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Yaƙin Italiya da Habasha na farko

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Infotaula d'esdevenimentYaƙin Italiya da Habasha na farko

Iri yaƙi
Kwanan watan 15 Disamba 1894 –  23 Oktoba 1896
Wuri Eritrea
Participant (en) Fassara

Yaƙin Italo-Habasha na Farko, wanda kuma ake magana da shi a matsayin Yaƙin Italo-Abyssiniya na Farko, ko kuma aƙalla aka sani da Yaƙin Abyssiniya a Italiya (Italian), arangama ce ta soji da aka gwabza tsakanin Italiya da Habasha daga shekarun 1895 zuwa 1896. Ya samo asali ne daga yerjejeniyar Wuchale da ake takaddama a kai, wacce turawan Italiya suka yi iƙirarin mayar da Habasha ƙasar ta Italiya, yayin da Habashawa suka yi iƙirarin cewa yarjejeniyar ta tabbatar da zaman lafiya tsakanin ƙasashen biyu.[1][2] An yi cikakken yaki a shekara ta 1895, inda sojojin Italiya daga Iritiriya na Italiya suka samu nasara a farko a kan mayakan Tigrai a Coatit, Senafe da Debra Ailà, har sai da babban sojojin Habasha ƙarƙashin jagorancin Emperor Menelik II suka karfafa su. [3] Tashin Italiya ya zo ne bayan yakin Adwa, inda sojojin Habasha suka yi wa sojojin Italiya da suka fi yawa da kuma na Eritriya mummunan rauni tare da tilasta musu komawa cikin Eritrea. An kammala yakin da yarjejeniyar Addis Ababa. Domin wannan shi ne babban nasara na farko da sojojin Afirka suka yi a kan 'yan mulkin mallaka na Turawa, wannan yaƙin ya zama babbar alama ta al'adun Afirka kuma ya tabbatar da ikon Habasha har zuwa Yaƙin Italo da Habasha na Biyu na 1935-37.[4]

Tarihi

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Khedive na Masar Isma'il Pasha, wanda aka fi sani da Isma'il the Magnificent, ya mamaye Eritrea a wani ɓangare na kokarinsa na baiwa Masar daular Afirka. [5] [6] Isma'il ya yi ƙoƙari ya bi wannan yaƙin da Habasha, amma ƙoƙarin Masar na cin wannan daular ya ƙare da rashin kunya a yakin Masar da Habasha. Bayan fatara ta Masar a shekara ta 1876 [7] ta biyo bayan tawayen <i id="mwZg">Ansar</i> ƙarƙashin jagorancin Mahdi a 1881, matsayin Masar a Eritriya ya yi rashin bege inda sojojin Masar suka yanke kuma ba a biya su tsawon shekaru ba. A shekara ta 1884 Masarawa suka fara ficewa daga Sudan da Eritriya. [6]

A ranar 3 ga watan Yunin 1884, an rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar Hewett tsakanin Biritaniya, Masar da Habasha, wadda ta bai wa Habasha damar mamaye wasu sassa na rushewar Habesh Eyalet wanda ya ba wa kayayyakin Habasha damar shiga da fita daga Massawa ba tare da haraji ba. [6] Daga mahangar Biritaniya, abu ne mai matuƙar kyawawa cewa Faransawa su maye gurbin Masarawa a Massawa domin hakan zai ba Faransa damar samun ƙarin sansanonin sojan ruwa a tekun Bahar Maliya da za su iya yin katsalandan ga jigilar jiragen ruwa na Birtaniyya ta hanyar amfani da mashigin Suez, kuma kamar yadda Birtaniyya ba ta son nauyin kuɗi na mulkin Massawa, sai suka nemi wani ikon da zai yi sha'awar maye gurbin Masarawa. [6] Yarjejeniyar Hewett ta yi kama da cewa Massawa zai fada cikin tasirin Habasha yayin da Masarawa suka janye. [6] Bayan da farko ya ƙarfafa Sarkin sarakuna Yohannes IV ya ƙaura zuwa Massawa don maye gurbin Masarawa, London ta yanke shawarar tura Italiyawa zuwa Massawa. [6] A cikin tarihinsa na Habasha, ɗan tarihi na Birtaniya Augustus Wylde ya rubuta cewa: "Ingila ta yi amfani da Sarki John [Sarki Yohannes] muddin yana cikin kowane hidima sannan kuma ta jefa shi ga masu tausayi na Italiya ... Yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi munin kasuwancinmu daga cikin yawancin da muka yi laifi a Afirka ... ɗaya daga cikin mafi muni na yaudara". [6]

