Yaƙin Larabawa na Kongo

Yaƙin Larabawa na Kongo

Iri	proxy war (en)
Kwanan watan	ga Afirilu, 1892
Wuri	Congo Free State
Ƙasa	Jamhuriyar dimokuradiyya Kwango
Participant (en)	Congo Free State Sefu bin Hamid (mul) Tippu Tip

Yaƙin Larabawa na Kongo wani yaƙin mulkin mallaka ne tsakanin ƴan tawayen Kongo da kuma sarakunan yaƙi na Larabawa-Swahili waɗanda ke da alaƙa da cinikin bayi a Tekun Indiya a yankunan gabashin Kongo Basin tsakanin 1892 zuwa 1894.

Yakin dai ya samo asali ne daga 'yan ta'adda da kuma Larabawa masu fafutukar ganin sun mallaki albarkatun yankin. Yaƙin ya ƙare a cikin Janairu 1894 tare da nasara na Leopold's Force Publique . Da farko, 'Yanci sun hada kai da Larabawa. Duk da haka, gasar ta ci gaba da kula da hauren giwa da kuma batun alkawurran jin kai da Leopold II, Sarki-Sarkin 'Yancin Kwango ya bayar ga taron Berlin na kawo karshen bauta. Matsayin Leopold II ya juya gaba da abokan kawancensa. Yaƙin da aka yi da Swahili-Arabawa ikon tattalin arziki da siyasa an gabatar da shi a matsayin yaƙin yaƙi da bautar Kirista .

Gabatarwa

A cikin 1886, yayin da Tippu Tip ke Zanzibar, rikici ya taso tsakanin Tippu Tip's fort a Stanley Falls (Booma Falls na yau) da kuma wani ƙarami, kusa da Kongo Free State Fort karkashin jagorancin Walter Deane da Lieutenant Dubois. Maza na Tip a Stanley Falls Fort sun yi zargin cewa Deane ya sace wata mata bayi daga hannun wani jami’in Balarabe, amma Deane ya ce yarinyar ta gudu ne bayan da ubangidanta ya yi mata mugun duka, kuma ya ba ta mafaka ne kawai.

Hoton wani yaro da aka bauta a Zanzibar c. 1890

Ma’aikatan Tippu Tip sun kai farmaki kan katangar da jami’an biyu, Hausawa 80 na Hausawan Najeriya da kuma ‘yan bindiga sittin ke karewa - kuma bayan sun shafe kwanaki hudu sun yi kawanya, ‘yan bayan sun kare da harsashi, suka gudu suka bar sansanin. Jihar 'Yanci ba ta kai hari ba, kuma Tippu Tip ta fara matsar da wasu mazaje zuwa Kongo, ciki har da wasu kyaftin na bautar Larabawa da wasu shugabannin Kongo, misali Ngongo Lutete .

Hanyoyin bautar Larabawa na Gabashin Afirka c. 1890

Da farko dai hukumomin Congo Free State sun yi rauni sosai a yankunan gabashin Kongo. A farkon 1887, Henry Morton Stanley ya isa Zanzibar kuma ya ba da shawarar cewa Tippu Tip ( nom de guerre — ainihin sunansa Hamad bin Muhammad bin Juma bin Rajab el Murjebi) ya zama gwamna ( wali ) na Gundumar Stanley Falls a Jamhuriyar Kwango Free . Dukansu Leopold II da Barghash bin Said sun yarda. Ranar 24 ga Fabrairu, 1887, Tippu Tip ta karɓa.  Tippu Tip ya amince ya mika wuya ga gwamnatin Kongo Free State kuma ya ba da damar wani mazaunin Kongo Free State a gefensa don taimaka masa mulkin wannan yanki a cikin tsarin mulkin kai tsaye wanda aka tsara kamar yadda wasu turawan mulkin mallaka suka yi aiki a Afirka da Asiya . Iyakar yankin ita ce kogin Aruwimi da na Lualaba .

