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Yaƙin Kabalo

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Infotaula d'esdevenimentYaƙin Kabalo
Iri faɗa
Kwanan watan 11 ga Afirilu, 1961

Yaƙin Kabalo ya yi yaƙi a Kabalo da sojojin kiyaye zaman lafiya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da 'yan bindiga na Baluba daga 7 ga Afrilu zuwa 11 ga Afrilu 1961 a kan' yan kwangila da' 'yan sanda na Jihar Katanga, wata jiha mai rabuwa da ke tawaye da Jamhuriyar Kongo a tsakiyar Afirka.   Sojojin Katangese sun kai hari garin a matsayin wani ɓangare na babban hari da aka yi niyya don dawo da ikonsu a arewacin Katanga wanda Baluba ya kalubalanci. Aikin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a cikin Congo mai kiyaye zaman lafiya da ke kula da Kabalo, wanda ke aiki a ƙarƙashin ikon aikinsu don hana yakin basasa a kasar, ya yi tsayayya da harin farko kuma ya kama 'yan fashi 30 a cikin aikin Katanga. Baluba mai dauke da makamai ya kori jirgin ruwa na Katangese dauke da sojoji da kuma jirgin kasa mai dauke da dauke da makami. Kashegari jirgin ya dawo amma sojojin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun nutse. Yaƙi ya ci gaba a cikin 'yan kwanaki masu zuwa tsakanin Baluba da Katangese har sai na ƙarshe ya janye. Yaƙin ya haifar da lalacewar dangantakar da ke tsakanin gwamnatin Katangese da Operation United Nations a Kongo.

Tarihi

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Rashin Kasar Katang

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Jamhuriyar Kongo ta sami 'yanci daga Belgium a ranar 30 ga Yuni 1960. A ranar 5 ga watan Yulin, sojoji marasa farin ciki na Force Publique, wadanda ba su gamsu da rashin ci gaban da suka samu ba dangane da 'yan siyasa farar hula, sun fara tawaye a duk fadin kasar a kan fararen jami'an su. Tawayen ya haifar da rashin kwanciyar hankali kuma ya haifar da guduwar yawancin mutanen Turai na Kongo, wanda ke da mahimmanci ga tattalin arziki. A ranar 9 ga watan Yulin tashin hankali ya bazu zuwa lardin kudancin Katanga . [1] Katanga ta ƙunshi mafi yawan albarkatun ma'adinai masu mahimmanci na Kongo kuma ta janyo hankalin manyan ayyukan hakar ma'adanai a ƙarƙashin mulkin Belgium.[1] Mutane da yawa na Katangese sun yi tunanin cewa suna da damar samun kudaden shiga ta hanyar masana'antu mai riba, kuma suna tsoron cewa a karkashin sabuwar gwamnatin tsakiya karkashin jagorancin Firayim Minista Patrice Lumumba za a sake rarraba shi tsakanin lardunan Kongo mafi talauci.[1]

Moïse Tshombe a cikin 1962

A ranar 11 ga watan Yulin ne aka sauka a fadin Kongo, ba tare da yardar gwamnatin Kongo ba, don kawar da sojojin masu tayar da kayar baya.[2] Moïse Tshombe, Shugaban Lardin Katanga, ya ayyana 'yancin kai na "State of Katanga" kuma ya yi kira ga taimakon Belgium.[2] Nan da nan bayan sanarwar rabuwa, gwamnatin Katangese ta yi aiki don kafa rundunar ta da sauri. Jami'an Belgium da matsayi da fayil na Katangese na Force Publique sun kafa cibiyar sabuwar 'yan sanda ta Katangese, wanda aka ƙarfafa ta hanyar daukar ma'aikatan gida.[1][2]

Lumumba da Shugaba Joseph Kasa-Vubu sun yi kira ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UN), suna neman a tura dakarun kasa da kasa zuwa Kongo don maye gurbin sojojin Belgium da sake kafa tsari.[2] Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya bi, ya zartar da ƙuduri da yawa da ke kira ga janyewar sojojin Belgium da kuma kafa babban aikin kiyaye zaman lafiya na ƙasashe masu yawa, Operation United Nations a Kongo (wanda aka sani da sunan Faransanci, ONUC). [1] Lumumba ya bukaci a yi amfani da dakarun ONUC don tilasta wa 'yancin Katangese, amma Majalisar Tsaro ta yanke shawarar cewa "Sojojin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Kongo ba za su kasance jam'iyya ba ko a kowace hanya su shiga tsakani ko a yi amfani dashi don rinjayar sakamakon duk wani rikici na ciki. " Cikin takaici, Lumumba ya yi kira ga kasashen Gabas don taimakon soja, wanda ya haifar da rikici tare da Kasa-Vubu kuma a ƙarshe cire shi daga mulki a watan Satumba da kuma kisan kai a watan Janairun 1961.[1] A mayar da martani ga cire Lumumba, abokansa na siyasa sun taru a Stanleyville a gabashin Kongo kuma sun ayyana mulkin adawa ga gwamnatin tsakiya a Léopoldville.[2]

