Yaƙin basasan Najeriya

Jim kadan bayan tsawaita shingen da ta yi, gwamnatin Najeriya ta kaddamar da " matakin 'yan sanda " don kwato yankin da 'yan awaren suka yi. Yaƙin ya fara ne a farkon 6 ga watan Yuli shekara ta alif daritara da sittin da bakwai 1967 lokacin da sojojin Tarayyar Najeriya suka shiga cikin ginshiƙai biyu zuwa yankin Biafra. Dabarai na Biafra ta yi nasara: gwamnatin tarayya ta fara yakin, kuma Gabas ta kare kanta. Dakarun Sojojin Najeriya sun kai farmakin a Arewacin yankin Biafra karkashin jagorancin Kanar Mohammed Shuwa kuma an kafa rundunonin soji na yankin a matsayin runduna ta daya ta runduna ta daya . Yawancin jami'an arewa ne ke jagorantar wannan yanki. Bayan fuskantar turjiya mai tsanani da hasarar rayuka ba zato ba tsammani, ginshiƙi na yammacin Najeriya ya ci gaba a kan garin Nsukka, wanda ya faɗo a ranar 14 ga Yuli, yayin da mutanen ginshiƙin Gabas suka nufi Garkem, wanda aka kama a ranar 12 ga watan Yuli. ^{[ abubuwan da ake bukata ]}

Yaki

Jim kadan bayan tsawaita shingen da ta yi, gwamnatin Najeriya ta kaddamar da " matakin 'yan sanda " don kwato yankin da 'yan awaren suka yi. Yaƙin ya fara ne a farkon 6 ga watan Yuli shekara ta alif daritara da sittin da bakwai 1967 lokacin da sojojin Tarayyar Najeriya suka shiga cikin ginshiƙai biyu zuwa yankin Biafra. Dabarai na Biafra ta yi nasara: gwamnatin tarayya ta fara yakin, kuma Gabas ta kare kanta. Dakarun Sojojin Najeriya sun kai farmakin a Arewacin yankin Biafra karkashin jagorancin Kanar Mohammed Shuwa kuma an kafa rundunonin soji na yankin a matsayin runduna ta daya ta runduna ta daya . Yawancin jami'an arewa ne ke jagorantar wannan yanki. Bayan fuskantar turjiya mai tsanani da hasarar rayuka ba zato ba tsammani, ginshiƙi na yammacin Najeriya ya ci gaba a kan garin Nsukka, wanda ya faɗo a ranar 14 ga Yuli, yayin da mutanen ginshiƙin Gabas suka nufi Garkem, wanda aka kama a ranar 12 ga watan Yuli. ^{[ abubuwan da ake bukata ]}

Yakin Biafra

Yan yankin Biafra sun amsa laifinsu da kai wani hari da kansu. A ranar 9 ga watan Agusta, dakarun sojojin Biafra sun haye iyakar yammacin su da kogin Neja zuwa jihar Mid-Western ta Najeriya. Da yake wucewa ta babban birnin jihar Benin City, Yan Biafra sun ci gaba zuwa yankin yamma har zuwa 21 ga watan Agusta, lokacin da aka dakatar da su a Ore a Jihar Ondo ta yanzu, kilomita 210 (130 gabashin babban birnin Najeriya na Legas. Lt. Col. Banjo, mutumin Yoruba, ne ya jagoranci harin Biafran, tare da matsayin brigadier na Biafran. An nuna turjiya da juria matuka kuma an karɓi jihar ta Tsakiyar Yamma cikin sauƙi. Wannan ya faru ne saboda shirin da aka yi kafin a raba gardama cewa duk sojoji ya kamata su koma yankunansu don dakatar da yawan kisan kai, wanda sojojin Igbo suka kasance manyan wadanda suka sha wahala.^[1]^[2] Sojojin Najeriya da ya kamata su kare jihar Mid-Western galibi Igbo ne daga wannan jihar kuma, yayin da wasu ke hulɗa da takwarorinsu na Biafran, wasu sun yi tsayayya da mamayewar. Janar Gowon ya amsa ta hanyar tambayar Kanal Murtala Mohammed (wanda daga baya ya zama shugaban kasa a shekara ta 1975) don kafa wani bangare (Rukunin dakarun Sojoji na 2) don fitar da yan Biafra daga jihar Mid-Western, don kare iyakar jihar Yamma da kuma kai hari yankin Biafra. A lokaci guda, Gowon ya ayyana "cikakken yaki" kuma ya sanar da cewa gwamnatin Tarayya za ta tattara dukkan jama'ar Najeriya don kokarin yaki.^[3] Daga lokacin rani na shekarar 1967 zuwa bazara na shekarar 1969, Sojojin Tarayya sun karu daga rundunar 7,000 zuwa rundunar mutane 200,000 da aka shirya a cikin ƙungiyoyi uku. Biafra ta fara yakin tare da sojoji 230 kawai a Enugu, wanda ya karu zuwa battaliyoyi biyu a watan Agusta shekara ta 1967, wanda ba da daɗewa ba aka faɗaɗa zuwa brigades biyu, 51st da 52nd wanda ya zama ainihin Sojojin Biafran. A shekara ta 1969, 'yan Biafra sun kafa sojoji 90,000 a cikin ƙungiyoyi biyar tare da wasu ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu.^[4]

