhD thesis). University of London, School of Oriental and African Studies. p. 221.
  11. ↑ Budge, E.A (August 2014). A History of Ethiopia: Volume II (Routledge Revivals) Nubia and Abyssinia. Taylor & Francis. p. 350. ISBN 978-1-317-64897-0.
  12. ↑ Huntingford, G.W.B (1989). The Historical Geography of Ethiopia From the First Century AD to 1704. British Academy. p. 135. ISBN 978-0-19-726055-5.
  13. ↑ Works Issued by the Hakluyt Society. The Society. 1954. p. 117. was the successor of Ahmad Grañ .This refers to the death of Galāwdēwos in 1559 at the hands of Nur, who came from Adal in order to kill Galāwdēwos so that he could marry Dulwambara.
  14. ↑ Trimingham, J. (13 September 2013). Islam in Ethiopia. Taylor & Francis. p. 91. ISBN 978-1-136-97022-1.
  15. ↑ Dr. E. Cerulli, Documenti arabi per la storia dell’Ethiopia, Memoria della Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, Vol. 4, No. 2, Rome, 1931
  16. ↑ Taariikh (in Somalianci). Wasaaradda Waxbarashada iyo Barbaarinta. 1976. p. 72.
  17. ↑ Wendt, Kurt (1935). "Amharische Geschichte eines Emirs von Harar im XVI. Jahrhundert". Orientalia (Orientalia, vol. 4 ed.). GBPress. 4: 488. JSTOR 43581078.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :1
  19. ↑ Mondon-Vidailhet, Casimir (1902). La langue harari et les dialectes éthiopiens du Gouraghê (in Faransanci). E. Leroux. p. 79.
  20. ↑ Plazikowsky-Brauner, Herma (1957-01-01). "Beiträge zur Geschichte des Islam in Abessinien". Der Islam (in Jamusanci). 32 (3): 317. doi:10.1515/islm.1957.32.3.310. ISSN 1613-0928.
  21. ↑ François), Azaïs (R P. (1931). Cinq années de recherches archéologiques en Éthiopie: Province du Harar et Éthiopie méridionale (in Faransanci). Librairie Orientaliste Paul Geuthner. p. 186.
  22. ↑ Cohen, John M. (1973). Ethiopia After Haile Selassie: The Government Land Factor (in Turanci). Royal African Society. p. 72.
  23. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :2
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :0
  25. ↑ Plazikowsky-Brauner, Herma (1957-01-01). "Beiträge zur Geschichte des Islam in Abessinien". Der Islam (in Jamusanci). 32 (3): 317. doi:10.1515/islm.1957.32.3.310. ISSN 1613-0928.
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