Sanarwar mutuwar Lumumba ta haifar da gaggawa tsakanin al'ummomin duniya kuma ta motsa mambobin Majalisar Tsaro ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don karfafa ikon ONUC.[2] A ranar 21 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1961 Majalisar Tsaro ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta zartar da ƙuduri da ta ba da izinin ONUC ta yi amfani da rundunar soja a matsayin mafita ta ƙarshe don hana yakin basasa. Kamar yadda Kongo ta riga ta kasance a cikin yakin basasa, ƙudurin ya ba ONUC babbar damar yin aiki. Har ila yau, ya yi kira da a bar dukkan ma'aikatan soja da ma'aikata na kasashen waje nan take daga kasar, kodayake ba a ba da izinin amfani da karfi don aiwatar da wannan takamaiman matakin ba. Saboda haka, za a iya amfani da karfi ne kawai don cire sojoji da ma'aikata na kasashen waje idan an tabbatar da hakan a karkashin tunanin cewa irin wannan matakin zai zama dole don hana yakin basasa.[2] Hedikwatar ONUC ta aiwatar da ƙudurin ta hanyar karɓar Dokar Ayyuka No. 10, wanda ya bayyana cewa sojojin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya "ya kamata a farkon damar su yi ƙoƙari su shiga tsakanin bangarorin [na rikici] don dakatar da ko iyakance rikici. A yin haka, suna ci gaba da samun damar kare kansu da karfi idan ya cancanta".[3] Ba a ba da izinin ONUC don tilasta mafita ta siyasa ta hanyar karfi ko shiga tsakani kai tsaye a cikin al'amuran Kongo na ciki.[2]

Rikicin a arewacin Katanga

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Armed Baluba ya yi yaƙi da rabuwa da Katangese.

Rashin Katanga ya yi adawa da Association Générale des Baluba du Katanga (BALUBAKAT) jam'iyyar siyasa wacce ke wakiltar Mutanen Luba na arewacin Katanga.[1] Wasu fitattun 'yan siyasa na BALUBAKAT sun haɗa kai da gwamnatin Stanleyville.[2] A ranar 7 ga watan Janairun 1961 sojoji daga Stanleyville sun mamaye Manono a arewacin Katanga. Shugabannin BALUBAKAT da ke tare da su sun ayyana kafa sabuwar "Lardin Lualaba" wanda ya faɗaɗa a duk yankin.[2] Tun daga watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1960, arewacin Katanga ya kasance "yanki ne mai tsaka-tsaki" a karkashin ikon rundunonin ONUC, amma a zahiri sun kasance marasa ƙarfi don yin amfani da iko kuma sun yi mamakin karɓar Manono.[4] Tshombe da gwamnatinsa sun zargi ONUC da hada kai da gwamnatin Stanleyville kuma sun bayyana cewa ba za su sake girmama yankin tsaka-tsaki ba.[2] A ƙarshen watan Janairu ƙungiyoyin Baluba suna kaddamar da hare-hare a kan layin dogo. Jami'an Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun yi kira da su dakatar, amma shugabannin Baluba sun bayyana cewa suna da niyyar yin duk abin da ke cikin ikonsu don raunana gwamnatin Katangese da rushe damar kai farmaki na Katangese Gendarmerie.[2]

A ranar 11 ga watan Fabrairun 1961, gwamnatin Katangese ta ba da sanarwar cewa za ta fara wani hari don kawar da adawar Baluba a arewacin Katanga. Kimanin sojoji 5,000 ne aka ware su don aikin, wanda ya mayar da hankali kan hari daga arewa daga Lubudi. A lokaci guda, za su sake kwace garin Manono, su tabbatar da yankin kudu da shi, kuma su kaddamar da hare-hare kan Kabalo daga Albertville zuwa gabas da Kongolo zuwa arewa.[4] Kabalo ya yi aiki a matsayin tashar jiragen ruwa a gefen Kogin Lualaba kuma an haɗa shi da hanyar jirgin ƙasa daga Albertville.[5] Gwamnatin Katangese ta yi watsi da ƙudurin Majalisar Tsaro ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 21 ga Fabrairu kuma ta ci gaba da shirye-shiryenta na murkushe 'yan tawaye na Baluba a sassan arewacin lardin.[2] A ranar 30 ga watan Maris 'yan sanda na Katangese sun kwace Manono.[2] Bayan faduwar garin BALUBAKAT ta sanya Kabalo "babban birni na wucin gadi" na Lardin Lualaba.[6] Kimanin 3,500 Baluba daga yankin da ke kewaye da su sun gudu zuwa Kabalo, inda aka ba su kariya ta ONUC.[7]

