Yaƙin Paraguay
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| Suna a harshen gida | (es-419) guerra de la Triple Alianza (pt-br) Guerra do Paraguai (es-419) guerra contra la Triple Alianza |
|---|---|
| Iri | yaƙi |
| Bangare na | Platine Wars (en)  |
| Kwanan watan | 12 Oktoba 1864 |
| Wuri | Southern Cone (en) |
| Participant (en) | |
| Sanadi | causes for the Paraguayan War (en) |
| Adadin waɗanda suka rasu | 1,000,000 |
| Has part(s) (en) | |
| Mato Grosso Campaign (en) | |
| Campaign of the Hills (en) | |
| Caguijuru massacre (en) | |
| Pikysyry Campaign (en) | |
| Corrientes Campaign (en) | |
| Humaitá Campaign (en) | |
| Battle of Miranda (en) | |
Yaƙin Paraguay, wanda aka fi sani da Yaƙin Haɗin gwiwa na Triple Alliance, yaƙi ne na Kudancin Amurka wanda ya ɗauki tsawon shekaru daga 1864 zuwa 1870. An fafata tsakanin Paraguay da Triple Alliance na Argentina, Daular Brazil, da Uruguay . Yaƙin shine yaƙi mafi muni tsakanin jihohi a tarihin Latin Amurka . Paraguay ta sami asarar rayuka masu yawa, amma har ma da kimanin adadin ana jayayya a kai. An tilasta wa Paraguay ta miƙa yankin da ake takaddama a kai ga Argentina da Brazil. Yaƙin ya fara ne a ƙarshen 1864, sakamakon rikici tsakanin Paraguay da Brazil wanda Yaƙin Uruguay ya haifar. Argentina da Uruguay sun shiga yaƙin da Paraguay a 1865, sannan aka san shi da "Yaƙin Haɗin gwiwa na Triple Alliance".
Bayan da aka kayar da Paraguay a yaƙin gargajiya, ta yi wani yunƙurin ƙalubalantar 'yan daba, wata dabarar da ta haifar da ƙarin halaka sojojin Paraguay da fararen hula. Yawancin fararen hula sun mutu sakamakon yaƙi, yunwa, da cututtuka. Yaƙin 'yan daba ya ɗauki tsawon watanni 14 har sai da aka kashe shugaba Francisco Solano López a fafatawa da sojojin Brazil a Yaƙin Cerro Corá a ranar 1 ga Maris, 1870. Sojojin Argentina da Brazil sun mamaye Paraguay har zuwa 1876.
Bayani
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Rikice-rikicen yankuna
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tun bayan samun 'yancin kai daga Portugal da Spain a farkon karni na 19, Daular Brazil da ƙasashen Spain da Amurka na Kudancin Amurka sun fuskanci rikicin yanki . Kowace ƙasa a wannan yanki tana da rikicin iyaka da maƙwabta da yawa. Yawancinsu suna da'awar yankuna iri ɗaya, saboda tambayoyin da ba a warware ba waɗanda suka samo asali daga tsoffin biranensu . Yarjejeniyar Tordesillas, wacce Portugal da Spain suka sanya wa hannu a shekarar 1494, ta gaza yin tasiri a ƙarni masu zuwa, yayin da ƙasashen mulkin mallaka biyu suka faɗaɗa iyakokinsu a Kudancin Amurka da wasu wurare. Layukan iyaka da suka tsufa ba su wakilci ainihin mamayar filaye da Portugal da Spain suka yi ba. [1]
A farkon shekarun 1700, an ɗauki Yarjejeniyar Tordesillas a matsayin ba ta da amfani, kuma a bayyane yake ga ɓangarorin biyu cewa dole ne a zana sabuwar yarjejeniya bisa ga iyakoki masu yiwuwa. A shekara ta 1750, Yarjejeniyar Madrid ta raba yankunan Portugal da Spain na Kudancin Amurka ta layukan da suka yi daidai da iyakokin yanzu. [1] Portugal ko Spain ba su gamsu da sakamakon ba, kuma an sanya hannu kan sabbin yarjejeniyoyi a cikin shekaru masu zuwa waɗanda ko dai sun kafa sabbin layukan yanki ko kuma sun soke su. Yarjejeniyar ƙarshe da ƙasashen biyu suka sanya wa hannu, Yarjejeniyar Badajoz ta 1801, ta sake tabbatar da ingancin Yarjejeniyar San Ildefonso ta baya (1777), wadda ta samo asali daga Yarjejeniyar Madrid ta baya. [2]
Rikicin yankin ya ƙara muni lokacin da Mataimakin Gwamna na Río de la Plata ya ruguje a farkon shekarun 1810, wanda ya haifar da bunƙasar Argentina, Paraguay, Bolivia, da Uruguay. Masanin tarihi Pelham Horton Box ya rubuta: "Imperial Spain ta gada wa ƙasashen Spain-Amurkawa 'yantacciyar ƙasa, ba wai kawai takaddamar kan iyaka da Brazil ta Portugal ba, har ma da matsalolin da ba su dame ta ba, dangane da ainihin iyakokin mataimakanta, manyan jami'an gwamnati, masu sauraro da larduna." [2] Da zarar sun rabu, ƙasashen uku sun yi jayayya kan ƙasashen da galibi ba a san su ba ko kuma ba a san su ba. Ko dai ba su da yawan jama'a ko kuma ƙabilun 'yan asalin ƙasar ne suka zauna a cikinsu waɗanda ba su amsa ga wata jam'iyya ba. [2] [3] A yanayin Paraguay da Brazil, matsalar ita ce a fayyace ko kogunan Apa ko Branco ya kamata su wakilci ainihin iyakarsu, wata matsala da ta ci gaba da rikitar da Spain da Portugal a ƙarshen ƙarni na 18. Wasu ƙabilun 'yan asalin ƙasar sun mamaye yankin tsakanin kogunan biyu, kuma waɗannan ƙabilun za su kai hari kan matsugunan Brazil da Paraguay waɗanda suke nasu. [2] [3]
