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Yaƙin Kongo na farko

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Infotaula d'esdevenimentYaƙin Kongo na farko

Iri yaƙi
Bangare na Congo Civil War (en) Fassara
Kwanan watan 24 Oktoba 1996 –  16 Mayu 1997
Wuri Zaire (en) Fassara
Participant (en) Fassara

Yaƙin Kongo na farko, wanda aka fi sani da Yaƙin Duniya na farko na Afirka, ya kasance rikici na farar hula da na kasa da kasa wanda ya kasance daga 24 ga Oktoba 1996 zuwa 16 ga Mayu 1997, da farko ya faru a Zaire (wanda aka sake masa suna Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo a lokacin rikici). Yaƙin ya haifar da hambarar da shugaban Za'ir Mobutu Sese Seko, wanda aka maye gurbinsa da shugaban 'yan tawaye Laurent-Désiré Kabila . Wannan rikici, wanda ya shafi kasashe makwabta da yawa, ya shirya mataki don Yaƙin Kongo na Biyu (1998-2003) saboda tashin hankali tsakanin Kabila da tsoffin abokansa.

A shekara ta 1996, Zaire tana cikin yanayin rushewar siyasa da tattalin arziki, wanda ya kara tsanantawa ta hanyar rikice-rikicen cikin gida da kuma tasirin Kisan kare dangi na Rwanda na 1994, wanda ya haifar da kwararar 'yan gudun hijira da kungiyoyin masu tayar da kayar baya a cikin kasar. Gwamnatin Za'a a karkashin Mobutu, wanda ya raunana ta hanyar shekaru na mulkin kama karya da cin hanci da rashawa, bai iya ci gaba da iko ba, kuma sojojin sun lalace sosai.Samfuri:SfnpSamfuri:SfnpSamfuri:SfnpSamfuri:Sfnp Tare da Mobutu ya yi rashin lafiya kuma bai iya gudanar da gwamnatinsa ba, aminci ga mulkinsa ya ragu. Ƙarshen Yaƙin Cold ya kara rage goyon bayan Mobutu na duniya, ya bar mulkinsa a siyasa da kuma kudi.Samfuri:SfnpSamfuri:Sfnp

Yaƙin ya fara ne lokacin da Rwanda ta mamaye gabashin Zaire a cikin 1996 don yin niyya ga kungiyoyin 'yan tawaye da suka nemi mafaka a can. Wannan mamayewar ta fadada yayin da Uganda, Burundi, Angola, da Eritrea suka shiga, yayin da aka kafa hadin gwiwar 'yan tawayen Kongo masu adawa da Mobutu.Samfuri:Sfnp Duk da kokarin tsayayya, mulkin Mobutu da sauri ya rushe, tare da yaduwar tashin hankali da kisan kabilanci da ke faruwa a duk lokacin rikici.Samfuri:SfnpSamfuri:Sfnp Daruruwan dubban mutane sun mutu yayin da sojojin gwamnati, da sojojin Sudan ke tallafawa, suka shawo kansu.

Bayan korar Mobutu, gwamnatin Kabila ta sake sunan kasar Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo. Koyaya, mulkinsa ya kasance mai ɗorewa, yayin da yake neman nisanta kansa daga tsoffin magoya bayansa na Rwanda da Uganda. A mayar da martani, Kabila ta kori sojojin kasashen waje kuma ta kulla kawance da ikon yanki kamar Angola, Zimbabwe, da Namibia.Samfuri:Sfnp Wadannan ayyukan sun haifar da mamayewa ta biyu daga Rwanda da Uganda, wanda ya haifar da Yaƙin Kongo na Biyu a shekarar 1998. Wasu masana tarihi da masu sharhi suna kallon Yaƙe-yaƙe na farko da na biyu na Kongo a matsayin wani ɓangare na rikici mai ci gaba tare da tasirin dindindin wanda ke ci gaba da shafar yankin a yau.[1][2]

Tarihi

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Rashin Zaire

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Mobutu Sese Seko, mai mulkin kama-karya na Zaire na dogon lokaci

Wani dan kabilar Ngbandi, Mobutu ya zo mulki a shekarar 1965 kuma ya sami goyon baya daga Gwamnatin Amurka saboda matsayinsa mai adawa da kwaminisanci yayin da yake ofis. Koyaya, mulkin kama karya na Mobutu da manufofi masu cin hanci da rashawa sun ba da damar jihar Zairian ta lalace, wanda aka tabbatar da raguwar kashi 65% a cikin GDP na Zairian tsakanin 'yancin kai a cikin 1960 da ƙarshen mulkin Mobutu a cikin 1997. Bayan karshen Yaƙin Cold a shekarar 1992, Amurka ta daina tallafawa Mobutu don goyon bayan abin da ta kira "sabuwar tsara ta shugabannin Afirka", ciki har da Paul Kagame na Rwanda da Yoweri Museveni na Uganda.[3]

Ruwa na Dimokuradiyya ya mamaye Afirka a cikin shekarun 1990. A karkashin matsin lamba na ciki da na waje don sauya tsarin dimokuradiyya a Zaire, Mobutu ya yi alkawarin sake fasalin. Ya kawo karshen tsarin jam'iyya daya da ya kiyaye tun 1967, amma a ƙarshe ya nuna rashin son aiwatar da sauye-sauye mai zurfi, yana ware abokan tarayya a gida da waje. A zahiri, jihar Zaariya ta daina wanzuwa. Yawancin jama'ar Za'a sun dogara da tattalin arziki na al'ada don rayuwarsu, tunda tattalin arzikin hukuma ba abin dogaro ba ne. Bugu da ƙari, an tilasta sojojin ƙasar Zaire, Forces Armées Zaïroises (FAZ), su yi cinye jama'a don tsira; Mobutu da kansa ya taɓa tambayar sojojin FAZ dalilin da ya sa suke buƙatar biyan kuɗi lokacin da suke da makamai.