Bugu da ƙari, Tippu Tip shine ya tura kasuwancin hauren giwa ta hanyar Jamhuriyar Kongo, zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa na Tekun Atlantika kuma zai taimaka wa sojojin Sarki Leopold II a balaguronsu zuwa kogin Nilu, don taimakawa wajen fadada yankunansa. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan wannan yarjejeniya, ya bayyana a fili cewa Tippu Tip ba ya son karɓar ikon Jamhuriyar Kongo kuma ya ɗauki kansa fiye da wani jami'in gwamnati, wanda aka ba shi damar yin yadda ya ga dama, a cikin wasu iyakoki. Bugu da ƙari, Tippu Tip ba shi da cikakken iko a kan yankin gabashin Kongo, amma an ɗauke shi a matsayin primus inter pares . Sauran manyan dillalan bayi irinsu mai karfi na tafkin Tanganyika, Rumaliza, sun dauki yarjejeniyar da ya yi da kasar Kongo a matsayin cin amana. Rumaliza ta soke tutar kasar Kongo, ta kuma yi rantsuwa da jajayen tutar Sarkin Zanzibar .

Leopold II ya sha suka sosai a ra'ayin jama'a na Turai saboda mu'amalarsa da Tippu Tip. A Belgium, Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Bauriya ta Belgian, wadda aka kafa a 1888, galibi daga masu ilimin Roman Katolika karkashin jagorancin Count Hippolyte d'Ursel, da nufin kawar da cinikin bayi na Gabashin Afirka . sun yi tsayin daka kan tanade-tanaden Dokar Taron Brussels na 1890 wanda ya haramta cinikin manyan bindigogi da harsasai a sassan Afirka masu zafi. A watan Mayu ko Yuni 1890, Tippu Tip ya bar Maniema ya koma Zanzibar, ya bar ɗansa, Sefu bin Hamid, mai kula da mafi yawan yankunansa daga kujerar mulkin Kasongo, da ɗan'uwansa, Rashid bin Mohammad, mai kula da Stanley Falls.

Darasi na yakin

  A cikin Maris da Afrilu 1892, ɗan Tippu Tip Sefu bin Hamid ya fara kai hari ga ma'aikatan Jihar Kongo Free a gabashin Kongo, ciki har da ɗan kasuwa na hauren giwa Arthur Hodister - wanda Syndicat Commercial du Katanga ya aika don 'sami' hauren giwa - da Kyaftin Guillaume Van Kerckhoven, wanda ya kasance da karfi da kwace daga hannun 'yan kasuwa na Larabawa. Waɗannan balaguro sun haɗa kan ƴan kasuwa bayi da hauren giwa don yaƙar maƙiyansu guda ɗaya, Ƙasar 'Yancin Kwango. The Times ta ruwaito a cikin 1892 cewa, yayin da ake ci gaba da bincike a Kongo, an kama Hodister kuma aka kashe shi, kansa ya makale a kan sanda. Dangantaka ta kara tsami lokacin da Rashid ya ki taimakawa wajen binciken mutuwar Hodister. Ngongo Lutete kuma ya jagoranci ayyuka a gabas a wannan lokacin.

Rikicin farko

Francis Dhanis a Congo. Sojojinsa da suka fi karfinsu sun ci Rumaliza, c. 1900

The Force Publique, a karkashin Francis Dhanis, an aika zuwa Katanga don sake samar da wurin kasuwanci na Lofoi, ya kafa sababbin wuraren da ke kan hanyarsa. A yayin wannan aikin, Rundunar Sojoji ta ketare hanya tare da sojojin Ngongo Lutete. Tippu Tip ta kama Lutete tun yana yaro; Bayan ya samu ’yanci sai ya zama shugaban Batetela da Bakusu. Sojojin Lutete sun nufi yamma zuwa Kasaï, inda suke karbar makamai daga Angola a wani yunƙuri na ƙarfafa matsayinsu a yankin Lomani .