Yanayin siyasa kafin yaƙin
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Akwai ra'ayoyi da dama game da asalin yakin. Ra'ayin gargajiya ya jaddada cewa manufofin shugaban Paraguay Francisco Solano López sun yi amfani da Yaƙin Uruguay a matsayin hujja don samun iko da yankin Platine . Wannan ya haifar da martani daga shugabannin yankuna, Brazil da Argentina, waɗanda dukkansu suka yi tasiri a kan ƙananan jamhuriyoyin Uruguay da Paraguay. An kuma danganta yakin da sakamakon mulkin mallaka a Kudancin Amurka tare da rikice-rikicen kan iyaka tsakanin sabbin ƙasashe, gwagwarmayar iko tsakanin ƙasashe maƙwabta kan yankin Río de la Plata mai mahimmanci, tsoma baki na Brazil da Argentina a cikin siyasar cikin gida ta Uruguay (wanda ya riga ya haifar da Yaƙin Platine ), ƙoƙarin Solano López na taimaka wa abokansa a Uruguay (wanda Brazil ta kayar da shi), da kuma burinsa na faɗaɗa tattalin arziki.
An ƙirƙiro ƙarfin soja saboda manyan maƙwabtan Paraguay, Argentina da Brazil, suna da da'awar mallakar ƙasa a kanta kuma suna son mamaye ta a siyasance, kamar yadda duka biyun suka yi a Uruguay. Paraguay tana da rikice-rikicen iyaka da batutuwan haraji da suka shafi iyaka da Argentina da Brazil tsawon shekaru da yawa a lokacin mulkin tsohon mahaifin Solano Lopez, Carlos Antonio López .
Tashin hankalin yanki
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tun lokacin da Brazil da Argentina suka sami 'yancin kai, gwagwarmayar da suka yi don samun iko a yankin Río de la Plata ta yi tasiri sosai ga dangantakar diflomasiyya da siyasa tsakanin ƙasashen yankin. [3]
Brazil ita ce ƙasa ta farko da ta amince da 'yancin kai na Paraguay, a shekarar 1844. A wannan lokacin Argentina har yanzu tana ɗaukarta a matsayin lardin da ya balle. Yayin da Juan Manuel Rosas (1829–1852) ke mulkin Argentina, abokin gaba ɗaya na Brazil da Paraguay, Brazil ta ba da gudummawa wajen inganta katangar da haɓaka sojojin Paraguay, ta aika jami'ai da taimakon fasaha zuwa Asunción .
Ganin cewa babu wata hanya da ta haɗa lardin Mato Grosso na cikin gida zuwa Rio de Janeiro, jiragen ruwan Brazil sun buƙaci su yi tafiya ta yankin Paraguay, suna hawa Kogin Paraguay don isa Cuiabá . Duk da haka, Brazil ta sami matsala wajen samun izini daga gwamnati a Asunción don amfani da Kogin Paraguay cikin 'yanci don buƙatun jigilar kaya.
Gabatarwar Uruguay
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Tasirin masana'antar Yerba Mate
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tun lokacin mulkin mallaka, Yerba mate ta kasance babbar hanyar samun kuɗi ga Paraguay. Har zuwa lokacin yaƙin, ta samar da kuɗaɗen shiga masu yawa ga ƙasar. Yaƙin ya haifar da raguwar girbin Yerba mate a Paraguay, wanda aka ruwaito da kusan kashi 95% tsakanin 1865 da 1867. Sojoji daga kowane ɓangare sun yi amfani da Yerba mate don rage radadin yunwa da rage damuwa a yaƙi. [4]
Yawancin 156,415 square kilometres (60,392 sq mi) ƙasar Paraguay ta sha kashi a hannun Argentina kuma Brazil ta kasance mai arziki a cikin Yerba Mate, don haka a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, Brazil ta zama babbar mai samar da amfanin gona. [4] 'Yan kasuwa na ƙasashen waje sun shiga kasuwar Paraguay kuma suka karɓi iko da sauran masana'antar samar da kayayyaki da masana'antar Yerba Mate.
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ França, Arthur; Assumpção, Marla; Dorfman, Adriana (2016). "Fronteiras Sul-americanas: História, formas e processos contemporâneos". Anuário Unbral das Fronteiras Brasileiras (in Harshen Potugis). 2: 79–123. doi:10.21826/2525-913X-2015-2p97-123.
|hdl-access=requires|hdl=(help) - 1 2 3 Box 1967.
- 1 2 3 Whigham 2002.
- 1 2 Folch, Christine (2010). "Stimulating Consumption: Yerba Mate Myths, Markets, and Meanings from Conquest to Present". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 52 (1): 6–36. doi:10.1017/S0010417509990314. S2CID 145175412. Cite error: Invalid
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