Gabatarwa

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Kanal Jean-Marie Crèvecoeur ne ya shirya aikin Katangese don ɗaukar Kabalo kuma an yi niyya ne don tabbatar da hanyar jirgin ƙasa.[5][7] Kyaftin William Richard Browne ya jagoranci rukuni na 'yan fashi 30 na Compagnie Internationale, ƙungiyar' yan fashi ta Katangese mafi yawa sun hada da' yan Burtaniya da 'yan Afirka ta Kudu, a sauka a Filin jirgin saman Kabalo ta hanyar Douglas DC-4, sannan wasu jiragen sama uku dauke da' yan sanda da ƙarin' yan faki.[5][8] A lokaci guda, jirgin ruwa, Constant na Burlet, dauke da 'yan sanda na Katangese tare da jami'an Belgium da membobin Compagnie Internationale a karkashin Kyaftin R. Wauthier za su isa, kamar yadda Jirgin kasa mai dauke da makamai zai kai karin' yan sanda da maza na Compagnie International.[5][9] A cewar 'yan sanda biyu da Baluba ta kama daga baya, jirgin ya ɗauki' yan sanda 150 na Afirka,' yan sanda huɗu, da ma'aikata 11.[7] Dukan rundunar harin ta kunshi sama da mutane 1,000.[9] A ranar 27 ga watan Maris jirgin ya tashi daga Albertville, ya tattara kimanin 'yan sanda 350, kuma ya ci gaba a kan hanyar Nyunzu, zuwa Kabalo. Sojojin Katangese da ke ci gaba daga Kongolo sun ƙone ƙauyukan Luba yayin da suke ci gaba.[7]

Kamfanoni biyu na rundunar Habasha da ke aiki tare da ONUC, jimlar sojoji 400 ne suka tsare Kabalo.[4][9] Kanar Alemu ne ya jagoranci.[6] A cewar dan kasuwa na Katangese Jerry Puren, an gargadi ONUC kafin harin lokacin da wani jami'in Belgium ya ba da kwafin shirin yaƙi na Katanges ga jami'an Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Léopoldville.[9] Ɗaya daga cikin 'yan BALUBAKAT da suka ji rauni ya koma Kabalo kuma ya ba da rahoton fada a arewa.[7]

Yaƙi

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A ranar 7 ga Afrilu 1961, Katangese DC-4 dauke da Browne da ma'aikatansa sun tashi daga Kongolo kuma sun sauka a filin jirgin saman Kabalo a kusan 10:30 ba tare da hamayya ba.[8] Sojojin sun sauka kuma jirgin ya tashi.[5][9] Daga nan sai suka gudu don tabbatar da tashar jirgin kasa, amma sun gano cewa sojoji 200 na Habasha sun dauki matsayi a kusa da wurin kuma sun horar da bindigoginsu a kansu. Sojojin sun mika wuya a gare su.[9] An kama su kuma an ɗaure su a tashar jirgin ƙasa.[5] Jirgin na gaba ya kewaye filin jirgin sama amma bai sauka ba kuma a ƙarshe babu wani daga cikin ƙarin jirgin sama da ya yi ƙoƙari ya yi hakan.[8] Da misalin karfe 13:10, Constant na Burlet ya yi ƙoƙari ya tsaya a Kabalo amma 'yan Baluba da ke gefen kogin sun kama shi.[5][7] 'Yan sanda da ke cikin jirgin sun mayar da wuta tare da bindigogi da bindigogin, sun kashe akalla daya Muluba kuma sun ji wa wani rauni kafin su janye a bayan karkata a cikin kogi.[7] Baluba ya kuma kai hari kan jirgin kasa mai dauke da makamai a Kitule, kilomita 35 a arewacin Kabalo. Kodayake an ruwaito cewa Baluba bakwai sun mutu kuma uku sun ji rauni, sun haifar da wasu wadanda suka mutu tsakanin 'yan sanda kuma sun hana jirgin ya kai ga burinsa.[5][7] Daga nan sai Habashawa suka aika da sintiri don bincika aikin a kogi, wanda 'yan sanda na Katangese suka yi kwanton bauna. 'Yan Habasha uku - jami'i daya da sojoji biyu - sun ji rauni sosai, yayin da na huɗu ya rabu da masu sintiri.[7] Duk da gazawar 'yan sanda, gwamnatin Katangese ta ayyana cewa sojojin ta sun sami Kabalo.