Yaki

Jim kadan bayan tsawaita shingen da ta yi, gwamnatin Najeriya ta kaddamar da " matakin 'yan sanda " don kwato yankin da 'yan awaren suka yi. Yaƙin ya fara ne a farkon 6 ga watan Yuli shekara ta alif daritara da sittin da bakwai 1967 lokacin da sojojin Tarayyar Najeriya suka shiga cikin ginshiƙai biyu zuwa yankin Biafra. Dabarai na Biafra ta yi nasara: gwamnatin tarayya ta fara yakin, kuma Gabas ta kare kanta. Dakarun Sojojin Najeriya sun kai farmakin a Arewacin yankin Biafra karkashin jagorancin Kanar Mohammed Shuwa kuma an kafa rundunonin soji na yankin a matsayin runduna ta daya ta runduna ta daya . Yawancin jami'an arewa ne ke jagorantar wannan yanki. Bayan fuskantar turjiya mai tsanani da hasarar rayuka ba zato ba tsammani, ginshiƙi na yammacin Najeriya ya ci gaba a kan garin Nsukka, wanda ya faɗo a ranar 14 ga Yuli, yayin da mutanen ginshiƙin Gabas suka nufi Garkem, wanda aka kama a ranar 12 ga watan Yuli. ^{[ abubuwan da ake bukata ]}

Yakin Biafra

Yan yankin Biafra sun amsa laifinsu da kai wani hari da kansu. A ranar 9 ga watan Agusta, dakarun sojojin Biafra sun haye iyakar yammacin su da kogin Neja zuwa jihar Mid-Western ta Najeriya. Da yake wucewa ta babban birnin jihar Benin City, Yan Biafra sun ci gaba zuwa yankin yamma har zuwa 21 ga watan Agusta, lokacin da aka dakatar da su a Ore a Jihar Ondo ta yanzu, kilomita 210 (130 gabashin babban birnin Najeriya na Legas. Lt. Col. Banjo, mutumin Yoruba, ne ya jagoranci harin Biafran, tare da matsayin brigadier na Biafran. An nuna turjiya da juria matuka kuma an karɓi jihar ta Tsakiyar Yamma cikin sauƙi. Wannan ya faru ne saboda shirin da aka yi kafin a raba gardama cewa duk sojoji ya kamata su koma yankunansu don dakatar da yawan kisan kai, wanda sojojin Igbo suka kasance manyan wadanda suka sha wahala.^[1]^[5] Sojojin Najeriya da ya kamata su kare jihar Mid-Western galibi Igbo ne daga wannan jihar kuma, yayin da wasu ke hulɗa da takwarorinsu na Biafran, wasu sun yi tsayayya da mamayewar. Janar Gowon ya amsa ta hanyar tambayar Kanal Murtala Mohammed (wanda daga baya ya zama shugaban kasa a shekara ta 1975) don kafa wani bangare (Rukunin dakarun Sojoji na 2) don fitar da yan Biafra daga jihar Mid-Western, don kare iyakar jihar Yamma da kuma kai hari yankin Biafra. A lokaci guda, Gowon ya ayyana "cikakken yaki" kuma ya sanar da cewa gwamnatin Tarayya za ta tattara dukkan jama'ar Najeriya don kokarin yaki.^[3] Daga lokacin rani na shekarar 1967 zuwa bazara na shekarar 1969, Sojojin Tarayya sun karu daga rundunar 7,000 zuwa rundunar mutane 200,000 da aka shirya a cikin ƙungiyoyi uku. Biafra ta fara yakin tare da sojoji 230 kawai a Enugu, wanda ya karu zuwa battaliyoyi biyu a watan Agusta shekara ta 1967, wanda ba da daɗewa ba aka faɗaɗa zuwa brigades biyu, 51st da 52nd wanda ya zama ainihin Sojojin Biafran. A shekara ta 1969, 'yan Biafra sun kafa sojoji 90,000 a cikin ƙungiyoyi biyar tare da wasu ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu.^[4]

