Yaƙin Italiya da Habasha na 1887-1889

Yaƙin Italiya da Habasha na 1887-1889

Iri	colonial war (en)
Kwanan watan	1887
Wuri	Eritrea

Yakin Italo da Habasha na 1887-1889 yaki ne da ba a bayyana shi ba tsakanin Masarautar Italiya da daular Habasha wanda ya faru a lokacin mulkin Italiya na mulkin mallaka na Eritrea, sannan wani yanki mai cin gashin kansa na daular Habasha a karkashin sunan Medri Bahri . Rikicin dai ya kare ne da yerjejeniyar Wuchale, wadda ta kebance iyaka tsakanin Habasha da Iritiriya ta Italiya. Yarjejeniyar ta kuma ƙunshi wasu sassa waɗanda fassarori daban-daban suka haifar da wani Yaƙin Italo da Habasha .

Sarkin sarakuna Yohannes IV ya fuskanci juriya na cikin gida daga ɓangarorinsa masu iko. Sarki Menelik na Shewa ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar tsaka-tsaki da Italiya a watan Oktoban 1887. Yayin da tawayen Mahdist a Sudan ya mamaye kan iyaka, Habasha ta fuskanci yakin gaba biyu. A farkon 1888, Yohannes ya yanke shawarar ba da fifiko wajen yaƙi da Mahdist. A cikin Maris 1889, Yohannes ya mutu a lokacin da yake yakar Mahadi a yakin Gallabat . Menelik ya yi sarauta bayan mutuwar Yohannes kuma ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Wuchale da Italiya a watan Mayu 1889.

Duk da yake akwai yarjejeniya ta duniya cewa yakin ya fara a watan Janairu 1887, masana tarihi sun bambanta game da lokacin da ya ƙare. Samfuri:Sfnp Wasu sun iyakance yakin zuwa 1887, Samfuri:Sfnp Samfuri:Sfnp wasu sun mika shi har zuwa yarjejeniyar Wuchale a 1889, Samfuri:Sfnp Samfuri:Sfnp Samfuri:Sfnp wasu kuma sun hada shi da yakin Italo da Habasha na 1895-1896 kuma suna magance rikici guda daya kamar yadda ya faru daga 1887 zuwa 1896 Samfuri:Sfnp Sunan rikicin kuma ya bambanta. Ana iya kiransa Yaƙin Italo-Habasha na Farko Samfuri:Sfnp Samfuri:Sfnp da yaƙin 1895-1896 a matsayin Yaƙin Italo-Habasha na Biyu. Samfuri:Sfnp In ba haka ba ana iya gano shi ta kwanan wata. Samfuri:Sfnp Samfuri:Sfnp

Tarihin Italiyanci yana kula da haɗakar duk fadace-fadace daga 1885 zuwa 1896. Asalin sunan yaƙin shine Guerra d'Afrika (Yaƙin Afirka), Samfuri:Sfnp Samfuri:Sfnp Samfuri:Sfnp kalmar da ke nuna faffadan fahinta na burin turawan mulkin mallaka na Italiya na farko. Kamar yadda masanin tarihin Italiya Giuseppe Finaldi ya ce, "Ana kiran yakin Guerra d'Africa, ba Guerra d'Eritrea ba ko makamancin haka." Samfuri:Sfnp

Fage

Ƙasar Italiya ta farko a cikin abin da zai zama mulkin mallaka na Eritrea shine Assab Bay, wanda Giuseppe Sapeto ya saya a madadin Società di Navigazione Rubattino (Kamfanin Rubattino Shipping Company) a ranar 15 ga Nuwamba 1869 daga 'yan'uwa Ibrahim da Hassan Ben Ahmed don 6,000 Maria Theresa thalers . Samfuri:Sfnp An bude tashar Suez Canal bayan kwanaki biyu. Daga baya an kammala yarjejeniyar ga dillalai 8,350 tare da Sultan Abd Allah Sahim a matsayin jam’iyya. A ranar 11 ga Maris 1870, Sapeto ya sayi Bay of Buya daga 'yan'uwa da sultan. Samfuri:Sfnp A tsakanin 15 Afrilu 1870 da Disamba 1879, duk da haka, Assab ya tafi ba tare da amfani da kamfanin ba. Kamfanin ya ba da shi ga gwamnatin Italiya, wanda a ranar 5 ga Yuli 1882 ya zartar da wata doka da ta sanya ta zama mulkin mallaka na farko na Italiya. Samfuri:Sfnp