A ranar 5 ga watan Fabrairun 1885, sojojin Italiya sun sauka a Massawa don maye gurbin Masarawa. [6] Gwamnatin Italiya a nata ɓangaren ta yi matukar farin ciki da fara aiwatar da manufar mulkin mallaka don kawar da mutanenta daga gazawar da aka samu a bayan Risorgimento Italiya. [6] A cikin shekarar 1861, haɗewar Italiya ya kamata ya zama farkon sabon zamani mai ɗaukaka a rayuwar Italiya, kuma yawancin Italiya sun yi baƙin ciki sosai don gano cewa ba a sami canji da yawa ba a cikin sabuwar Masarautar Italiya tare da yawancin Italiya har yanzu suna rayuwa cikin matsanancin talauci. Don ramawa, wani yanayi na chauvinist ya mamaye cikin manyan azuzuwan a Italiya tare da jaridar Il Diritto ta rubuta a cikin edita: "Dole ne Italiya ta kasance a shirye. Shekarar 1885 za ta yanke shawarar makomarta a matsayin babban iko. Wajibi ne a ji nauyin sabon zamani; don sake zama maza masu karfi ba tare da tsoron kome ba, tare da ƙauna mai tsarki na uba, a cikin dukan Italiya,". [6] [8] Yaki da Ansar na Sudan ya dagula dangantakar Yohanna da Italiyawa, wanda a wasu lokuta yakan nemi su ba shi bindigogi don yakar Ansar, a wasu lokutan kuma ya bijirewa turawan Italiya tare da ba da shawarar sasantawa da Ansar. [8]

A ranar 18 ga watan Janairun shekarar 1887, a wani ƙauye mai suna Saati, rundunar sojan Italiya da ke ci gaba da ci gaba da samun galaba a kan Habashawa a wani gumurzu da suka yi, amma abin ya kare da manyan Habashawa da ke kewaye da Italiya a Saati bayan sun ja da baya suna fuskantar adadin abokan gaba. [9] An tura wasu sojojin Italiya 500 a ƙarƙashin Kanar de Christoforis tare da wasu mataimaka 50 na Eritriya don tallafawa sansanin da aka yi wa ƙawanya a Saati. [9] A Dogali da ke kan hanyarsa ta zuwa Saati, de Christoforis ya yi wa sojojin Habasha ƙarƙashin Ras Alula kwanton ɓauna, wanda mutanensa ɗauke da mashi da basira suka kewaye Italiyawa da suka koma wani tudu, sannan suka koma wani tudu mai tsayi. [9] Bayan da turawan Italiya suka kare da harsashi, sai Ras Alula ya umarci mutanensa da su tuhume su, sai Habashawa suka yi gaggawar mamaye Italiyan a wani mataki da suka yi wanda ke nuna bayonet a kan mashi. [9] Yakin Dogali ya kare inda Italiya suka rasa jami'ai 23 tare da kashe wasu muƙamai 407. [9] Sakamakon shan kaye a Dogali, Italiya sun yi watsi da Saati suka koma bakin tekun Bahar Maliya. [10] Jaridun Italiya sun kira yakin "kisan kiyashi" kuma sun kori Regio Esercito saboda rashin sanya de Chistoforis isassun harsasai. [10] Tun da farko, ya ƙarfafa Emperor Yohannes ya koma Eritrea, sa'an nan kuma ya ƙarfafa Italiya suyi haka, London ta gane cewa yaki yana tasowa kuma ya yanke shawarar ƙoƙarin yin sulhu, musamman saboda tsoron cewa Italiya za su yi hasara. [6]

Kashin da aka yi a Dogali ya sa Italiyawa su yi taka tsantsan na ɗan lokaci, amma a ranar 10 ga watan Maris 1889, Sarkin sarakuna Yohannes ya mutu bayan da ya samu rauni a yakin Ansar kuma a kan gadon mutuwarsa ya yarda cewa Ras Mengesha, wanda ake zaton dan ɗan uwansa ne, dan nasa ne kuma ya nemi ya gaje shi. [10] Wahayin da sarkin ya yi ya kwana da matar ɗan'uwansa ya tayar da hankali sosai ga Habasha Orthodox, kuma a maimakon haka an ayyana Negus Menelik a matsayin sarki a ranar 26 ga watan Maris 1889. [10] Ras Mengesha, ɗaya daga cikin manyan sarakunan Habasha, bai ji daɗin yadda aka yi masa juyin mulki ba, kuma ya haɗa kai da Italiyawa a kan Sarki Menelik. [10] A ƙarƙashin tsarin Habasha na feudal, babu wata runduna ta tsaye, kuma a maimakon haka, manyan mutane sun kafa runduna a madadin Sarkin sarakuna. A cikin watan Disamba na shekarar 1889, Italiya sun sake ci gaba a cikin ƙasa kuma suka kwace garuruwan Asmara da Keren. [10]

