Yaƙin Mbwila
 | |
| Iri | faɗa |
|---|---|
| Bangare na |
Angolan Wars (en)  |
| Kwanan watan | 29 Oktoba 1665 |
| Wuri |
Mbwila (en) |
| Participant (en) | |
Yakin Mbwila (kuma Yakin Ambuila, Yakin Mbuila, ko Yakin Ulanga) ya faru ne a ranar 29 ga watan Oktoban 1665 inda sojojin Portugal suka fatattaki sojojin Masarautar Kongo suka kuma yanke kan sarki António I na Kongo, wanda kuma ake kira Nvita a Nkanga.[1]
Asalin yakin
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ko da yake Kongo da Portugal sun kasance abokan ciniki kuma sun shiga cikin musayar al'adu a ƙarni na sha shida, kafin kafa mulkin mallaka na Portugal a Angola a shekara ta 1575 ya matsa lamba ga wannan dangantaka. Da farko Kongo ta taimaka wa Portugal a Angola, inda ta aika da sojoji don ceto gwamnan Portugal Paulo Dias de Novais lokacin da yakinsa da masarautar Ndongo na Afirka da ke kusa ya ci tura a shekara ta 1579. Amma daga baya yayin da Portugal ta yi karfi sai ta fara matsawa sosai, kuma a cikin shekarar 1622 ta yanke ko da dangantakar abokantaka ta taka tsantsan na lokacin farko lokacin da manyan sojojin Portugal suka mamaye kudancin Kongo suka fatattaki sojojin gida a yakin Mbumbi. Pedro II, Sarkin Kongo a lokacin, ya mayar da martani ta hanyar jagorantar runduna a yakin Mbanda da ke murkushe mamayar. Daga nan sai ya rubuta wa Janar Estates na Netherland, yana ba da shawarar yin kawance da Dutch don fitar da Portuguese daga Angola gaba ɗaya. Wannan ƙawance dai ba ta kai ga cimma nasara ba sai a shekara ta 1641 lokacin da sojojin Holland suka kama Luanda suka haɗa da sojojin Kongo, wanda ya tilasta wa 'yan Portugal janyewa zuwa cikin gida. Duk da haka, ba su iya kammala Portuguese ba, kuma a sakamakon haka Portuguese ta tilasta wa Dutch fita a shekarar 1648. [2]
A cikin shekaru da suka biyo bayan janyewar Netherlands, gwamnonin Angola sun nemi ɗaukar fansa a kan Kongo da kuma tallafa wa cinikin bayi da wata manufa mai tsanani. Cikin wannan manufar har da hare-haren da aka kai a yankin ƙananan hukumomi masu cin gashin kai da ake kira Dembos da ya raba Angola da Kongo. Kongo da Angola duk sun yi iƙirarin ikon Dembos. Sarki António I, wani sarki mai tsaurin ra'ayi a kansa, yana tattaunawa da Spain don sabunta kawancen adawa da Portugal, sannan kuma ya aika jakadu zuwa yankunan Dembos don shawo kansu su shiga Kongo don adawa da Portuguese, yana yin alkawarin taimakon Spain. A shekara ta 1665, ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan ƙananan masarautu, Mbwila, ta yi gwagwarmayar maye gurbinsa kuma ƙungiyoyi daban-daban sun yi kira ga Kongo da Angola don taimako. Ɓangarorin biyu sun mayar da martani da sojoji.[3]
Yaƙi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tushen sojojin Fotigal, wanda Luís Lopes de Sequeira ya umarta, ya kasance 450 musketeers da manyan bindigogi masu haske guda biyu. Akwai sojoji daga ƙasar Brazil da Portugal ta yi wa mulkin mallaka, ciki har da wasu 'yan asalin Afirka da 'yan asalin Amurkawa, da kuma Imbagala da sauran sojojin Afirka da adadinsu ya kai 15,000. Sojojin Kongo sun haɗa da ɗimbin maharba manoma, wataƙila kusan 15,000, wasu mayaƙan sojoji 5,000 sanye da garkuwa da takuba, da kuma rundunonin musket na mutane 380, 29 daga cikinsu Portuguese ne wanda Pedro Dias de Cabral ya jagoranta.[3]
Dakarun biyun dai na gudanar da ayyukansu ne a wani tazara daga manyan sansanonin nasu. Sun yi tafiya na kwanaki don isa fagen fama, tare da kwarin kogin Ulanga da ke kudu da babban birnin Mbwila. Tsaunuka masu tsayi da kogin sun ayyana gefen gabas na fagen fama, da ƙananan tudu zuwa yamma. Dakarun Portugal sun ɗauki matsayi a tsakanin su biyun, inda aka jibge sojojinsu na Afirka a gefe, kuma mayakan muskete suka samar da wani nau'in lu'u-lu'u a tsakiya, wanda ke daure da makaminsu. An tsare sojojin Imbagala a ajiye.