Mulkin Mobutu ya gamu da tsayayya ta ciki, kuma saboda rashin ƙarfi na tsakiya, kungiyoyin 'yan tawaye za su iya samun mafaka a lardunan gabashin Zaire, nesa da babban birnin, Kinshasa. Kungiyoyin adawa sun hada da masu hagu waɗanda suka goyi bayan Patrice Lumumba (1925-1961), da kuma kabilanci da ƙananan yankuna da ke adawa da mamayar Kinshasa. Laurent-Désiré Kabila, ɗan kabilar Luba daga lardin Katanga wanda daga ƙarshe zai hambarar da Mobutu, ya yi yaƙi da mulkin Mobutu tun lokacin da aka kafa shi.[4]Rashin iyawar gwamnatin Mobutuist don sarrafa ƙungiyoyin 'yan tawaye a lardunan gabashin ta ƙarshe ya ba da damar abokan gaba na ciki da na waje su haɗa kai.

Tashin hankali tsakanin kabilu

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An dade ana samun tashin hankali tsakanin kabilu daban-daban a gabashin Zaire, musamman tsakanin kabilun noma na Congo da kuma Banyarwanda a yankin gabashin Congo na Kivu. Lokacin da aka zana iyakokin mulkin mallaka a ƙarshen ƙarni na goma sha tara, da dama daga cikin Banyarwanda sun tsinci kansu a ɓangaren Congolese na iyakar Rwanda, a lardin Kivu.[5] Wasu daga cikin waɗannan 'yan hijira sun iso kafin zamanin mulkin mallaka a shekarun 1880, wasu kuma sun biyo bayan ƙauran da masu mulkin mallaka na Belgian suka tilasta musu zuwa Congo domin yin aikin hannu (bayan 1908), da kuma wani gagarumin ƙauran da ya faru sakamakon juyin juya halin jama'a na shekarar 1959 wanda ya bai wa Hutu mulki a Kigali.[6]

Tutsi da suka ƙaura zuwa Zaire kafin samun 'yancin kai na Congo a 1960 ana kiran su da Banyamulenge, ma’ana "daga Mulenge", kuma suna da haƙƙin zama 'yan ƙasa a ƙarƙashin dokar Zaire.[7] Tutsi da suka ƙaura bayan samun 'yancin kai ana kiransu Banyarwanda, duk da cewa mutanen yankin ba su bambanta su sosai ba, suna kiran su duka Banyamulenge kuma suna ɗaukarsu a matsayin baƙi.[6]

Bayan Mobutu ya karɓi mulki a 1965, ya ba wa Banyamulenge iko a siyasar gabashi da nufin su, a matsayin ƙaramar ƙabila, za su iya riƙe madafan iko tare da hana ƙabilu masu yawan gaske kafa adawa.[8] Wannan matakin ya ƙara ɓarkewa da rikicin kabilanci ta hanyar ƙarfafa ikon Banyamulenge a kan filayen da mutane 'yan asalin North Kivu suka ce nasu ne.[8] Daga 1963 zuwa 1966, kabilun Hunde da Nande na North Kivu sun yi yaki da 'yan hijira daga Rwanda[9] — duka Tutsi da Hutu – a Yakin Kanyarwanda, wanda ya haɗa da kashe-kashen jama'a da dama.[10][11]

Duk da kasancewar 'yan asalin Rwanda a cikin gwamnatin Mobutu, a 1981, Zaire ta amince da wata sabuwar doka mai tsauri kan 'yan ƙasa wadda ta hana Banyamulenge da Banyarwanda zama 'yan ƙasa kuma ta hana su haƙƙoƙin siyasa.[12] Ko da yake ba a aiwatar da dokar ba, hakan ya tayar da hankalin waɗanda ke da asalin Rwanda kuma ya haifar da ƙaruwar ƙiyayyar kabilanci.[8] Daga 1993 zuwa 1996, matasan Hunde, Nande, da Nyanga sun ci gaba da kai hare-hare kan Banyamulenge, wanda ya janyo mutuwar mutane kimanin 14,000.[13] A 1995, Majalisar Dokokin Zaire ta umarci a mayar da duk masu asalin Rwanda ko Burundi zuwa kasashensu na asali, ciki har da Banyamulenge.[14] Saboda ƙuncin siyasa da rikice-rikicen kabilanci, tun daga 1991 ne Banyamulenge suka fara haɗin gwiwa da Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), wata ƙungiyar Tutsi 'yan tawaye da ke zaune a Uganda da burin ƙwace iko a Rwanda.[15]

Kisan kiyashi na Ruwanda

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Sansanin 'yan gudun hijira na Ruwanda a Zaire, 1994

Abinda ya fi haddasa yakin shi ne kisan kiyashi da ya faru a makwabciyar ƙasar Ruwanda a shekarar 1994, wanda ya haddasa tserewar dimbin 'yan gudun hijira da aka fi sani da rikicin 'yan gudun hijirar Tafkin Manyan Ruwa. A lokacin wannan kisan kiyashi da ya dauki kwanaki 100, dubban mutane 'yan kabilar Tutsi da magoya bayansu an kashe su a hannun 'yan kabilar Hutu masu rinjaye. Kisan kiyashin ya ƙare ne lokacin da gwamnatin Hutu da ke Kigali ta rushe sakamakon mamayar dakarun Tutsi na Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF).