Bayan fadace-fadace da dama a cikin watan Afrilu-Mayu 1892 tare da ingantattun kayan aikin Sojin Free State na Dhanis da Michaux, Lutete ya yanke shawarar kulla yarjejeniya da Jihar Free Kongo. A ranar 19 ga Satumba, ya sauya sheka kuma ya shiga kungiyar Force Publique - sauran shugabannin 'yan asalin kasar kamar Pania Mutomba a gabansa da Lupungu, shugaban Songe a Kabinda jim kadan bayan haka, suma sun shiga kungiyar ta Force Publique.

Yakin Maniema

A watan Oktoba na 1892, Sefu yana jagorantar rundunar mutane 10,000 (wasu jami'an Zanzibari 500, sauran 'yan Kongo). Rundunar 'Force Publique' karkashin jagorancin Francis Dhanis, ta ƙunshi 'yan jami'an Belgium goma sha biyu da wasu dubunnan mataimaka na Afirka. Budaddiyar yakin ya barke a karshen watan Nuwamban 1892, lokacin da Sefu ya kafa katanga a kan kogin Lomami, inda Publique Force ta kai masa hari kuma daga karshe aka tilasta masa ja da baya. Dhanis ya yi amfani da wannan yaƙin a matsayin hujja don gaba da Larabawa da ƙarfi. Ya ƙyale sojojinsa su yi tafiya tare da dukan matansu, bayi, da bayinsu, waɗanda suke yin dukan dafa abinci da tsaftacewa na sojojin kuma suna aiki a matsayin jirgin ƙasa. Bugu da kari, bai bar mutanensa su cutar da wadanda ba ‘yan bindiga ba, wanda hakan ya sa jama’ar yankin su amince masa.

Rumaliza campaign

Ya zuwa wannan lokaci, 'yan tawayen Kongo sun sami karfin soji a yankin, kuma sun kasa jurewa masu karfi "Larabawa", da nufin kawar da su. Dakarun 'Yancin Kwango karkashin Francis Dhanis sun kaddamar da wani sabon kamfe a kan 'yan kasuwar bayi a shekara ta 1892, kuma Rumaliza na daya daga cikin manyan hare-haren.

A shekara ta 1892, Bawan Swahili kuma ɗan kasuwan hauren giwa Rumaliza ya mamaye Tanganyika daga tushe a Ujiji akan tsohuwar hanyar bawa wanda ya tashi daga Stanley Falls har zuwa Kogin Lualaba zuwa Nyangwe, gabas zuwa tafkin Tanganyika sannan ta Tabora zuwa Bagamoyo daura da Zanzibar. Adadin mayakan Swahili a wannan babban yanki ya kai kusan 100,000, amma kowane sarki ya yi aiki ba tare da babban jami'in ba. Ko da yake sun ƙware a yaƙi, ba su da makamai da ƙananan bindigogi. ‘Yan kasar Beljiyam na da dakaru 600 kacal da aka raba tsakanin sansanonin Basoko da Lusambo, amma sun fi karfin makamai kuma suna da bindigogi guda shida da kuma bindigu.

A cikin shekarun baya (1886-1891), Ƙungiyar Mishan ta Afirka ta kafa mishan na Katolika a arewa da kudancin iyakar tafkin Tanganyika . An aika Léopold Louis Joubert, sojan Faransa kuma mataimaki mai makami, Archbishop Charles Lavigerie ’s Society of Missionaries of Africa ne ya aika don ya kāre masu mishan. Mishan sun bar uku daga cikin sabbin tashoshi saboda harin Tippu Tip's da Rumaliza. A shekara ta 1891, bayin sun mallaki dukkan gabar tekun ta yamma, baya ga yankin da Joubert ya kare a kusa da Mpala da St Louis de Mrumbi . Balaguwar bayi a karkashin kyaftin Alpphonse Jacques -Kashe a cikin 'yan jam'iyyar Belgium na Belgium -came don sauƙin Juubert a ranar 30 ga Oktoba 1891. Lokacin da balaguron Jacques ya iso, sansanin Joubert ya kai kimanin mutane 200, ba su da makamai da "mafi yawan nau'ikan Chassepots, Remingtons da masu ɗaukar kaya, ba tare da kwalaye masu dacewa ba." Shima da kyar ya samu magani. Kyaftin Jacques ya nemi Joubert ya ci gaba da kasancewa a kan tsaro yayin da tafiyarsa ta koma arewa.