A safiyar ranar 8 ga Afrilu Habashawa sun aika da sintiri don neman sojan da ya ɓace. Yan sanda sun kaddamar da wani kwanto a kan gada mai nisan kilomita takwas a wajen Kabalo, inda suka kashe biyu. Habashawa sun sami nasarar raunata da kuma kama 'yan sanda uku. Sojan da ya ɓace daga baya Baluba ta dawo da shi ga rundunar ONUC. A halin yanzu, Constant na Burlet ya sake yin ƙoƙari ya shiga kuma an kawo shi a ƙarƙashin wuta daga 'yan bindiga na Baluba. Sojojin Habasha sun kuma harbe jirgin ruwa, kuma sun nutse shi lokacin da daya daga cikin harsashin su ya sauka a cikin bututun kuma ya fashe shi. Wani jirgin ruwa na Katangese ya dawo da wadanda suka tsira a cikin kogi. Ɗaya daga cikin ma'aikatan ya yi iƙirarin cewa wani soja na ONUC ya harbe wani firist wanda ke tare da su lokacin da ya yi iyo zuwa bakin teku kuma ya roki don dakatar da wuta. A cewar Browne, sojojin Habasha a kan hanyar jirgin kasa da aka ajiye sun yi fushi da mutuwar abokan aikinsu biyu a gadar, kuma wani hafsan ya fitar da 'yan kwangila daga tsare-tsaren su kuma ya shirya don kashe su tare da ƙungiyar harbi. Kanal Alemu ya isa kuma, bayan ya kai hari ga mataimakin, ya tura 'yan kwangila zuwa tashar. Wani jirgin saman Katangese ya tashi a kusa da Kabalo kafin ya jefa bam a wani kauye mai nisa, ya ƙone shi. A wannan maraice 'yan sanda na Baluba da Katangese sun yi karo da juna kusan kilomita 10 a kudancin garin.

Sojojin ONUC ba su taka rawar gani ba a cikin fada bayan 8 ga Afrilu. Katangese sun yi ƙoƙari da yawa don shiga Kabalo a cikin kwanaki masu zuwa, amma tsayayya mai tsanani daga 'yan bindiga na Baluba sun rushe su.[4] Yawancin ƙauyukan Baluba a gabashin garin an ruwaito su ne daga 'yan adawar CONAKAT.[7] A ranar 10 ga Afrilu ONUC ta tashi a cikin wani kamfani na Habasha da masu kiyaye zaman lafiya na Malay 400 don karfafa garuruwan.[4] Sun kuma tura 'yan kwangila zuwa Kamina Air Base.[5] A ranar 11 ga watan Afrilu wani jirgi mai saukar ungulu na 'yan sanda ya sauka kusa da garin kuma ya harbe masunta na yankin, inda ya ji rauni daya. Yakin tsakanin Baluba da 'yan sanda ya haifar da mutuwar biyar daga cikin wadanda suka gabata.[7] A wannan rana sojojin Katangese sun janye daga yankin don mayar da hankali ga ayyukansu a kudu.[4]

Bayan Faɗa

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Asarar Luba daga faɗan ba a san adadinta ba. Sojojin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya guda biyar sun mutu yayin da huɗu suka jikkata. Dakarun ONUC sun kama fararen fata 'yan haya guda 30, yayin da gendarmes na Katanga guda uku suka jikkata kuma ba a san adadin waɗanda suka mutu ba.[10] ONUC ta kula da waɗanda suka jikkata—biyu daga cikinsu na asalinsu Turawa ne—kafin ta tura su zuwa Albertville ta jirgin sama.[11] ONUC ta yi tambayoyi ga 'yan hayan da aka kama.[12] Browne ya shaida cewa ya shiga ne kawai domin aikin 'yan sanda amma jami'an Beljiyam da ke cikin gendarmes na Katanga sun yaudare shi.[13] Dukkansu sun amsa cewa sun halarci kame garin Manono, kuma bayanan da suka bayar sun bayyana yadda Katanga ke ɗaukar 'yan haya daga Kudancin Afirka;[12] wuraren ɗaukar ma'aikata suna cikin Rhodesia da Afirka ta Kudu.[14] Bayan tambayoyi, an mayar da 'yan hayan zuwa Léopoldville kafin a kore su daga Congo zuwa Brazzaville.[13] Kama 'yan hayan ya jawo ƙarin kulawar jama'a kuma ya tabbatar da cewa ƴan Birtaniya suna aiki a ƙarƙashin gwamnati Katanga. A sakamakon haka, gwamnatin Birtaniya ta bayyana cewa duk ɗan ƙasa na Birtaniya da ke cikin aikin soja a Congo ba tare da izini daga ONUC ba za a soke fasfo ɗinsa.[15]