Daga cikin wadanda suka tsere daga Ruwanda a lokacin rikicin, kusan miliyan 1.5 ne suka yada zango a gabashin Zaire. Wadanda suka gudu sun hada da 'yan Tutsi da suka tsere daga hannun masu kisan kiyashi na Hutu ('yan génocidaires) da kuma kimanin miliyan ɗaya na 'yan Hutu da suka gudu daga ramuwar gayya daga dakarun RPF na Tutsi. Mafi yawa daga cikin waɗanda suka gudu daga baya sun haɗa da 'yan génocidaires da suka haɗa da wasu daga sojojin da suka taba yin aiki a rundunar sojojin Ruwanda (FAR), da kuma kungiyoyin masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na Hutu masu zaman kansu da aka fi sani da Interahamwe. Sau da yawa, wadannan dakarun Hutu sun hade da mayakan gida na Mai Mai, wadanda suka ba su dama su sami makamai da damar hakar ma'adanai. Duk da cewa a baya kungiyoyi ne na kare kai, daga bisani suka zama masu kai hari.

'Yan Hutu sun kafa sansanoni a gabashin Zaire, inda suka yiwa 'yan Tutsi da suka shigo daga Ruwanda hari, da kuma kabilun Banyamulenge da Banyarwanda. Wadannan hare-haren sun haddasa mutuwar kusan mutum dari a kowane wata a farkon rabin shekarar 1996. Haka kuma, sabbin mayakan da suka iso sun yi niyyar dawowa da mulki a Ruwanda, kuma sun fara kai hari kan sabon gwamnati a Kigali, wanda hakan ya zama barazana ga tsaron wannan sabuwar kasa. Baya ga cewa gwamnatin Mobutu ta kasa dakile ayyukan 'yan génocidaires saboda dalilan da aka ambata a baya, har ma ta basu taimako ta hanyar horaswa da samar da kayayyakin aiki don mamaye Ruwanda, wanda hakan ya tilasta gwamnatin Kigali ta dauki mataki.

Tawayen Banyamulenge

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Saboda ƙara ta'azzarar rikicin kabilanci da rashin ikon gwamnati a baya, Ruwanda ta ɗauki mataki kan barazanar tsaro da 'yan génocidaires da suka samu mafaka a gabashin Zaire ke haifarwa. Gwamnatin da ke Kigali ta fara kafa ƙungiyoyin sa-kai na Tutsi domin gudanar da ayyuka a Zaire watakila tun daga shekarar 1995, kuma ta yanke shawarar yin aiki bayan musayar wuta tsakanin Tutsi 'yan Ruwanda da Zairian Green Berets wanda ya haifar da barkewar Tawayen Banyamulenge a ranar 31 ga Agusta 1996.

Duk da cewa akwai rikice-rikice gaba ɗaya a gabashin Zaire, watakila tawayen ba ta samo asali daga matakin jama'a kai tsaye ba; shugaban kasar Uganda, Yoweri Museveni, wanda ya mara baya kuma yana aiki tare da Ruwanda a Yakin Congo na Farko, daga bisani ya bayyana cewa tawayen ya samo tushe ne daga Tutsi na Zaire da rundunar Rwandan Patriotic Army (RPA) ta ɗauka aiki. Manufar farko ta Tawayen Banyamulenge ita ce kama iko a yankunan Kivu na gabashin Zaire da kuma yaƙi da ƙungiyoyin tsagerun Hutu da ke ƙoƙarin ci gaba da kisan kiyashi a sabon muhalli. Duk da haka, tawayen bai dade yana karkashin rinjayar Tutsi kaɗai ba. Mugun mulkin Mobutu ya haifar da abokan gaba a kusan dukkan sassan al'ummar Zaire. Saboda haka, sabon tawayen ya sami goyon bayan jama'a sosai kuma ya rikide zuwa juyin juya hali gaba ɗaya maimakon tayin Banyamulenge kaɗai.

Wadanda suka fito daga cikin Banyamulenge da kuma mayaka da ba Tutsi ba sun haɗu su kafa kungiyar Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo (AFDL) karkashin jagorancin Laurent-Désiré Kabila, wanda ya dade yana adawa da gwamnatin Mobutu kuma ya jagoranci ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin tawaye guda uku da suka kafa AFDL. Duk da cewa AFDL wata kungiya ce ta 'yan tawayen Zaire a zahiri, Ruwanda ta taka rawa mai muhimmanci wajen kafuwarta. Masu lura da yakin, da kuma Ministan Tsaro na Ruwanda da mataimakin shugaban kasa a lokacin, Paul Kagame, sun bayyana cewa AFDL an kafa ta ne daga Kigali kuma ana sarrafata daga can, tare da haɗin dakarun da aka horar a Ruwanda da kuma sojojin Rwandan Patriotic Army (RPA) na dindindin.