A ranar 3 ga Janairun 1892, balaguron yaƙi da bautar Kyaftin Alphonse Jacques ya kafa sansanin soja na Albertville a gabar Tekun Tanganyika, kuma ya yi ƙoƙarin kawo ƙarshen cinikin bayi a yankin. Sojojin Rumaliza sun kewaye Albertville a ranar 5 ga Afrilu kuma suka kewaye sansanin na tsawon watanni 9. Daga ƙarshe, sojojin Rumaliza sun ja da baya saboda isowar balaguron yaƙi da bautar <i id="mwAQ0">Long-Duvivier-Demol</i>, wani rukunin agaji da aka aika daga Brussels a mataimakiyar kyaftin Alphonse Jacques.

Kama Nyagwe da Kasongo

A ranar 28 ga watan Janairun 1893, dakarun 'Yancin Kwango sun isa gabar yammacin kogin Lualaba daura da birnin Nyangwe, babbar tashar kasuwancin bayi da hauren giwa a yankin. Sojojin ba su yi yunkurin tsallakawa ba, maimakon haka suka kafa sansani a gefen kogin, ko da yake a cikin makwannin da suka biyo baya sun yi ta harbin bindiga a birnin. A ranar 4 ga Maris, Sojojin Jihar Free sun ketare kogin ta hanyar amfani da kwale-kwalen kwale-kwale 100 da masunta na Genia ya tuka. Mamaki da tsallakawa, sai Larabawan da ke kare kare da abokansu da ke cikin birnin suka gudu, suka ba shi damar fadowa ba tare da turjiya ba. Dakarun Jiha 'Yanci sun kafa katanga a wani wuri mai tsayi a cikin birnin. A ranar 13 ga Maris, mazauna Nyangwe sun yi tawaye. Dakarun Free State sun samu nasarar fatattakar ‘yan tada kayar bayan, kuma saboda fargabar tashin hankali, sun kona mafi yawan birnin. Yawancin sojojin Jihohin 'Yanci sun bar ranar 17 ga Afrilu. Kyaftin din Sojojin Free State Army Sidney Langford Hinde ya rubuta cewa a lokacin da sojojin za su tashi, an rage birnin daga wani kyakkyawan ginin da ke da mazauna kusan dubu talatin zuwa wani katon gida mai kagara da sansanin sojoji a kewaye.

Tare da tsare Nyangwe, Sojojin Jiha na 'Yanci sun mayar da hankali kan kama Kasongo . Babban birnin Tippu Tip a Maniema, birnin yana da nisan mil 35 kudu da Nyangwe kuma yana karbar bakuncin mazauna 20,000 akai-akai, amma yawan jama'a ya ninka sau uku saboda kwararar 'yan gudun hijira daga Nyangwe da kuma sojoji karkashin jagorancin Said bin Abed da Muhammad bin Amici. Ba tare da tunanin cewa za a yi wa Kasongo barazana ba, hafsoshin Sefu sun yi gaggawar tsara matakan tsaro. Dhanis ya haura kogin zuwa Kasongo a ranar 22 ga Afrilun 1893, yayin da ya aika da Laftanar Doorme da masu gadin sa don su kewaya birnin. An kama tsakanin sojojin Free State, da Larabawa masu karewa da kuma fararen hula da bayi, suka bar garin ya fada hannun maharan cikin sa'o'i biyu. The Force Publique ya sami babban kantin sayar da kayayyaki a Kasongo, gami da hauren giwa, alburusai, abinci da kayan alatu kamar sukari, kyandir, zinari, da kayan teburi . Sefu da sauran shugabannin Larabawa sun tsere. Tsawon watanni shida masu zuwa, Dhanis ya kasance ba ya aiki, inda ya kafa hanyoyin samar da kayayyaki tare da abokantaka da kabilun yankin, yayin da mayakan Swahili suka buge sojojin Rumaliza wadanda suka tsere daga hannun Dhanis a baya.