Saboda matakin da sojojin ONUC suka ɗauka, garin Kabalo ya zama shi kaɗai babban gari a Arewacin Katanga da ba gendarmes na Katanga suka mamaye ba a ƙarshen hare-haren su.[16][17] Ko da yake ONUC ta ci gaba da riƙe garin, ba ta da ikon sintiri a kewaye domin hana rikice-rikice na gaba. Bayan shan kaye, gendarmes na Katanga suka fara kai farmaki akan ƙauyukan Luba. Sun fuskanci ƙaramin adadi na mayakan Baluba masu ƙaramin makami, kuma rikicin ya haifar da laifukan yaki da dama daga bangarorin biyu.[15] Puren ya danganta gazawar harin Kabalo da zargin sirrin shirin yaki ya kai ga ONUC da kuma shawarar Browne na mika wuya maimakon ya ci gaba da faɗa har zuwa isowar agaji.[18]

Tsayin daka da dakarun ONUC suka yi a Kabalo da kuma cafke 'yan hayan na nuna karo na farko da masu zaman lafiya suka yi amfani da ikon da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ba su a ƙarƙashin kudurinta na 21 ga Fabrairu. A martani ga tambayar majalisa, Lord Privy Seal na Birtaniya ya rubuta cewa matsayin gwamnatin Birtaniya shi ne cewa aikin ONUC a Kabalo yana da sahalewar kudurin Majalisar.[15]

Faɗan ya ƙara haifar da rashin jituwa tsakanin MDD da gwamnatin Katanga.[15] Tshombe ya rubuta wasiƙar korafi zuwa ga Hammarskjöld, yana zargin sojojin Habasha da kaucewa ga manufar ONUC. Ya ce gendarmes na Katanga sun harba ne kawai saboda sojojin ONUC suna sanye da kayan khaki. Ya ƙare da cewa, "Idan dakarun MDD a Katanga ba su daina tayar da fitina a ƙasa da ke son zaman lafiya ba, to gwamnatin Katanga za ta tilasta yin wasu matakai, inda sakamakon hakan zai ɗora alhakin kai tsaye akan wasu daga cikin 'yan MDD da ke bi da manufofin kansu a tsohuwar Congo ta Beljiyam."[19] Tshombe ya kuma ƙara matsin lamba ga dakarun ONUC a Katanga ta hanyar ƙarfafa zanga-zangar jama'a a kansu da kuma hana kamfanonin yankin yi wa ma'aikatan ONUC hidima.[19] Gazawar MDD wajen tilasta wa Katanga ta kori 'yan haya cikin ruwan sanyi daga cikinta ne ya sa ONUC ta ƙaddamar da Operation Rum Punch a watan Agusta.[20]

== Manazarta {{

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Kennes & Larmer 2016.
  2. ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 Hoskyns 1965.
  3. ↑ Mockaitis 1999.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 Lefever & Joshua 1966.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 Othen 2015.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 O'Brien 1962.
  7. ↑ 7.00 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 7.07 7.08 7.09 7.10 Higgins 1980.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 S/4790 1961.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Puren & Pottinger 1986.
  10. ↑ Lefever & Joshua 1966, p. P-16.
  11. ↑ Higgins 1980, p. 418.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Hoskyns 1965, p. 392.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Othen 2015, Chapter 12: Sold Up The River.
  14. ↑ Mockaitis 1999, p. 26.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 Hoskyns 1965, p. 393.
  16. ↑ Kennes & Larmer 2016, p. 49.
  17. ↑ O'Brien 1962, p. 150.
  18. ↑ Puren & Pottinger 1986, p. 30.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Mockaitis 1999, p. 25.
  20. ↑ Hoskyns 1965, p. 402.

Majiya

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