Sa hannun kasashen waje

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Ruwanda

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Taswirar Zaire a c.1996

A cewar kwararrun masu lura da al'amura, da kuma Kagame da kansa, Ruwanda ta taka rawa mafi girma a matsayin mai ruwa da tsaki na kasashen waje, idan ma ba mafi girma ba gaba daya, a yakin Congo na Farko. Kigali ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kafa AFDL kuma ta aike da dakarunta don yin fada tare da 'yan tawayen. Duk da yake ayyukanta sun samo asali ne daga barazanar tsaro da 'yan 'génocidaires' masu tushe a Zaire ke haifarwa, Kigali tana bin manufofi da yawa a lokacin mamayar da ta yi wa Zaire. Manufar farko kuma mafi mahimmanci daga cikin waɗannan ita ce murkushe 'yan 'génocidaires' waɗanda ke kai hare-hare kan sabuwar jihar Ruwanda daga Zaire. Kagame ya yi iƙirarin cewa wakilan Ruwanda sun gano shirye-shiryen mamaye Ruwanda da goyon bayan Mobutu; a martanin haka, Kigali ta fara shiga tsakani da niyyar wargaza sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira inda 'yan 'génocidaires' suke samun mafaka akai-akai da kuma lalata tsarin waɗannan abubuwan adawa da Ruwanda.[16] Manufa ta biyu da Kagame ya ambata ita ce hambarar da Mobutu. Duk da yake wani bangare ne na rage barazanar a gabashin Zaire, sabuwar jihar Ruwanda kuma ta nemi kafa gwamnatin 'yar tsana a Kinshasa.[17] Wannan manufa ba ta da wata barazana ga sauran jihohin yankin saboda a fili ita ce hanya ta tabbatar da zaman lafiyar Ruwanda kuma saboda yawancinsu ma sun yi adawa da Mobutu. An kuma taimaka wa Kigali ta hanyar goyon bayan Amurka a boye, wadda ta goyi bayan Kagame a matsayin memba na sabon tsarin shugabannin Afirka.[17] Duk da haka, ainihin manufar Ruwanda ba ta da tabbas gaba daya. Wasu marubuta sun nuna cewa wargaza sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira hanya ce ta sake cika yawan al'ummar Ruwanda da karfin ma'aikata bayan kisan kiyashi; saboda lalata sansanonin ya biyo bayan tilasta komawar Tutsi ba tare da la'akari da ko 'yan Ruwanda ne ko 'yan Zaire ba.[18] Shiga tsakani kuma na iya kasancewa don ɗaukar fansa; sojojin Ruwanda, da kuma AFDL, sun yi kisan kiyashi ga 'yan gudun hijirar Hutu masu ja da baya a lokuta da dama da aka sani.[19] Wani abin da aka ambata akai-akai don ayyukan Ruwanda shine cewa RPF, wadda kwanan nan ta hau mulki a Kigali, ta fara ganin kanta a matsayin mai kare al'ummar Tutsi kuma saboda haka tana yin aiki ne don kare 'yan uwanta na Zaire.[20][8] Ruwanda mai yiwuwa kuma tana da burin mamaye sassan gabashin Zaire. Pasteur Bizimungu, shugaban Ruwanda daga 1994 zuwa 2000, ya gabatar wa jakadan Amurka a Ruwanda a lokacin, Robert Gribbin, ra'ayin "Greater Rwanda." Wannan ra'ayi ya nuna cewa tsohuwar jihar Ruwanda ta haɗa da sassan gabashin Zaire waɗanda yakamata su zama na Ruwanda.[21] Duk da haka, da alama Ruwanda ba ta taɓa yin wani gagarumin yunkuri na mamaye waɗannan yankuna ba. Tarihin rikici a Kongo galibi yana da alaƙa da cin zarafin albarkatun kasa ba bisa ka'ida ba amma, duk da cewa Ruwanda ta amfana ta fuskar kuɗi ta hanyar kwashe arzikin Zaire,[22] wannan ba a cika la'akari da shi a matsayin dalilin farko na Ruwanda na shiga tsakani a yakin Congo na Farko ba.[23]

Uganda

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A matsayin abokiyar kawance ta kusa da RPF, Uganda ma ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a yakin Congo na Farko. Muhimman mambobin RPF sun yi yaƙi tare da Yoweri Museveni a yakin Bush na Uganda wanda ya kawo shi mulki, kuma Museveni ya ba RPF damar yin amfani da Uganda a matsayin sansani a lokacin harin 1990 zuwa Ruwanda da yakin basasa na gaba. Ganin dangantakarsu ta tarihi, gwamnatocin Ruwanda da Uganda sun kasance abokan kawance kuma Museveni ya yi aiki tare da Kagame a duk tsawon yakin Congo na Farko. Sojojin Uganda sun kasance a Zaire a duk tsawon rikicin kuma mai yiwuwa Museveni ya taimaka wa Kagame wajen tsarawa da jagorantar AFDL.[24] Laftanar Kanal James Kabarebe na AFDL, alal misali, tsohon memba ne na Rundunar Tsaro ta Kasa ta Uganda, reshen soji na 'yan tawaye da suka kawo Museveni mulki, kuma rahotannin leken asiri na Faransa da Belgium sun nuna cewa Tutsi 15,000 da aka horar a Uganda sun yi yaƙi don AFDL.[25] Duk da haka, Uganda ba ta goyi bayan Ruwanda a dukkan bangarorin yakin ba. An ruwaito cewa Museveni ya fi son kada a hambarar da Mobutu, yana son kiyaye tawayen a Gabashin inda tsoffin 'génocidaires' ke aiki.[26]

