Yaƙin Gabon

Yaƙin Gabon

0°23′24″N 9°27′06″E
Iri	faɗa
Bangare na	Faransanci Yammacin Afirka a Yaƙin Duniya na II
Kwanan watan	7 –  12 Nuwamba, 1940
Wuri	Gabon

Yakin Gabon (Faransanci: Bataille du Gabon), wanda kuma ake kira Gabon Campaign (Campagne du Gabon), ya faru a watan Nuwamba 1940 lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. Yakin ya haifar da dakaru ƙarƙashin umarnin Janar Charles de Gaulle sun kwace mulkin Gabon da babban birninta, Libreville daga Vichy Faransa, da kuma gangamin Faransa Equatorial Africa da Free France.

Tarihi

A cikin watan Yunin 1940, Jamus ta mamaye Faransa kuma ta ci nasara, daga baya kuma ta mamaye wani yanki na ƙasar. Philippe Pétain ta kafa gwamnatin haɗin gwiwa a Vichy don gudanar da yankin Faransa da ba a mamaye ba. A ranar 18 ga watan Yuni Janar Charles De Gaulle na Faransa ya watsa wani kira ta rediyo ga 'yan ƙasarsa a ƙasashen waje, yana mai kira gare su da su yi watsi da gwamnatin Vichy su shiga Birtaniya a yakin da take da Jamus da Italiya. Watsa shirye-shiryen ya haifar da rarrabuwar kawuna a yankunan Faransa na Afirka, inda aka tilasta wa masu mulkin mallaka su zaɓi ɓangarori.

A ranar 26 ga watan Agusta, gwamna da kwamandojin soji a yankin Faransa na Chadi sun ba da sanarwar cewa suna yin gangami ga Sojojin Faransa na 'Yanci na De Gaulle. Wasu ƙananan gungun 'yan Gaullist sun kwace iko da Kamarun Faransa da safiyar ranar 28 ga watan Agusta, wani jami'in 'yantacciyar ƙasar Faransa ya kori gwamnan Congo mai goyon bayan Vichy na Faransa. Washegari gwamnan Ubangi-Shari ya bayyana cewa yankinsa zai goyi bayan De Gaulle. Sanarwar nasa ta haifar da wani ɗan gajeren gwagwarmayar neman mulki tare da wani hafsan sojan da ke goyon bayan Vichy, amma a ƙarshen rana duk ƙasashen da suka kafa Faransa Equatorial Afirka sun yi yunƙurin 'yantar da Faransa, ban da Faransa Gabon. A yammacin ranar 28-29 ga watan Agusta 1940, Gwamna Georges Masson ya yi mubayi'ar Gabon ga 'Free Faransa. Ya gamu da adawa nan take daga yawancin al'ummar Faransawa na Libreville da kuma babban limamin Katolika na Gabon, bishop mai ra'ayin mazan jiya, Louis Tardy, wanda ya goyi bayan manufofin Vichy France na adawa da Freemason. Da yake fuskantar matsin lamba, an tilasta Masson ya soke alkawarinsa. Masu goyon bayan Faransanci na kyauta an kama su daga baya gwamnatin mulkin mallaka kuma ko dai a ɗaure su a cikin jirgin ruwa na Cap des Palmes ko kuma a tura su Dakar, Senegal. De Gaulle ya damu da kin shiga harkarsa ta Gabon kuma ya bayyana damuwarsa a cikin tarihinsa cewa: "Wani yanki mai tsananin gaba, wanda ke da wuyar ragewa saboda ya ba da kanta ga teku, an halicce shi a cikin zuciyar mu na equatorial." Janar Edgard de Larminat ya bayyana cewa rashin tabbatar da yankin zai yi barazana ga "ka'idar kasancewarmu a Afirka."

Gabatarwa

Bayan zanga-zangar Kamaru a ranar 27 ga watan Agusta, hukumomin Gabon sun yanke shawarar karfafa iyakarsu da lardin tare da kogin Ntem. A ranar 3 ga watan Satumba, Roger Gardet ya shiga Bitam ta hanyar yaudara. Dangane da larura ta likita, ya sami izini daga Kyaftin Gourvès a Bitam don ketare iyaka. Gourvès ya yarda ya tattara sojojinsa zuwa Faransa kawai idan babbansa, babban jami'in Woleu-Ntem da ke Oyem, wani Besson, ya yi haka. Besson da farko ya ƙi, amma a ranar 5 ga watan Satumba Gardet ya sanar da shi cewa yana sauke shi daga umarninsa. Besson ya tafi Kamaru kuma washegari, 6 ga watan Satumba, Sojojin Faransa na 'yanci sun isa Bitam da Oyem tare da Pierre Roger Martocq a matsayin sabon shugaban Woleu-Ntem.