Sojojin António sun ci gaba zuwa cikin tsarin Portuguese tare da masu gadi, sai kuma ƙungiyoyi uku na manyan sojojinsa da maharba a kan gefuna. Duke na Bengo ya umarci ajiyar. A cikin matakan farko na yaƙin, maharba Kongolese sun share yawancin maharban Afirka na sojojin Portugal daga fagen daga sannan suka kaddamar da hare-hare kan muskete na Portugal, tare da goyon bayan nasu maharba da maharba. Duk da faɗace-faɗacen da aka yi, Kongolese sun ƙasa karya tsarin Portuguese kuma an kashe António a ƙoƙari na ƙarshe. Yawancin dakarun Kongo sun karya bayan mutuwar sarkin. Waɗanda suka tsira sun sami damar janyewa ne kawai saboda ƙwararrun Duke na Bengo da masu ajiyar. [4]
Sama da 400 daga cikin manyan sojojin Kongo ne aka kashe a arangamar da maharba da dama. Tare da waɗannan asara akwai limamin sarki, limamin tseren Capuchin Francisco de São Salvador (Manuel Robrerdo a rayuwar duniya). An kama ƙaramin ɗan Sarki António ɗan shekara bakwai. Bayan yakin, an binne shugaban sarki ko Manikongo tare da biki da Portuguese a cikin ɗakin sujada na Uwargidanmu na Nazarat da ke kan Bay na Luanda, kuma an aika kambi da sandan Kongo zuwa Lisbon a matsayin kofuna.
Bayan haka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Portugal ta sami wani aiki na ɓarna daga D. Isabel, mai mulkin Mbwila, amma ba ta iya yin amfani da wani iko na gaske kan yankin da zarar dakarunsu sun janye. A cikin shekarar 1693 dole ne su dawo don ƙoƙarin sake mamaye yankin. Sakamakon farko da aka samu a Kongo shi ne rashin samun magaji na gaggawa ya jefa kasar cikin yakin basasa. Wannan yakin basasa, wanda ya shafe tsawon rabin ƙarni, ya haifar da mulkin Kongo da sauye-sauye na asali, wanda ya kai ga masana tarihi na Kongo, har ma a cikin shekarar 1700, game da yakin a matsayin wani muhimmin sauyi a tarihin ƙasarsu.
Bayan yaƙin, an kama mutane da yawa, ciki har da manyan mutane da na gidan sarauta. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan an bautar da su kuma sun ketare teku zuwa ƙasar Portugal ta Brazil da kuma watakila wasu wurare a cikin Amurka. Ba a san abin da ya faru da mafi yawansu ba. Amma a wani lokaci kafin 1670, 'ya'yan gimbiya Aqualtune (wanda ya jagoranci bataliyar a lokacin yakin), Ganga Zumba, ɗan'uwansa Ganga Zona, da 'yar'uwarsu Sabina sun bayyana a matsayin bayi a cikin engenho (rasar sukari) a cikin Kyaftin na Pernambuco a arewa maso gabashin Brazil. Sun jagoranci tawaye a engenho, sun tsere, kuma daga baya suka kafa mulkinsu na Quilombo dos Palmares, al'ummar Maroon da ke iko da yankuna masu yawa na arewa maso gabashin Brazil a lokacin yakin Dutch-Portuguese.
Sabina ta haifi ɗa Zumbi wanda bayan an kama shi, ya tashi a coci sannan ya tsere. Zumbi ya gaji kawunsa kuma ya zama sarkin Palmares kuma jagoran tawaye har zuwa lokacin da Bandeirantes suka kashe shi a shekara ta 1695, bayan haka aka lalata masarautun. Ɗansa Camuanga ya gaje shi a jagorancin tawayen, amma bayan wannan ba a san abin da ya faru da su ko kuma danginsu ba. Zumbi a yau ana ɗaukar gwarzon ƙasa a Brazil.
Duba kuma
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Tsarin soja na Afirka zuwa 1800
- Tsarin soja na Afirka bayan 1800
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Hastings, Adrian (1994). The Church in Africa, 1450–1950. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 103. ISBN 0-19-826399-6.
- ↑ Thornton, John K. (2016). "The Kingdom of Kongo and the Thirty Years' War". Journal of World History. 27 (2): 189–213. doi:10.1353/jwh.2016.0100.
- 1 2 Freeman-Grenville, G. S. P. (1975). Chronology of World History: A Calendar of Principal Events from 3000 BC to AD 1973. London: Collings. p. 1744. ISBN 0-901720-67-4.
- ↑ Thornton, John K. (1988). "The Art of War in Angola, 1575–1680". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 30 (2): 360–378. doi:10.1017/S0010417500015231.
Kara karantawa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Sousa Dias, Gastäo (1942). A Batalha de Ambuíla (in Harshen Potugis). Luanda: Museu de Angola.
- Thornton, John K. (1998). Warfare in Atlantic Africa. London: University College of London Press. ISBN 1-85728-393-7.