Angola

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Angola ta ci gaba da zama a gefe har zuwa 1997, amma shigarta cikin rikicin ya kara karfin sojojin da ke adawa da Mobutu. Gwamnatin Angola ta zaɓi yin aiki ne musamman ta hanyar Katanga Gendarmeries, daga baya ake kira 'Tigres', kungiyoyin wakilai da aka kafa daga ragowar rukunin 'yan sanda da aka kori daga Kongo a cikin 1960s, suna yaƙi don komawa kasarsu.[27] Luanda kuma ta tura sojoji na yau da kullun. Angola ta zaɓi shiga yakin Congo na Farko saboda mambobin gwamnatin Mobutu suna da hannu kai tsaye wajen samar da makamai ga kungiyar 'yan tawayen Angola, UNITA.[28] Ba a fayyace yadda gwamnati ta amfana daga wannan dangantaka ba, ban da wadatar kai ga wasu jami'ai, amma tabbas yana yiwuwa Mobutu ya kasa sarrafa ayyukan wasu mambobin gwamnatinsa. Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin da ya sa a Kinshasa ba, Angola ta shiga yakin a bangaren 'yan tawaye kuma tana da niyyar hambarar da gwamnatin Mobutu, wadda ta ga a matsayin hanya daya tilo don magance barazanar da dangantakar Zaire-UNITA ke haifarwa.

UNITA

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Saboda alakar da ke tsakaninta da gwamnatin Mobutu, UNITA ma ta shiga yakin Congo na Farko. Tasirin da ta fi yi a yakin mai yiwuwa shi ne ta bai wa Angola dalilin shiga kawancen adawa da Mobutu. Duk da haka, sojojin UNITA sun yi yaƙi tare da sojojin FAZ aƙalla a lokuta da dama.[29] Daga cikin sauran misalai, Kagame ya yi iƙirarin cewa sojojinsa sun yi mummunan yaƙi da UNITA kusa da Kinshasa zuwa ƙarshen yakin.[30]

Wasu

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Sauran 'yan wasan waje da dama sun taka rawa ƙasa a yakin Congo na Farko. Burundi, wadda kwanan nan ta shiga ƙarƙashin mulkin shugaban da ke goyon bayan Tutsi, ta goyi bayan shigar Ruwanda da Uganda a Zaire amma ta ba da taimakon soji kaɗan.[31] Zambia, Zimbabwe, da kuma sojojin 'yan tawaye na Kudancin Sudan, SPLA, suma sun ba da taimakon soji mai ma'ana ga ƙungiyar 'yan tawaye.[32] Eritrea, abokiyar kawance ta Ruwanda ƙarƙashin Kagame, ta aike da dukkan bataliya na sojojinta don tallafawa mamayar Zaire.Samfuri:Sfnp Haka kuma, Tanzania, Afirka ta Kudu da Habasha sun ba da goyon baya ga ƙungiyar adawa da Mobutu.[33][34] Bayan daga UNITA, Mobutu kuma ya sami wasu taimako daga Sudan, wadda Mobutu ya daɗe yana tallafawa a kan SPLA, ko da yake adadin taimakon ba a fayyace shi ba kuma a ƙarshe ya kasa hana ci gaban sojojin adawa.[35] Zaire kuma ta yi amfani da sojojin haya na waje daga kasashe da yawa na Afirka da Turai, ciki har da sojojin Chadi.[36] Faransa kuma ta samar wa gwamnatin Mobutu da tallafin kuɗi da taimakon soji, wanda Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya ta sauƙaƙe, kuma ta yi kira a diplomasiyyance don shiga tsakani na ƙasa da ƙasa don dakatar da ci gaban AFDL, amma daga baya ta ja da baya saboda matsin lamba daga Amurka.[37][38] China da Isra'ila sun samar wa gwamnatin Mobutu da taimakon fasaha, yayin da Kuwait ma ta ba da rahoton cewa ta samar da dala miliyan 64 ga Zaire don sayen makamai, amma daga baya ta musanta yin hakan.[39] A shekarar 1997 Rundunar Sojin Amurka a Turai ta sa ido kan Rundunar Sojin Amurka ta Kudancin Turai (SETAF) da kuma wasu sassan Rundunonin Jiragen Ruwa guda biyu don gudanar da Operation Guardian Retrieval, don kwashe kimanin 'yan kasar Amurka 550 daga kasar.[40][41][42][43] SETAF ta shirya Rundunar Hadin Gwiwa ta Guardian Retrieval don gudanar da kwashewa marasa fada (NEO). Rundunar Marine Corps ta goyi bayan kwashewar tare da 26th Marine Expeditionary Unit (MEU), mai iya gudanar da ayyuka na musamman, wanda aka fara aike shi zuwa Albaniya, don tallafawa Operation Silver Wake. 26th MEU an maye gurbinsa makonni biyu da wuri ta USS Kearsarge (LHD-3) da 22nd Marine Expeditionary Unit.[Ana bukatan hujja]

Gudanar da Yaƙin

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1996

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tare da goyon bayan kai tsaye daga Rwanda, Uganda,[44] da Eritrea,Samfuri:Sfnp AFDL na Kabila ta kwace yanki mai fadin 800 x 100 kmSamfuri:Fix-span a kan iyaka da Rwanda, Uganda da Burundi zuwa 25 ga Disamba 1996.[44] Wannan mamayar ta faranta ran ‘yan tawayen na ɗan lokaci, saboda ta ba su iko a gabas da kuma damar kare kansu daga tsofaffin génocidaires. Haka nan, waɗanda suka taimaka daga waje sun gurgunta ikon waɗanda ake zargi da laifin kisan kare dangi don su daina amfani da Zaire a matsayin tushe. Bayan an samu wannan yankin, aka sami ɗan tsaiko har zuwa watan Fabrairu 1997 lokacin da Angola ta shiga yaƙin.[45]