A ranar 11 ga watan Satumba, Masson ya yi taro tare da sojojinsa da kwamandojin ruwa inda aka yanke shawarar karfafa Mayumba. A ranakun 9 da 15 ga watan Satumba, Kanar André Parant ya kawo mayaƙan Faransa dozin 'Yanci zuwa Mayumba akan Potez 540. A ranar 15 ga watan Satumba, sojojin Vichy sun isa Cap des Palmes, tare da rakiyar Poncelet na karkashin ruwa: rundunar sojojin ruwa daga aviso Bougainville da tsaron Port-Gentil. Yayin da kwamandan jirgin ruwan, Kyaftin Bertrand de Saussine du Pont de Gault ke cin karin kumallo tare da mai kula da gunduma, Faransawa 'Yanci sun mamaye gidan mai gudanarwa. Bayan tattaunawar sa'o'i da yawa, tare da mutanen Parant da suka mamaye birnin, an ba Saussine izinin barin, tare da duk wanda ba ya son shiga Faransa. Yawancin sojojin ruwa sun zaɓi zama a Mayumba. A ranar 7 ga watan Oktoba, Sojojin Faransa na 'yanci daga Moyen-Congo sun mamaye Booué.

A ranar 8 ga watan Oktoba, De Gaulle ya isa Douala, Kamaru. Kwanaki huɗu bayan haka ya ba da izini ga shirin mamaye Faransa Equatorial Afirka. Ya so ya yi amfani da Faransa Equatorial Africa a matsayin tushe don kaddamar da hare-hare a Libya da ke ƙarƙashin ikon Axis. Don haka, shi da kansa ya nufi arewa don duba halin da ake ciki a Chadi, wanda ke kan iyakar kudancin Libya. Faransa mai 'yanci ta ƙirƙira wani hari guda biyu, ta yadda wata runduna daga Doula za ta mamaye arewacin Gabon, wani kuma zai kai hari ga kudancin Gabon daga Moyen-Congo kafin dukansu su haɗu a Libreville.

Yaƙi

Faransa Equatorial Afirka

A ranar 27 ga watan Oktoban 1940, sojojin Faransa masu 'yanci suka tsallaka zuwa Afirka Equatorial na Faransa suka kwace garin Mitzic. Jami'an Turai da 'yan mulkin mallaka a garin sun gudu bayan wani harin bam a sararin samaniyar Faransa, kuma sauran sojojin Gabon sun yi tattaki zuwa Faransa.

A ranar 5 ga watan Nuwamba, garrison Vichy a Lambaréné ya mamaye. Vichy suka gudu, sojojin Gabon sun wawashe garin. A halin yanzu, babban sojojin Faransa na ƙarƙashin Janar Philippe Leclerc da Babban Bataliya (manjo) Marie Pierre Koenig sun tashi daga Douala. Manufarsu ita ce ta ɗauki Libreville a Faransa Equatorial Africa. Birtaniya sun nuna shakku kan iyawar De Gaulle na kafa iko a kan yankin Vichy, amma a ƙarshe sun amince su ba da tallafin ruwa ga Free French. Birtaniyya sun iyakance shigarsu ga shingen sojojin ruwa na yankin. Jami'in Legion na Faransa John Hasey ya ruwaito cewa bayan 'yan kwanaki na farko na faɗa, an kama fursunoni 150 waɗanda suka shiga Free French bayan 'yan makonni "da mamaki, babu wanda ya yi ƙoƙari ya shawo kansu. Sun yi jayayya a tsakanin su kuma suka shiga cikin son rai."

A ranar 7 ga watan Nuwamba, sojojin Faransa masu 'yanci a ƙarƙashin Leclerc sun sauka a Bay na Mondah. A mayar da martani, Kwamanda Robert Morin na Vichy Faransa sloop Bougainville ya ba da umarnin Poncelet na ƙarƙashin ruwa mai RedoutableRedoutable -class da su kai hari ga rundunar sojojin ruwa na Faransa.

A ranar 8 ga watan Nuwamba, Shoreham-class sloop HMS Milford ya gano Poncelet yana inuwar rundunar aiki na Anglo-Faransa kuma ya kori. Slow ɗin ya yi jinkiri sosai don tsai da jirgin ruwa, don haka Admiral Cunningham ya ba da umarnin tutarsa, HMS Devonshire, don ƙaddamar da Supermarine Walrus biplane. Jirgin ya ratsa cikin jirgin ruwa tare da salvos biyu na 100 pounds (45 kg) zurfin caji yayin da yake ƙoƙarin nutsewa, yana lalata shi. Kyaftin na jirgin ruwan ya kwashe ma'aikatansa sannan ya buɗe ma'ajin ruwan tekun, ya yanke shi daga Port-Gentil. Sojojin Koenig sun sauka a Pointe La Mondah a daren 8 ga watan Nuwamba. Sojojinsa sun hada da Legionnaires na Faransa (ciki har da Legion Demi-Brigade na 13 na waje), sojojin Senegal da na Kamaru.