Ɓarkewar yakin

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Sarki Menelik II

A ranar 25 ga watan Maris 1889, mai mulkin Shewa Menelik II ya ayyana kansa Sarkin Habasha (ko "Abyssinia", kamar yadda ake kira shi a Turai a lokacin). Kusan wata ɗaya bayan haka, a ranar 2 ga Mayu ya sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Wuchale tare da Italiya, wanda a bayyane ya ba su iko a kan Eritrea, bakin tekun Jar a arewa maso gabashin Habasha, don dawo da amincewa da mulkin Menelik, kuɗi da samar da bindigogi 30,000 da bindigogin bindigogi 28.

Koyaya, yarjejeniyar harsuna biyu ba ta faɗi abu ɗaya a cikin Italiya da Amharic ba; fassarar Italiya ba ta ba Habashawa "mai mahimmanci" da aka rubuta a cikin fassarar Amharic.[11] Rubutun Italiya ya bayyana cewa Habasha dole ne ta gudanar da harkokin ƙasashen waje ta hanyar Italiya (yana mai da ita mai kare Italiya), amma fassarar Amharic kawai ta bayyana cewa Habashia na iya tuntuɓar ikon ƙasashen waje kuma ta gudanar da al'amuran ƙasashen waje ta amfani da ofishin jakadancin Italiya. Jami'an diflomasiyyar Italiya, duk da haka, sun yi iƙirarin cewa asalin rubutun Amharic ya haɗa da sashi kuma Menelik da gangan ya sanya hannu kan kwafin Yarjejeniyar.[12] A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1889, Italiya sun sanar da dukkan sauran gwamnatocin Turai saboda Yarjejeniyar Wuchale cewa Habasha yanzu ta zama mai kare Italiya sabili da haka sauran ƙasashen Turai ba za su iya gudanar da dangantakar diflomasiyya da Habasha ba.[13] Tare da ban da Daular Ottoman, wacce har yanzu ta ci gaba da da'awarta ga Eritrea, da Rasha, waɗanda ba sa son ra'ayin cewa ana rinjayar al'ummar Orthodox ga al'ummar Roman Katolika, duk ikon Turai sun yarda da'awar Italiya ga mai kariya.[13]

Da'awar Italiya cewa Menelik ya san Mataki na XVII da ya juya al'ummarsa zuwa mai kariya ta Italiya da alama ba zai yiwu ba saboda Sarkin sarakuna Menelik ya aika da wasiƙu ga Sarauniya Victoria a ƙarshen shekarun 1889 kuma an sanar da shi a cikin amsoshin a farkon shekara ta 1890 cewa Burtaniya ba za ta iya samun dangantakar diflomasiyya da Habasha ba saboda Mataki na VII na Yarjejeniyar Wuchale, wahayi wanda ya zo a matsayin babban abin mamaki ga Sarkin sarakunan.[13] Sautin wasikar Victoria ya kasance mai ladabi. Sarauniyar ta sanar da Menelik cewa ƙuntatawa kan shigo da makamai ba ta aiki kuma don tabbatar da wannan ya ambata cewa Ras Makonnen ya sami izini "don wuce bindigogi dubu biyu ta Zeila, komawa Harar" watau daga Italiya. Amma a kan batun ci gaba da hulɗa na diflomasiyya, ba ta bar wata shakka a cikin tunanin Menelik ba: "Za mu sadarwa ga Gwamnatin Abokinmu Mai Girma Sarkin Italiya kwafin wasikar Mai Girma da amsarmu. "[13]