A wannan lokaci, Rwanda ta lalata sansanonin ‘yan gudun hijira da génocidaires ke amfani da su, kuma ta tilasta wa Tutsi dawowa gida. Ta kuma kwace ma'adinan duwatsu masu daraja kamar diamond da coltan, wanda daga baya ta ƙi sakin su.[8][23] Rundunonin Rwanda da abokan kawancenta sun aikata laifuka da dama, musamman akan ‘yan gudun hijirar Hutu.[19] Gaskiyar adadin wadanda aka zalunta ba a san shi ba saboda AFDL da RPF sun hana ‘yan jarida da kungiyoyin agaji zuwa wuraren da ake zargin an aikata laifuka.[46] Amma kungiyar Amnesty International ta bayyana cewa kimanin ‘yan gudun hijira Hutu daga Rwanda 200,000 ne suka mutu sakamakon harin da sojojin Rwanda da kawayenta suka kai.[47] Samfuri:Verify source Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta kuma tabbatar da kisan kiyashi da dakarun Rwanda, Uganda da AFDL suka aikata a rahoton DRC Mapping Exercise.

1997

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Sojojin Kabila sun fara wani farmaki a watan Maris 1997, inda suka buƙaci gwamnatin Kinshasa ta mika wuya. ‘Yan tawayen sun karbe Kasenga a ranar 27 ga Maris. Gwamnati ta ƙi amincewa da wannan nasara, lamarin da ya sa Ministan Tsaro ya ci gaba da bayar da bayanan ƙarya dangane da halin da ake ciki. An ba da shawarar fara tattaunawa a ƙarshen watan Maris, kuma a ranar 2 ga Afrilu an naɗa sabon Firayim Minista na Zaire, Étienne Tshisekedi — wanda ya dade yana adawa da Mobutu.[48] Kabila, wanda ya riga ya mallaki kusan kashi daya cikin hudu na kasar, ya ƙi amincewa da sabon gwamnati kuma ya gargaɗi Tshisekedi cewa ba zai yi aiki da shi ba.

Akwai dalilai biyu da ake ganin sun sa aka ci gaba da farmakin tawayen a 1997. Na farko, kuma mafi yuwuwa, shi ne cewa Angola ta shiga cikin ƙungiyar da ke adawa da Mobutu, ta kawo ƙarfi mai yawa fiye da FAZ kuma ta buƙaci Mobutu ya sauka daga mulki. Kagame ya kuma kawo wani dalili, inda ya ce amfani da mayakan haya na Serbia a yaƙin Walikale ya nuna cewa "Mobutu yana shirin yaƙi da Rwanda da gaske."[49] Bisa wannan hujja, Rwanda a farko tana kokarin kare kanta daga barazanar gabashin Zaire, amma daga baya sai ta ga dole ne ta kawar da gwamnatin Kinshasa.

Bayan da aka ci gaba da farmaki, babu wata turjiya mai ma’ana daga sojojin Mobutu. Sojojin Kabila suna fuskantar ƙalubale ne daga lalacewar hanyoyin mota na Zaire. A wasu yankuna babu hanyoyi, sai tituna marasa amfani.[50] AFDL ta aikata mummunan kisan kiyashi a sansanin ‘yan gudun hijira na Hutu da ke Tingi-Tingi kusa da Kisangani.[51]

Daga gabas, AFDL ta ci gaba da mamaye yankunan yamma ta hanyoyi biyu. A arewa sun karbe Kisangani, Boende, da Mbandaka, yayin da kudu ta karbe Bakwanga da Kikwit.[51] A lokacin nan, Sudan ta ƙoƙarta ta haɗu da ragowar dakarun FAZ da White Legion da ke ja da baya don tserewa AFDL. Wannan na da nufin hana Zaire zama mafaka ga SPLA da kawayenta da ke yaƙi da gwamnatin Sudan a Yaƙin Basasa na Biyu. Amma dakarun Mobutu sun rushe da sauri, ba su iya hana mamayar AFDL, SPLA da sojojin Uganda ba. Rundunonin ‘yan tawaye daga Uganda da Sudan ke marawa baya sun tsere zuwa Sudan tare da FAZ da kuma sojojin SAF. Sun yi ƙoƙarin isa sansanin SAF da ke Yei, ba tare da sanin cewa SPLA ta riga ta karɓe wurin ba. Rundunarsu da ke da kimanin mutane 4,000 da iyalai an kai musu farmaki a lokacin Operation Thunderbolt a ranar 12 ga Maris, inda aka kashe 2,000, aka kama fiye da 1,000. Ragowarsu sun tsere zuwa Juba.Samfuri:Sfnp

A daidai wannan lokaci, AFDL ta isa Kinshasa a tsakiyar watan Mayu. Wata tawaga ta AFDL ta karɓe Lubumbashi a ranar 19 ga Afrilu sannan ta tashi da jirgi zuwa Kinshasa. Mobutu ya tsere daga birnin a ranar 16 ga Mayu, ‘yan tawayen suka shiga ba tare da wata ƙwakkwarar turjiya ba.[51] Rundunar Eritrea da ke goyon bayan AFDL ta taimaka a duk tafiyar kilomita 1,500 duk da ƙarancin kayan aiki da goyon bayan abinci. Lokacin da suka isa Kinshasa sun gaji, sun kamu da cuta kuma suna cikin yunwa, kuma sai da aka kwashe su daga ƙasar bayan ƙarshen yaƙin.Samfuri:Sfnp

Yayin ci gaban ‘yan tawayen, ƙoƙarin ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa wajen shiga tsakani ya gaza. AFDL ta shiga tattaunawa don ta kauce wa suka, amma tana ci gaba da mamaye ƙasar.[52] Rundunar FAZ, tun da farko tana da rauni, ta kasa jure wa ƙarfin AFDL da kawayenta.