Yaƙi don Stanley Falls

Fayil:Bruxelles steamer.JPG

The steamer Ville-de-Bruxelles a kan Kogin Kongo, 1890

A shekara ta 1893, Louis-Napoléon Chaltin shi ne shugaban tashar Force Publique da ke Basoko —wani sansanin da ke Basoko ’Yancin Kwango ne suka kafa sansanin don yin taka-tsantsan, a yayin da aka yi jayayya da Larabawa bayi da masu cinikin hauren giwa a Stanley Falls. Kyaftin Chaltin da Richard Mohun - wakilin kasuwanci na Amurka kuma kwamandan batirin manyan bindigogin da ke da alaƙa da wannan balaguron—an umurce su a watan Mayun 1893 su shiga sojojin Kyaftin Dhanis kusa da Kasongo. Chaltin ya haura kogin Lomami zuwa Bena-Kamba tare da tuhume-tuhumen kogi guda biyu, sannan ya bi ta kan kasa zuwa Riba Riba, kusa da Kindu a yau . A nan ne ƙwanƙwasa ta tashi a cikin ayarinsa, aka tilasta wa Chaltin komawa Basoko. Chaltin ya isa Stanley Falls a ranar 18 ga Mayu, inda Kyaftin Tobback da Lieutenant Van Lint suka shafe kwanaki biyar suna adawa da harin dakarun Rashid ben Mohammed, dan uwan Tippu Tip. A lokacin da sojojin suka sauka daga Basoko a Stanley Falls, Larabawan da suka kai harin sun kaurace, suka bar garin. Bayan sun sake cin galaba a kansu a Kirundu, an kori Larabawa 'yan kasuwa daga yankin. Chaltin ya ci gaba da tabbatar da tsaron yankin Dungu a arewa maso gabashin Kongo Free State, kuma ya kasance kwamandan gundumar Haut-Uélé daga 1893.

A ranar 25 ga Yuni 1893, Kwamandan Pierre Ponthier ya isa Stanley Falls daga Turai. Nan da nan ya tattara dukan sojojin da zai iya, ya tafi da Kyaftin Hubert Lothaire da wasu mutane daga Bangala tare da shi, ya bi rundunonin Larabawa, waɗanda suka gudu daga Stanley Falls zuwa kogin. Bayan wani kazamin fada da fadace-fadace da dama, sai ya share kogin da makwabtansa, har zuwa Nyangwe. A lokacin da aka gwabza kazamin fada na makonni biyu, harin da kwamandan Ponthier ya kai a sansanin Rumaliza ya ci tura, kuma an kashe Ponthier a wani mataki.

Rumaliza ta tsaya

An kai hari a sansanin Rumaliza, 1893

Jamus Gabashin Afirka, 1894. Albertville, Marungu (da Mpala) suna yamma da yankin kudu na tafkin Tanganyika .

Bayan faduwar Nyangwe da Kasongo, Rumaliza, shugaban Larabawa na Ujiji, ya kawo sojoji da yawa daga yankin tafkin Tanganyika zuwa Kabamare don kwato yankunan Larabawa da suka bata. Daga nan ne dakarunsa suka tunkari kogin Lualaba inda suka kafa sansanoni a kudancin Kasongo domin yin barazana ga ikon 'yantar da birnin. Sojojin Rumaliza sun yi arangama da ginshikin Dhanis a ranar 15 ga Oktoban 1893, wanda ya yi sanadin mutuwar shugabannin Turai biyu da sojojinsu 50. A ranar 19 ga Oktoba, 1893, Rumaliza ta kai hari a wani wurin tattakin wata rana daga Kasongo . Dhanis ya tattara sojojinsa ya ci Rumaliza.