Francesco Crispi, Firayim Ministan Italiya, ya kasance mai tsattsauran ra'ayi wanda ya yi imanin cewa sabuwar ƙasar Italiya da ta haɗu tana buƙatar "girman daular Romawa ta biyu".[10] Crispi ya yi imanin cewa Horn of Africa shine wuri mafi kyau ga Italiya don fara gina sabuwar daular mulkin mallaka.[10] Saboda kin amincewar Habasha da ta yi biyayya da yarjejeniyar Italiya da kuma naƙasa ta tattalin arziki a gida, gwamnatin Italiya ta yanke shawarar magance matsalar soja don tilasta Habasha ta yi biyayya ga yarjejeniyar Italiya. A yin haka, sun yi imanin cewa za su iya amfani da rarrabuwar a cikin Habasha kuma su dogara da karfin da fasaha don kawar da duk wani ƙarancin lambobi. Kokarin Sarkin sarakuna Menelik, wanda London ke kallon shi a matsayin mai goyon bayan Faransa, don haɗa Habasha don kawo tushen Blue Nile a ƙarƙashin ikonsa an gane shi a Whitehall a matsayin barazana ga tasirin su a Misira.[14] Yayin da Menelik ya ci gaba da samun nasara wajen faɗaɗa Habasha, Gwamnatin Burtaniya ta nemi Italiya don magance fadada Habashia.[14]

Ƙawayen Turai ɗaya tilo da Habasha ita ce Rasha. [15] [16] Sarkin Habasha ya aika da ofishin diflomasiyya na farko zuwa St. Petersburg a shekara ta 1895. A cikin watan Yuni 1895, jaridu a St. Yawancin jama'ar babban birnin ƙasar sun zo ne don saɗuwa da jirgin da ya kawo Prince Damto, Janar Genemier, Prince Belyakio, Bishop na Harer Gabraux Xavier da sauran membobin tawagar zuwa St. Petersburg. A jajibirin yaki, an kulla wata yarjejeniya da ke ba da taimakon soja ga Habasha. Rasha ta kasance tana ƙoƙarin samun gindin zama a Habasha, kuma a cikin shekarar 1894, bayan da ta yi Allah wadai da yerjejeniyar Wuchale a watan Yuli, ta karɓi aikin Habasha a St. Petersburg kuma ta aika da makamai da harsasai zuwa Habasha. Marubucin balaguro na ƙasar Rasha Alexander Bulatovich wanda ya je ƙasar Habasha a matsayin ɗan agaji na ƙungiyar agaji ta Red Cross tare da Sarkin sarakuna Menelik ya yi nuni da cewa Habashawa sun koma addinin Kiristanci kafin wani daga cikin Turawa ya taɓa yi, ya bayyana Habashawa a matsayin mutane masu zurfin addini kamar Rashawa, kuma ya yi jayayya cewa Habashawa ba su da "ƙananan al'adu" na sauran mutanen Afirka, wanda ya sa su zama daidai da na Turai. [17]

A cikin shekarar 1893, yana yanke hukunci cewa ikonsa a kan Habasha yana da aminci, Menelik ya yi watsi da yarjejeniyar; A sakamakon haka turawan Italiya sun ƙara matsa lamba a kan yankinsa ta hanyoyi daban-daban, ciki har da mamaye ƙananan yankuna da ke kan iyaka da ainihin da'awarsu a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar Wuchale, daga ƙarshe kuma ta kai farmakin soji suka keta kogin Mareb zuwa cikin Tigray (a kan iyaka da Eritriya) a watan Disamba 1894. Italiya sun yi tsammanin wasu masu iko kamar Negus Tekle Haymanot na Gojjam, Ras Mengesha Yohannes, da Sarkin Aussa za su shiga tare da su; a maimakon haka, dukkan mutanen Habasha sun yi tururuwa zuwa ɓangaren Sarki Menelik a cikin nunin kishin ƙasa da kuma kyamar Italiya, yayin da sauran al'ummomin da ke da shakku (misali Sarkin Aussa) sojojin Imperial suna kallonsu. [18] A cikin watan Yunin 1894, Ras Mengesha da hakimansa suka bayyana a Addis Ababa suna ɗauke da manyan duwatsu waɗanda suka jefo a gaban sarki Menelik (wani alama ce ta biyayya a al'adun Habasha). [10] An samu gagarumin haɗin kan ƙasa a ƙasar Habasha yayin da wasu masu faɗa aji daban-daban suka yi marawa sarki baya wanda ya dage cewa Habasha ba kamar sauran ƙasashen Afirka ba, za ta ci gaba da rike 'yancinta, kuma ba Italiya ta yi mata mulkin mallaka ba. [10]