Mobutu ya tsere zuwa fadar sa a Gbadolite sannan ya koma Rabat, Morocco, inda ya rasu a ranar 7 ga Satumba 1997.[53] Kabila ya ayyana kansa a matsayin shugaban ƙasa a ranar 17 ga Mayu, sannan ya fara da ɗaukar matakan murkushe adawa domin dawo da doka da oda. Daga bisani, ya canza sunan ƙasar zuwa Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kongo.

Bayan haka

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Sabuwar jihar Kongo ƙarƙashin mulkin Kabila ta zama mai kama da ta Zaire a lokacin Mobutu. Tattalin arziƙi ya ci gaba da tabarbarewa, kuma ya kara lalacewa ƙarƙashin mulkin cin hanci da rashawa na Kabila.[54] Ya kasa gyara gwamnati, wadda ta ci gaba da zama rauni kuma mai cike da cin hanci. Maimakon haka, Kabila ya fara wani yunƙuri na maida iko gaba ɗaya zuwa tsakiyar gwamnati, wanda ya haifar da sabbin rikice-rikice da ƙananan ƙabilu daga gabas waɗanda ke neman 'yancin kai.

Kabila ya fara kallo a matsayin wata kayan aiki na ƙasashen waje da suka kai shi mulki. Don kawar da wannan ra'ayi da kuma ƙarfafa goyon bayan cikin gida, ya fara juyawa kan abokan aikinsa na waje. Wannan ya kai ga korar duka rundunonin ƙetare daga DRC a ranar 26 ga Yuli 1998. Ƙasashen da ke da sojoji a DRC sun amince ba da son ransu ba, ko da yake wasu daga cikinsu sun ɗauki wannan a matsayin barazana ga sha'aninsu, musamman Rwanda, wadda ta fatan kafa gwamnatin wakiliya a Kinshasa.

Wasu daga cikin abubuwan da suka haddasa Yaƙin Farko na Kongo sun ci gaba da kasancewa bayan zuwan Kabila kan mulki. Ɗaya daga cikin su shine rikicin ƙabila a gabashin DRC, inda gwamnati ke da ƙarancin iko. A can, kiyayyar tarihi ta ci gaba da kasancewa, kuma ra'ayin cewa Banyamulenge da kuma dukan 'yan Tutsi ba 'yan ƙasar ba ne ya ƙara ƙarfi saboda mamayar ƙasashen waje da sunan kare su.[55] Haka kuma, Rwanda ba ta iya magance matsalolin tsaronta yadda ya kamata ba. Ta hanyar mayar da 'yan gudun hijira da ƙarfi, Rwanda ta shigo da rikicin cikin gida.[56]

Wannan ya bayyana ta hanyar tashe-tashen hankula da aka fi danganta da 'yan Hutu a yammacin Rwanda, waɗanda wasu masu tsattsauran ra'ayi daga gabashin DRC ke goyon baya. Ba tare da sojoji a DRC ba, Rwanda ba ta samu damar dakile waɗannan mayaƙan ba. A farkon kwanakin watan Agusta 1998, runduna biyu na sabon sojin Kongo suka yi tawaye ga gwamnati, suka kafa ƙungiyoyin mayaƙa masu kusanci da Kigali da Kampala. Wannan ne ya fara Yakin Kongo na Biyu.

Haka kuma, wasu dakarun Mobutu da magoya bayansa tare da sauran ƙungiyoyi da suka halarci Yaƙin Farko na Kongo sun tsere zuwa Jamhuriyar Congo (Congo-Brazzaville), inda suka shiga yaƙin basasa na 1997–1999.[57][58]