Babban yakin karshe na yakin ya faru ne a ranar 20 ga Oktoba 1893, a kan kogin Luama, yammacin tafkin Tanganyika . Takaitaccen dabara ne, amma an kashe Sefu, kuma saura juriya ta wargaje ba da daɗewa ba. A ranar 24 ga Disamba 1893, Dhanis ya sami ƙarfafawa kuma yana shirye ya sake ci gaba. Ita ma Rumaliza ta samu taimako. Dhanis ya aika shafi guda a karkashin Gillain don hana Rumaliza ja da baya, wani kuma karkashin De Wouters ya ci gaba a kan katangar Rumaliza kusa da Bena Kalunga. Wasu sabbin dakarun da ke zuwa taimakon Rumaliza daga Jamus ta Gabas ta Afirka sun nufa, kuma dakarun Dhanis sun mamaye bomas na Rumaliza (Swahili fort). A ranar 9 ga watan Janairun 1894, dakarun Belgium sun isa karkashin Kyaftin Hubert Lothaire, kuma a wannan rana wani harsashi ya tarwatsa kantin sayar da harsasai na Rumaliza ya kona katangar da ke dauke da ita. An kashe akasarin mutanen da ke cikin motar yayin da suke yunkurin tserewa. A cikin kwanaki uku, sauran garu, da aka yanke daga ruwa da sauran kayayyaki, suka mika wuya. An kama fursunoni sama da dubu biyu. Wani ginshiƙi da ke ƙarƙashin Lothaire ya bi shi zuwa arewacin tafkin Tanganyika, yana lalata kagararsa a kan hanyar, kodayake Rumaliza da kansa ya yi nasarar tserewa. A tafkin, sun haɗu da balaguron yaƙi da bautar da Kyaftin Alphonse Jacques ya jagoranta Rumaliza ya fake a yankin Jamus na Gabashin Afirka ta Jamus . Yaƙin ya ƙare cikin nasara ga Ƙasar Kyauta ta Janairu 1894.

Bayan da tasiri

Jarumtakar sojan Belgian ta shafe (Balarabe) mai cinikin bayi, (gyara) rubutu akan abin tunawa ga Majagaba na Belgian a Kongo a Cinquantenaire Park, Brussels

Yakin ya yi sanadin mutuwar dubun-dubatar mutane a tsakanin mayaƙa da fararen hula, [ 1 ] kuma ya canza yanayin yanayin siyasa da tattalin arziki na Kongo. Kasuwar da ke kusa da Nyagwe ta daina wanzuwa, yayin da birnin Kasongo ya lalace. Da rashin wadannan kasuwanni da su kansu ‘yan kasuwan Larabawa, an mayar da yawancin kayayyakin da ake fitarwa zuwa kasashen waje daga kasashen gabashin Afirka zuwa kogin Stanley da Tekun Atlantika. Hukumomin mulkin mallaka sun rike yawancin tsarin mulkin Larabawa a gabashin Kongo har zuwa shekarun 1920. Shigar da ƙabilun Batetela da Bakusu suka yi a yaƙin ya nuna fifikon al'adun al'ummarsu ta hanyar sha'awar dukiya da mulki ta hanyar faɗaɗawa, haɗaka da musayar al'adu . Shigar da suka yi a cinikin bayi ya sa hukumomin Beljiyam su yi hattara da su, kuma sun yi watsi da su a lokacin mulkin mallaka.

Gabaɗaya yaƙin bai sami kulawar ilimi kaɗan ba. A cewar ɗan tarihi Bruce Vandervort, rikicin na ɗaya daga cikin yaƙe-yaƙe na mamaye daular Afirka.

Magana

Bibiyar Tarihi

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Ƙara karatu

• Bennett, Norman R. (1986). Arab versus European: diplomacy and war in nineteenth-century east central Africa. New York: Africana Pub. Co. ISBN 0-8419-0861-3.

Mahaɗu

• Papers Past, Sydney Morning Herald, 1897: An Unknown War