Menelik ya shafe yawancin mulkinsa yana gina manyan makamai na zamani da harsashi da aka samu ta hanyar tattaunawar yarjejeniya da sayayya daga Rasha, Faransa, Burtaniya, har ma da Italiya. A shekara ta 1884, Count Pietro Antonelli [it] , jakadan Italiya ga Menelik II, ya damar shigo da bindigogi 50,000 na Remington da katako miliyan 10 don musayar raƙuma 600 da ke ɗauke da zinariya, hauren giwa da civet.[it] Bayan da maɓuɓɓugar Italiya suka bushe Menelik ya yi ƙoƙari ya kara sauran shigo da shi, a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata kafin yaƙin kasuwancin makamai ya faɗaɗa sosai. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1893, abokiyar Menelik kuma mai ba da shawara, Alfred Ilg, ya tafi Paris inda ya sayar da zinariya da hauren giwa don 80,000 Fusil Gras mle 1874, 33 na bindigogi da 5,000. Menelik ya kuma sayi bindigogi masu saurin gudu 15,000 da suka rage daga Franco-Hova Wars daga ɗan kasuwa na makamai na Faransa Léon Chefneux. A ƙarshen shekara ta 1894, an shigo da bindigogi 30,000 na Berdan da nauyin harsashi daga Rasha, kuma an shigo da akalla katako 250,000 daga Djibouti na Faransa.[19][20][21]

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ Berkeley, George (1903). "The Campaign of Adowa and the rise of Menelik". The Geographical Journal. 21 (2): 345. Bibcode:1903GeogJ..21..175B. doi:10.2307/1775411. JSTOR 1775411. 1,865 were Italians and 2,000 were Eritrean askari.
  2. ↑ Mclachlan, Sean (20 September 2011). Armies of the Adowa Campaign 1896. Bloomsbury USA. p. 20. ISBN 978-1-84908-457-4.
  3. ↑ Henze 2000.
  4. ↑ Marcus, Harold G. (22 February 2002). A history of Ethiopia. University of California Press. p. 97. ISBN 9780520224797. Baratieri had a relatively small army of 35,000 men, mostly Eritreans
  5. ↑ Marsot, Afaf (1975). "The Porte and Ismail Pasha's Quest for Autonomy". Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt. 12 (1975): 89–96. doi:10.2307/40000011. JSTOR 40000011. Retrieved 23 December 2020.
  6. ↑ 6.00 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 6.10 Perry 2005
  7. ↑ Atkins, Richard (1974). "The Origins of the Anglo-French Condominium in Egypt, 1875-1876". The Historian. 36 (2): 264–282. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6563.1974.tb00005.x. JSTOR 24443685. Retrieved 23 December 2020.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Erlich, Haggai (2007). "Ethiopia and the Mahdiyya – You Call Me a Chicken?". Journal of Ethiopian Studies. 40 (1/2): 219–249. JSTOR 41988228.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 Perry 2005
  10. ↑ 10.00 10.01 10.02 10.03 10.04 10.05 10.06 10.07 10.08 10.09 Perry 2005
  11. ↑ Gardner 2015
  12. ↑ Pastoretto, Piero. "Battaglia di Adua" (in Italiyanci). Archived from the original on May 31, 2006. Retrieved 2006-06-04.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 Rubenson, Sven (1964). "The Protectorate Paragraph of the Wichale Treaty". The Journal of African History. 5 (2): 243–283. doi:10.1017/S0021853700004837. JSTOR 179872. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Rubenson" defined multiple times with different content
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Marcus, Harold G. (1963). "A Background to Direct British Diplomatic Involvement in Ethiopia, 1894–1896". Journal of Ethiopian Studies. 1 (2): 121–132. JSTOR 41965700.
  15. ↑ Patman 2009
  16. ↑ Eribo 2001
  17. ↑ Mirzeler, Mustafa Kemal (2005). "Reading "Ethiopia through Russian Eyes": Political and Racial Sentiments in the Travel Writings of Alexander Bulatovich, 1896–1898". History in Africa. 32: 281–294. doi:10.1353/hia.2005.0017. JSTOR 20065745. S2CID 52044875.
  18. ↑ Prouty 1986
  19. ↑ Richard Caulk (2002). "Between the Jaws of Hyenas": A Diplomatic History of Ethiopia (1876–1896). Harrassowitz. p. 413.
  20. ↑ Carmichael, Tim (2001). Approaching Ethiopian History Addis Abäba and Local Governance in Harär, C.1900 to 1950 (Thesis). East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University: Department of History. p. 38. doi:10.25335/140b-kv31.
  21. ↑ McLachlan, Sean (2011). Armies of the Adowa Campaign 1896. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. p. 35. ISBN 9781849084574.
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