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ Reyntjens 2009.
  2. ↑ "DISARMAMENT: SADC Moves into Unknown Territory". 19 August 1998. Archived from the original on 18 June 2020. Retrieved 23 November 2020.
  3. ↑ Kennes 2005.
  4. ↑ Gribbin 2005.
  5. ↑ Vlassenroot 2006, p. 53.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Lemarchand 2009, p. 32.
  7. ↑ Vlassenroot 2002.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 Autesserre, Séverine (2008), "The Trouble With Congo: How Local Disputes Fuel Regional Conflict.", Foreign Affairs, 87 (3)
  9. ↑ Bronwen Manby (2013). Struggles for Citizenship in Africa: African Arguments. Zed Books Ltd. ISBN 978-1-84813-786-8. Archived from the original on 7 May 2018 – via Google Books.(ba a bayyana lambar shafi ba)
  10. ↑ Lemarchand 2009, p. 13.
  11. ↑ "Conflict and environmental insecurity in the North Kivu province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo – ACCORD". accord.org.za. Archived from the original on 29 January 2018. Retrieved 7 May 2018.
  12. ↑ Lemarchand 2009, pp. 15–16.
  13. ↑ Lemarchand 2009, pp. 13–14.
  14. ↑ Lemarchand 2009, p. 16.
  15. ↑ Vlassenroot 2002, p. 508.
  16. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named ReferenceA
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Kennes 2005, p. 147.
  18. ↑ Gribbin 2005, pp. 107; 201.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Gribbin 2005, pp. 213–214.
  20. ↑ Longman, Timothy. "The Complex Reasons for Rwanda's Engagement in Congo." Ed. John F. Clark. The African Stakes of the Congo War. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002. 129-44. p. 131
  21. ↑ Gribbin 2005, pp. 175–176.
  22. ↑ Reyntjens 2009, pp. 147–148.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Samset, Ingrid. 'Conflict of Interests or Interests in Conflict? Diamonds & War in the DRC.' Review of African Political Economy. 2002. 463–480. pp. 470–471
  24. ↑ Reyntjens 2009, p. 48.
  25. ↑ Reyntjens 2009, pp. 54; 58.
  26. ↑ Reyntjens 2009, p. 59.
  27. ↑ Gribbin 2005, p. 218.
  28. ↑ Reyntjens 2009, p. 62.
  29. ↑ Reyntjens 2009, p. 63.
  30. ↑ Pomfret, John. "Rwandans Led Revolt in Congo; Defense Minister Says Arms, Troops Supplied for Anti-Mobutu Drive." Washington Post. 9 July 1997: A1
  31. ↑ Reyntjens 2009, pp. 42; 61.
  32. ↑ Reyntjens 2009, pp. 65–66.
  33. ↑ Makikagile, Godfrey (2006). Nyerere and Africa. New Africa Press. p. 173.
  34. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named icg
  35. ↑ Reyntjens 2009, p. 44.
  36. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named chad
  37. ↑ "Strategic Review for Southern Africa". University of Pretoria. 20-21. 1998. As the conflict developed, France provided financial support to Mobutu and pushed hard for foreign intervention. However, under US pressure, France eventually terminated its call for intervention.
  38. ↑ Carayannis, Tatiana (2015). Making Sense of the Central African Republic. Zed Books. In the waning days of Mobutu's rule, while Kabila's Rwandan- and Ugandan-backed putsch was rapidly making its way across Congo, France sought to prop up Mobutu's dying regime through covert military aid to the ailing dictator ... This covert aid was facilitated by Patassé
  39. ↑ Reyntjens 2009, pp. 112.
  40. ↑ "26th Marine Expeditionary Unit deployment history". United States Marine Corps. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
  41. ↑ "III. Operational Primacy: 1997 in Review". United States Navy. Archived from the original on 22 March 2018. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
  42. ↑ Walter J. Boyne (26 June 2007). Beyond the Wild Blue: A History of the U.S. Air Force, 1947-2007. St. Martin's Press. p. 512. ISBN 978-1-4299-0180-2.
  43. ↑ United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Armed Services (1 January 1998). Department of Defense Authorization for Appropriations for Fiscal Year 1997 and the Future Years Defense Program: Military posture. U.S. Government Printing Office. ISBN 978-0-16-054389-0. Archived from the original on 1 March 2023. Retrieved 25 November 2022.
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 Reyntjens 2009, p. 55.
  45. ↑ Reyntjens 2009, pp. 61–63.
  46. ↑ Reyntjens 2009, p. 100.
  47. ↑ Democratic Republic of Congo. A long-standing crisis spinning out of control Archived 22 Nuwamba, 2018 at the Wayback Machine . Amnesty International, 3 September 1998. p. 9. AI Index: AFR 62/33/98
  48. ↑ Essays, UK (November 2018). "Study on the First And Second Congo War History Essay". Nottingham, UK: UKEssays.com. Archived from the original on 10 June 2020. Retrieved 29 October 2019.
  49. ↑ Gribbin 2005, p. 213.
  50. ↑ Dickovick, J. Tyler (2008). The World Today Series: Africa 2012. Lanham, Maryland: Stryker-Post Publications. p. 175. ISBN 978-1-61048-881-5.
  51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 51.2 David van Reybrouck (25 March 2014). Congo: The Epic History of a People. HarperCollins, 2012. p. 423ff. ISBN 978-0-06-220011-2.
  52. ↑ Reyntjens 2009, p. 130.
  53. ↑ Howard W. French (8 September 1997). "Mobutu Sese Seko, Zairian Ruler, Is Dead in Exile in Morocco at 66". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 31 December 2016. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
  54. ↑ Kennes 2005, p. 154.
  55. ↑ Longman, Timothy. "The Complex Reasons for Rwanda's Engagement in Congo." Ed. John F. Clark. The African Stakes of the Congo War. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002. 129-44. pp. 131–32
  56. ↑ Vlassenroot 2002, p. 173.
  57. ↑ Political Handbook of Africa. CQ Press. 2006. p. 259. Lissouba's own fighters also were reported to include former Mobutu forces
  58. ↑ Cook, Alethia (2017). Conflict Dynamics. University of Georgia Press. p. 61. Angola came to his aid with 2,500 troops in August 1997. Sassou also received help from Chad, Gabon, France, and Elf-Congo ... as well as South African and Serbian mercenaries, the former Rwandan government forces, Rwandan Interahamwe militia and elements of Mobutu's Zairian army

Bibiyar tarihi

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Kara karatu

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