Fashewar boren Mahdiyya ya sauya yanayin siyasa a yankin kahon Afirka. Masar ba ta iya kula da sansaninta a Massawa ba, kuma tare da amincewar Birtaniyya, wani ma'aikacin Corpo Speciale per l'Africa (Special Corps for Africa), wanda Kanar Tancredi Saletta ya jagoranta, ya mamaye ta a ranar 5 ga Fabrairu 1885. Samfuri:Sfnp

Gangamin

Misalin Siege na Saati

Rikici na farko

Yunkurin Italiya zuwa yankin Massawa, yankin da Habasha ta yi iƙirarin, ya haifar da rikici da na Habasha, musamman na <i id="mwiQ">Ras</i> Alula, gwamnan Mareb Mellash .

A ranar 24 Samfuri:Sfnp ko 25 ga Janairu 1887, Alula ya kai hari ga sansanin Italiya a Saati . A fafatawar da aka yi, an yi wa dakarunsa duka. Samfuri:Sfnp A ranar 26 ga Janairu, sojojin Habasha mai kimanin mutane 15,000 Samfuri:Sfnp sun yi wa bataliyar Italiya kwanton bauna da aka aika don ƙarfafa Saati kuma sun kusan halaka ta a Dogali, 10 miles (16 km) yamma da Massawa. Yakin Dogali ya kasance daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci a tarihin kasar Habasha ta zamani. Samfuri:Sfnp Alula bai bi diddigin nasarar da ya samu ba, ya gwammace ya jira izinin Yohanna ya ci gaba. Ya shiga Asmara a ranar 31 ga Janairun 1887. Samfuri:Sfnp

An mayar da martani ga Dogali a Italiya nan take. Majalisar dokokin Italiya ta kada kuri'ar lire 5,000,000 ga sojoji don karfafa Massawa. Samfuri:Sfnp An aika da sojojin Italiya don su yi garkuwa da shi a cikin gida, yayin da Yohannes IV ya janye sojojinsa don kaucewa arangama. Cutar ta lalata sojojin Italiya kuma an fitar da su a cikin Maris 1887, wanda ya kawo karshen kashi na farko na yakin. Samfuri:Sfnp

Bayan nasararsa, Alula ya ci gaba da tuntuɓar Italiyawa game da fursunoni. Ya kuma yi wa Massawa wani shingen kasa a kokarinsa na yanke huldar kasuwanci da yankin gaba daya. Hakan ya harzuka ’yan kasuwa Musulmin yankin, inda juyayinsu ya koma ga Italiyawa. Samfuri:Sfnp

A harin da ya kai wa Saati, Alula ya yi gaba daya a kan sa. Sarki Yohannes ya kasance a Makelle a lokacin yakin Dogali. A lokacin da Alula ya nemi izinin korar turawan Italiya daga Massawa, sai aka ce sarki ya zage shi saboda ya yi yaki ba tare da izini ba: "Wa ya ba ka izinin ka je ka yi yaki a can? Wadannan sojojin ba naka ba ne, nawa ne, zan sare hannunka." A ƙarshen Maris, Yohannes ya kira Alula zuwa Makelle, inda ya fi sasantawa. Ya yi alƙawarin ƙarfafa rassan a kan duk wani hari na Italiya amma ya hana kai farmaki.

Karin Sojoji da Matakan Diflomasiyya

A ranar 2 ga Yuni 1887, majalisar dokokin Italiya ta amince da ƙarin lira miliyan 200 don a tura sojoji, alburusai da kayan aiki zuwa Massawa. A lokacin bazara, an haɗa wata rundunar sojojin da suka kai 20,000 a Italiya, wadda ta sauka a Massawa a ranar 8 ga Nuwamba ƙarƙashin jagorancin Alessandro Asinari di San Marzano.

