Yaƙin Pyramids

Yaƙin Pyramids
	;
	30°05′N 31°12′E / 30.08°N 31.2°E
Iri	faɗa
Bangare na	Napoleonic Wars (en) , French invasion of Egypt and Syria (en) da French Revolutionary Wars (en)
Kwanan watan	21 ga Yuli, 1798
Wuri	Imbaba (en)
Ƙasa	Misra
Participant (en)	Daular Usmaniyya

Yaƙin Pyramids wanda kuma aka sani da Yaƙin Embabeh (bataille d'Embabech), ya kasance babban haɗin gwiwa da aka yi a ranar 21 ga watan Yuli 1798, lokacin da Faransa ta mamaye Masar. An yi yakin ne a kusa da ƙauyen Imbaba, hayin Kogin Nilu daga birnin Alkahira, amma Napoleon ya sa masa suna bayan Great Pyramid of Giza da ake gani kusan mil tara.

Bayan kama Alexandria da ketare hamada, sojojin Faransa, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Janar Napoleon Bonaparte, sun ci nasara mai mahimmanci a kan babbar rundunar sarakunan Mamluk na yankin, tare da shafe kusan dukkanin sojojin Ottoman da ke Masar. Yaƙin farko ne inda Bonaparte da kansa ya ƙirƙira kuma ya yi amfani da dabarar murabba'i mai fa'ida ga babban tasiri. Aiwatar da brigades na Faransa cikin waɗannan ɗimbin gyare-gyaren rectangular sun yi ta mayar da tuhume-tuhume na sojojin dawakai na Mamluks.

Nasarar ta hatimce nasarar da Faransa ta yi wa Masar yadda ya kamata yayin da Murad Bey ya ceci ragowar sojojinsa, ya tsere zuwa Masar ta sama. Waɗanda aka kashe a Faransa sun kai kusan 300, amma Ottoman da Mamluk waɗanda suka mutu ya ƙaru zuwa kusan 10,000. Napoleon ya shiga Alkahira bayan yaƙin kuma ya kirkiro sabuwar ƙaramar hukuma ƙarƙashin kulawar sa. Yaƙin ya kasance wani ɓangare na babbar hamayya ta duniya tsakanin Faransa da Burtaniya; Manufar Faransa ita ce kafa wani tushe daga inda za ta ci gaba da yaƙin da Birtaniya ta Indiya. Bayan da Horatio Nelson ya lalata sojojin Faransa a yakin Nilu, Bonaparte ya bi ta Levant har sai da sojojin Anglo-Turkiyya suka dakile ci gabansa a Acre.^[1]

Gabatarwa

Bayan sauƙarsa a Masar da Ottoman ke ƙarƙashin ikon Ottoman tare da kwace Alexandria a ranar 2 ga watan Yuli 1798, sojojin Faransa ƙarƙashin jagorancin Janar Bonaparte sun yi tattaki zuwa cikin hamada zuwa Alkahira. Sun yi karo da sojojin Mamluks mai mulki 9 miles (14 km) daga Pyramids da kuma 4 miles (6.4 km) daga Alkahira. ^{[lower-alpha 1]} Sojojin Mamluk sun kasance ne a ƙarƙashin jagorancin mamluk biyu na Jojiya, Murad Bey da Ibrahim Bey, kuma suna da rundunar sojojin dawaki masu ƙarfi da horarwa sosai a kwamandan su da kuma ƴan ta'addan fellahin da ke aiki a matsayin sojan ƙasa. ^[2] A ranar 13 ga watan Yuli bayan 'yan leken asirin Faransa sun gano sansanin Murad, Bonaparte ya ba da umarnin ci gaba zuwa ga sojojin abokan gaba, tare da shiga cikin yakin Chobrakit na takaice. Bayan da sojojin Faransa suka lalata tutarsu, sai Mamluk suka ja da baya. Faɗan dai ya ƙare ne da wata ƙaramar nasara ta Faransa. ^[2]