A ranar 9 ga watan Nuwamba, jirgin Faransa Westland Lysander Free da ke aiki daga Douala ya jefa bam a Libreville aerodrome. A ƙarshe an kama jirgin sama, duk da tsayin daka da ƙarfin Koenig ya fuskanta a lokacin da yake gabatowa. Sojojin ruwa na Faransa na kyauta wanda ya kunshi kwamandan ma'adinan ma'adinai Commandant Dominé da jirgin ruwan Casamance Georges Thierry d'Argenlieu ne ya jagorance su a cikin Bougainville-class aviso Savorgnan de Brazza wajen gudanar da ayyukan bakin teku. A halin yanzu, De Brazza ya ci karo da Bougainville akan Kogin Ogooué. Bayan harin da jirgin Faransa ya kai, Bougainville ya buɗe wuta kan De Brazza. Yayin da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na ma'aikatansa ke kan ƙasa don fuskantar mamayar, wutar ta ba ta da amfani. Bayan mintuna 20, jirgin Vichy ya naƙasa kuma ya kone kurmus. An kama Libreville a ranar 10 ga watan Nuwamba.

A ranar 12 ga watan Nuwamba, sojojin Vichy na ƙarshe a Port Gentil sun miƙa wuya ba tare da faɗa ba. Gwamna Georges Masson ya yanke ƙauna daga ayyukansa ya kashe kansa.

Bayan haka

Free French ta yi asarar jirage huɗu da ma'aikatan jirgin shida a yakin. Akwai rashin jituwa game da adadin asarar mutane. De Gaulle ya ce "wasu ashirin" sun mutu a yakin. Jean-Christophe Notin ya ce an kashe mutane 33. Eliane Ebako ya rubuta cewa "dama" sun rasa rayukansu, yayin da Jean-Pierre Azema ya ce "kusan ɗari" an kashe. Wani asusun ya ce an kashe sojojin Vichy 35 zuwa Faransa na 8.

A ranar 15 ga watan Nuwamba, de Gaulle ya yi roko na sirri wanda ya kasa shawo kan yawancin sojojin Vichy da aka kama ciki har da Janar Marcel Têtu don shiga Faransa. A sakamakon haka, an tsare su a matsayin fursunonin yaƙi a Brazzaville, Kongo Faransa tsawon lokacin yaƙin.

Tare da ƙarfafa ikon su a cikin Equatorial Africa, Faransa ya fara mai da hankali kan Kamfen a Italiya Libya. De Gaulle ya sauke Leclerc daga muƙaminsa a Kamaru kuma ya aika shi zuwa Fort Lamy, Chadi don kula da shirye-shirye masu ban tsoro.

Rikicin Gabon ya haifar da ƙaura na Gabon zuwa Guinea Sipaniya. Faransa Equatorial Africa ta yanke alakar ta da yankunan yammacin Afirka da Vichy ke iko da shi, sannan ta sake gina tattalin arzikinta ta hanyar kasuwanci da mallakar Birtaniyya da ke kusa, wato Najeriya. Tashin hankali tsakanin ƙungiyoyin Vichy da Faransa ya kasance tsawon lokaci bayan mamayewa. Karɓawar Gabon da sauran ƙasashen Afirka Equatorial na Faransa ya ba Faransa sabuwar haƙƙin mallaka; ba ita ce ƙungiyar ‘yan gudun hijira a Biritaniya ba, domin a yanzu tana da nata yanki mai girman gaske da za ta yi mulki.

Nassoshi

 

• Auphan, Paul; Mordal, Jacques (2016). The French Navy in World War II (reprint ed.). Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 9781682470602.
• Jennings, Eric T (2015). French Africa in World War II. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1107048485.
• Ntoma Mengome, Barthélémy (2013). La bataille de Libreville: De Gaulle contre Pétain: 50 morts. Paris: L'Harmattan.
• Reeves, Mark (2016). "M'Fam goes home: African soldiers in the Gabon Campaign of 1940". Dissent, Protest and Dispute in Africa. Taylor & Francis. pp. 91–113. ISBN 9781315413082.

Kara karantawa

• Ebako, Eliane. Le ralliement du Gabon à la France libre: Une guerre franco-française, september–decembre 1940 . Nazarin PhD. Jami'ar Paris IV, 2004.
• Labari, Rene. Le Gabon devant le Gaullisme . Paris: Delma, 1941.
• La vérité sur l'affaire du Gabon, Satumba–Oktoba–Nuwamba 1940: Allocutions prononcées à la chambre de commerce de Dakar le 4 avril 1941 par MM. Chamussuy, Aumasson et Boisson . Dakar: Grande imprimerie africaine, 1941.

Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

• Odar Faransanci kyauta (in French)