Yayinda Yohannes ya raunana, Menelik na Shewa da Sarki Tekle Haymanot na Gojjam suka kafa kawance a kansa. A martani, sarkin ya shiga Gojjam a farkon watan Agusta 1887 ya kuma lalata yankin. Watan gobe, ya umurci Menelik da ya toshe hanyoyin sadarwa zuwa Assab ta Aussa. A matsayin martani, Menelik ya aike da wasiƙu ga sarkin da kuma ga ’yan Italiya yana ba da tayin shiga tsakani, kamar yadda ya yi bayan yaƙin Dogali.

Tun a ƙarshen watan Agusta 1887, Menelik ya karɓi jakadan Italiya Pietro Antonelli a Shewa domin tattaunawa kan ƙulla kawance a kan Yohannes. Italiya ta nemi wani ƙaramin yanki a cikin ƙasa da za su ajiye sojojinsu a lokacin bazara. Antonelli ya kuma mika dalilan Italiya na kai farmaki domin ramuwar gayya bayan Dogali. A ranar 19 ga Satumba, Antonelli ya ba da shawarar yarjejeniyar rashin tsoma baki da Shewa bisa musayar makamai. Wani tsarin wannan yarjejeniya har yanzu yana wanzuwa. Sai dai a farkon Oktoba 1887, Yohannes ya rubuta wa Matewos, bishop na Shewa wanda yake tare da kotun Shewa a Dutsen Entoto, cewa yana da niyyar yaƙi da Italiya.

Amma a ranar 20 ga Oktoba 1887, Menelik ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya ta ɓoye da Antonelli inda ya amince da rashin tsoma baki bisa musayar makamai. A cikin wata shida, zai karɓi bindigu 5,000 na Remington. A cikin yarjejeniyar, Italiya ta bayyana cewa ba ta da niyyar mamaye ƙasar Habasha.

A watan Satumba 1887, Alula ya mamaye Damot da wata rundunar Tigray. Yayinda jagororin Tigray suka rasa ras dinsu, suka nemi haɗin gwiwa da Italiya. A ranar 11 ga Nuwamba 1887, Gerald Portal, jakadan Birtaniya a Alkahira, ya gana da Alula a Asmara. Daga bisani ya gana da Yohannes a sansaninsa kusa da Tafkin Ashangi a ranar 7 ga Disamba. Ya isar da ra'ayin gwamnatin Birtaniya cewa harin da aka kai Saati bai dace ba, ya kuma buƙaci a sauke Alula daga mulkin Mareb Mellash. Yohannes ya ƙi yarda da wani abu ga Italiya: "Idan ba za su iya zama a Massawa ba tare da Saati ba, to su bar wurin." Ya kuma kare Ras Alula, yana cewa "bai yi kuskure ba; Italiyawa ne suka shiga lardinsa, ya kuma yaƙe su, kamar yadda ku Birtaniyawa za ku yaƙi ’yan Habasha idan suka je Ingila."

Haɓaka Rikici da Ƙarshewar Fada

A watan Disamba 1887, Yohannes ya umurci Menelik da ya kare yankunan Wollo da Begemder, yayin da Ras Mikael ya kawo sojojin hawa 25,000 na Oromo zuwa Tigray. A watan Janairu 1888, Italiyawa sun tura brigado biyu zuwa Dogali. Yohannes ya fara shirin yaƙi. A ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, sojojin Italiya suka sake karɓar Saati. Rundunar Italiya ƙarƙashin San Marzano (kimanin mutane 20,000) ta fuskanci babbar rundunar Habasha ƙarƙashin Yohannes (kimanin mutane 80,000), ta ɗauki dabarar Fabian don gujewa faɗa a fili da hana abokan gaba kai farmaki. Duk da wasu suka soki San Marzano a gida saboda matakin jinkiri, ya cimma burin dawo da yankunan da aka bari, ya rike su, sannan ya gina hanyar dogo daga Moncullo zuwa Saati.

Yayinda yake fuskantar mamayar Mahdiyawa daga yamma, Yohannes ya hakura da yaƙin da Italiya a watan Maris. Paul Henze ya nuna cewa kyama ta sirri ga Musulunci da kuma burin dakile tawayen Mahdist ya taka rawa a shawarar sa na fifita yaƙi da Mahdist fiye da kare yanki daga mamayar Italiya. A watan Fabrairu zuwa Maris 1888, Menelik, bisa umarnin Yohannes, ya jagoranci sojojinsa zuwa yammacin Gondar don kare ta daga Mahdist. Bai kai a kan lokaci ba kuma an lalata Gondar.