Yaƙi

A ranar 21 ga watan Yuli, bayan tafiya dare, Faransawa sun ci karo da sojojin Ottoman a kusa da ƙauyen Embabeh. Bayan an huta na sa'a ɗaya, aka umarci mutanen da su shirya yaƙi. ^[2] Bonaparte ya ba da umarnin ci gaba a kan sojojin Murad tare da kowane ruƙuni na runduna biyar na sojojinsa da aka tsara su zuwa rectangles mara kyau tare da dawakai da kaya a tsakiya da kuma cannon a kusurwoyi. Bonaparte ya hori sojojinsa da su tsaya tsayin daka kuma su rufe sahunsu yayin da suke fuskantar mahaya doki na Mameluke. Ƙungiyoyin Faransa sun ci gaba zuwa kudu a cikin echelon, tare da gefen dama yana jagorancin gefen hagu da kuma gefen hagu da kogin Nilu ya kiyaye shi. Daga dama zuwa hagu, Bonaparte ya buga sassan Louis Charles Antoine Desaix, Jean-Louis-Ébénézer Reynier, Charles-François-Joseph Dugua, Honoré Vial da Louis André Bon. Bugu da ƙari, Desaix ya aika da wani ƙaramar runduna domin su mamaye ƙauyen Biktil da ke kusa, zuwa yamma. Murad ya kafa gefensa na dama a kan kogin Nilu a ƙauyen Embabeh, wanda aka yi garkuwa da shi da sojoji da kuma wasu tsofaffin maharba, gefen hagunsa ya kafe a ƙauyen Biktil, inda aka ajiye sauran igwansa a wurin don kare shi daga ƙungiyoyin Faransawa. Dawakinsa na Mamluk ya baza su a tsakiya, tsakanin waɗannan ƙauyuka. Ɗayan rundunar Mamluk da Ibrahim Bey ya jagoranta, suka tsaya a hayin kogin Nilu suna kallon abin da ke faruwa, sun kasa tsallaka su shiga tsakani. Asalin shirin Murad Bey shi ne murkushe hare-haren da Faransawa suka kai wa gagarabadaunsa masu kagara, sannan kuma su kai hari a cibiyarsu da ta lalace.^[3]

Mamluks, kasancewar wani karfi wanda har yanzu ya kasance fiudal da na zamani a cikin dukkan halayensa masu amfani, gami da sojojinsa, sun yi hannun riga da sojojin Faransa na zamani. Mafi akasarin sojojin Masar Fellahin ne (baƙaƙe), babban jigon sa shine dokin Mamluk. Wani lamari a lokacin yaƙin da ya nuna rashin jituwa tsakanin sojojin ya faru ne lokacin da wani mahayin Mamluk sanye da manyan sulke, ya doshi cikin 'yan matakai kaɗan daga layin Faransa kuma ya buƙaci a yi musu duel. Faransawa sun mayar da martani da harbin bindiga. Napoleon ya umurci dandalin Desaix da ya yi gaba zuwa dama (zuwa tsakiyar Masar) da sauran filayensa na hagu (a wajen Embebeh), Murad Bey ya ga wata dama kuma ya umarci ɗan karensa Ayyub Bey da ya kai hari a dandalin Faransa, da misalin karfe 15:30, sojojin dawakan Mamluk suka yi wa Faransa hari ba tare da gargadi ba. Wuraren yanki na Desaix, Reynier da Dugua sun yi tsayin daka kuma sun kori mahaya dawakin da murza leda da kuma harbin bindiga. Rashin iya yin tasiri kan tsarin Faransa, wasu daga cikin Mamluk masu takaici sun tashi don kai hari ga rundunar Desaix. Wannan ma gazawa ce. A halin da ake ciki, kusa da kogin, sashin Bon ya tura ginshiƙan kai hari suka tuhumi Embabeh. Kutsawa cikin ƙauyen, Faransawa sun fatattaki sojojin. Sun makale a bakin kogin, da yawa daga cikin Mamluk da sojoji sun yi koƙarin ninkaya domin tsira, kuma ɗaruruwan sun nutse. Faransa ta ba da rahoton asarar rayuka 29 da raunata 260. Asarar Murad ta fi yawa, watakila kamar 10,000 ciki har da 3,000 na manyan mayaƙan Dokin Mamluk, da kuma Ayyub Bey na baya-bayan nan shi ma an kashe shi a yaƙin. ^[4] Shi ma Murad Bey shi kansa ya samu rauni a kunci tare da bugun saber. Murad ya tsere zuwa Upper Egypt tare da sojojin dawakai guda 3,000 da suka tsira, inda ya gudanar da yakin kafin Desaix ya ci shi a ƙarshen shekarar 1799.^[5]

Bayan haka

Da jin labarin rashin nasarar da sojojin dawakinsu na almara suka yi, sojojin Mamluk masu jiran gado a Alkahira sun tarwatse zuwa Siriy, Bonaparte ya shiga babban birnin Masar da aka mamaye a ranar 24 ga watan Yuli. ^[2] A ranar 11 ga watan Agusta sojojin Faransa sun kama Ibrahim Bey suna yi masa muguwar shan Kaye a Salalieh. ^[2]

Bayan yakin Pyramids, Napoleon ya kafa gwamnatin Faransa a Alkahira kuma ya murkushe tawayen da suka biyo baya da karfi. Duk da cewa Napoleon ya yi ƙoƙari ya zaɓi malaman Masar na gida, malamai irin su Al-Jabarti sun nuna kyama a kan ra'ayoyi da al'adun Faransa.^[6] Duk da kyakykyawan shela da suka yi ga 'yan ƙasar, wasu sojojin Faransa ma har sun musulunta don ɗaukar mata musulmi, malamai irin su Abdullah al-Sharqawi, wanda ya jagoranci gwamnatin Napoleon na Alkahira ko divan,^[7] daga baya ya siffanta Faransa da cewa: "'yan jari-hujja, falsafar 'yanci.^[8] Bafaranshe, masanin lissafi Joseph Fourier ya yi nadama cewa "addinin musulmi ko kadan ba zai ba da damar ci gaban hankali ba". ^[8]

Yakin Pyramids ya yi nuni da farkon ƙarshen ƙarni bakwai na mulkin Mamluk a Masar. Duk da wannan kyakkyawar mafari, nasarar da Admiral Horatio Nelson na Burtaniya ya samu a yaƙin kogin Nilu kwanaki goma bayan haka ya kawo ƙarshen burin Napoleon a Masar.^[9]

A cikin adabi da fasaha

An nuna yakin a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na tarihi a shekarar 2023 Napoleon, kodayake hoton yakin ya sha suka sosai saboda kuskuren tarihi, wanda ya haɗa da harbin sojojin Napoleon a kan pyramids.^[10]

Duba kuma

Aikin soja na Napoleon Bonaparte

Manazarta

↑ Addington, Larry (1994). The patterns of war since the 18th century. Indiana University Press. p. 25. ISBN 978-0253301321.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 Chandler 2009.
↑ Armoush, Muhammad (2018). Modern contemplations of the French campaign.
↑ Strathern 2008.
↑ Legat, Michel (2012). With Bonaparte in the East: 1798–1799, testimonies. Giovanangeli. p. 224. ISBN 978-2-7587-0082-1.
↑ De Bellaigue, Christopher (2017). "Chapter 1: Cairo". The Islamic Enlightenment: The Struggle Between Faith and Reason – 1798 to Modern Times. New York: Liveright Publishing Corporation. pp. 4–12. ISBN 978-0-87140-373-5.
↑ Cole, J. (2007). Napoleon's Egypt: Invading the Middle East. St. Martin's Publishing Group. p. 159. ISBN 978-0-230-60741-5.
↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 De Bellaigue, Christopher (2017). "Chapter 1: Cairo". The Islamic Enlightenment: The Struggle Between Faith and Reason – 1798 to Modern Times. New York: Liveright Publishing Corporation. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-87140-373-5.
↑ Russell, Q. (2021). Mediterranean Naval Battles That Changed the World. Pen & Sword Books. p. 27. ISBN 978-1-5267-1601-9.
↑ Kotb, Muhammed (3 December 2023). "Napoleon Did Not Shoot the Pyramids As Ridley Scott Might Have You Believe". Egyptian Streets. Retrieved 5 December 2023.

Sources

Chandler, D.G. (2009). The Campaigns of Napoleon. Scribner. ISBN 978-1-4391-3103-9.
"Battle of the Pyramids, July 21, 1798". metmuseum.org. 1800.
Niox, G.L. (1887). Géographie militaire (in Faransanci). Dumaine.
Roberts, A. (2015). Napoleon: A Life. Penguin Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-14-312785-7.
Strathern, P. (2008). Napoleon in Egypt: 'the Greatest Glory'. Vintage. ISBN 978-1-84413-917-0.

Kara karantawa

Cole, Juan, Napoleon ta Masar: mamaye Gabas ta Tsakiya Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. ISBN 1403964319
Herold, J. Christopher, Bonaparte a Masar – London, Hamish Hamilton, 1962.
Herold, J. Christopher, Zamanin Napoleon . New York, Amurka Heritage, 1963.
Moorehead, Alan, The Blue Nile New York, Harper & Row, 1962.

Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

Media related to Battle of the Pyramids at Wikimedia Commons

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[1] Addington, Larry (1994). The patterns of war since the 18th century. Indiana University Press. p. 25. ISBN 978-0253301321.

[FOOTNOTEChandler2009-3] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 Chandler 2009.

[4] Armoush, Muhammad (2018). Modern contemplations of the French campaign.

[FOOTNOTEStrathern2008-5] Strathern 2008.

[6] Legat, Michel (2012). With Bonaparte in the East: 1798–1799, testimonies. Giovanangeli. p. 224. ISBN 978-2-7587-0082-1.

[7] De Bellaigue, Christopher (2017). "Chapter 1: Cairo". The Islamic Enlightenment: The Struggle Between Faith and Reason – 1798 to Modern Times. New York: Liveright Publishing Corporation. pp. 4–12. ISBN 978-0-87140-373-5.

[Cole_2007_p._159-8] Cole, J. (2007). Napoleon's Egypt: Invading the Middle East. St. Martin's Publishing Group. p. 159. ISBN 978-0-230-60741-5.

[:0-9] 8.0 ^8.1 De Bellaigue, Christopher (2017). "Chapter 1: Cairo". The Islamic Enlightenment: The Struggle Between Faith and Reason – 1798 to Modern Times. New York: Liveright Publishing Corporation. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-87140-373-5.

[Russell_2021_p._27-10] Russell, Q. (2021). Mediterranean Naval Battles That Changed the World. Pen & Sword Books. p. 27. ISBN 978-1-5267-1601-9.

[11] Kotb, Muhammed (3 December 2023). "Napoleon Did Not Shoot the Pyramids As Ridley Scott Might Have You Believe". Egyptian Streets. Retrieved 5 December 2023.

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