Da Yohannes ya fice daga yaƙi da Italiya, Alula ya janye zuwa Asmara a farkon Afrilu 1888 sannan ya koma Adwa a ranar 23 Afrilu. Ko da yake Asmara ta kasance ba tare da kariya ba, Italiyawa ba su matsa zuwa gare ta ba. A watan Mayu 1888, rundunar Italiya da ke arewa ta janye ba tare da ta wuce bakin teku sosai ba. Bindigogi da aka yi wa Menelik alƙawari a cikin yarjejeniyar Oktoba sun iso Assab a wannan wata, amma an hana shi su. Domin a sake ba shi bindigogin, Menelik ya sanya hannu kan wata sabuwar yarjejeniya da Antonelli a farkon Yuli 1888. Ya kuma kafa kawance da Tekle Haymanot a kan Yohannes, wanda ya sake lalata Gojjam a farkon Agusta. Sarkin ya haɗu da Alula a watan Satumba. Daga nan ne Italiyawa suka ba Menelik makaman da suka yi masa alƙawari, don gudun sarkin ya cika barazanar mamaye Shewa. Yayin da Habasha ke dab da yakin basasa, rundunar Italiya da janar Baldissera ya turo ta kama Keren a ranar 6 ga Fabrairu 1889, inda ta bar abokin aikinta Cafel a matsayin shugaba. Baldissera ya kuma samu goyon bayan Dejazmach Dabbab Araya, gwamnan Akele Guzay, wanda ya kwace Asmara da sojojinsa a ranar 9 ga Fabrairu 1889.

Bayan mutuwar Yohannes IV a yaƙin Gallabat da Mahdist a ranar 10/11 ga Maris 1889, Menelik da Mengesha Yohannes suka nemi zama sarki. Alula ya mara wa Mengesha baya, yayinda Italiya ta mara wa Menelik baya kuma ta sanya hannu da shi kan yarjejeniyar Wuchale, wadda ta tabbatar da yankunan da Italiya ta mamaye a Mareb Mellash. Cafel da Dabbab suka goyi bayan Alula da Mengesha, hakan ya sa Baldissera ya sake aika dakarun Italiya don su karbe Keren da Asmara a watan Yuni da Agusta 1889. A watan Nuwamba, Menelik ya zama Sarki. A shekara ta 1890, Italiya ta kafa gundumar Eritrea a hukumance a yankin da ta mamaye.

Yarjejeniyar Wuchale

Bayan mutuwar Yohannes IV a cikin Yaƙin Gallabat da Mahdiyawa a ranar 10/11 ga Maris 1889, Janar Antonio Baldissera ya mamaye tsaunuka da ke bakin tekun Eritrea, kuma Italiya ta ayyana kafuwar sabon mulkin mallaka na Eritrea ta Italiya. Mallakar yankunan bakin teku da Habasha ta riga ta yi ikirari ya samu sahalewa ne a ranar 2 ga Mayu 1889, bayan sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Wuchale tare da sabon sarki, Menelik na Shewa, wata yarjejeniya da ta ba Italiyawa damar ci gaba da rike abin da suka mallaka a Tekun Bahar Rum.Samfuri:Sfnp Menelik ya amince da mamayar da Italiyawa suka yi a ƙasashen abokan hamayyarsa na Bogos, Hamasien, Akkele Guzay da Serae a madadin alkawuran taimakon kuɗi da ci gaba da samun makamai da harsasai daga Turai.

Asarar Rayuka

Bangarorin biyu sun yi asara mai yawa. Rahotanni dangane da asarar rayuka daga bangaren Italiya sun nuna cewa mutane 430 sun mutu a Dogali Samfuri:Sfnp da jimillar mutane 1,000 gaba ɗaya, Samfuri:Sfnp yayin da Habashawa suka rasa watakila ƙasa da 400 gaba ɗaya Samfuri:Sfnp ko kuma har zuwa 730 a Dogali kaɗai.Samfuri:Sfnp

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