Yayin da sojojin Najeriya suka sake karbar jihar Mid-Western, mai kula da dakarun soja na Biafra ya ayyana shi Benin_(1967)" id="mwBAw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Republic of Benin (1967)">Jamhuriyar Benin a ranar 19 ga Satumba, kodayake ya daina wanzuwa a washegari. Kasar Benin ta yanzu, yammacin Najeriya, har yanzu ana kiranta Dahomey a wannan lokacin.^[6]

Yaki

Jim kadan bayan tsawaita shingen da ta yi, gwamnatin Najeriya ta kaddamar da " matakin 'yan sanda " don kwato yankin da 'yan awaren suka yi. Yaƙin ya fara ne a farkon 6 ga watan Yuli shekara ta alif daritara da sittin da bakwai 1967 lokacin da sojojin Tarayyar Najeriya suka shiga cikin ginshiƙai biyu zuwa yankin Biafra. Dabarai na Biafra ta yi nasara: gwamnatin tarayya ta fara yakin, kuma Gabas ta kare kanta. Dakarun Sojojin Najeriya sun kai farmakin a Arewacin yankin Biafra karkashin jagorancin Kanar Mohammed Shuwa kuma an kafa rundunonin soji na yankin a matsayin runduna ta daya ta runduna ta daya . Yawancin jami'an arewa ne ke jagorantar wannan yanki. Bayan fuskantar turjiya mai tsanani da hasarar rayuka ba zato ba tsammani, ginshiƙi na yammacin Najeriya ya ci gaba a kan garin Nsukka, wanda ya faɗo a ranar 14 ga Yuli, yayin da mutanen ginshiƙin Gabas suka nufi Garkem, wanda aka kama a ranar 12 ga watan Yuli. ^{[ abubuwan da ake bukata ]}

Yakin Biafra

Yan yankin Biafra sun amsa laifinsu da kai wani hari da kansu. A ranar 9 ga watan Agusta, dakarun sojojin Biafra sun haye iyakar yammacin su da kogin Neja zuwa jihar Mid-Western ta Najeriya. Da yake wucewa ta babban birnin jihar Benin City, Yan Biafra sun ci gaba zuwa yankin yamma har zuwa 21 ga watan Agusta, lokacin da aka dakatar da su a Ore a Jihar Ondo ta yanzu, kilomita 210 (130 gabashin babban birnin Najeriya na Legas. Lt. Col. Banjo, mutumin Yoruba, ne ya jagoranci harin Biafran, tare da matsayin brigadier na Biafran. An nuna turjiya da juria matuka kuma an karɓi jihar ta Tsakiyar Yamma cikin sauƙi. Wannan ya faru ne saboda shirin da aka yi kafin a raba gardama cewa duk sojoji ya kamata su koma yankunansu don dakatar da yawan kisan kai, wanda sojojin Igbo suka kasance manyan wadanda suka sha wahala.^[1]^[7] Sojojin Najeriya da ya kamata su kare jihar Mid-Western galibi Igbo ne daga wannan jihar kuma, yayin da wasu ke hulɗa da takwarorinsu na Biafran, wasu sun yi tsayayya da mamayewar. Janar Gowon ya amsa ta hanyar tambayar Kanal Murtala Mohammed (wanda daga baya ya zama shugaban kasa a shekara ta 1975) don kafa wani bangare (Rukunin dakarun Sojoji na 2) don fitar da yan Biafra daga jihar Mid-Western, don kare iyakar jihar Yamma da kuma kai hari yankin Biafra. A lokaci guda, Gowon ya ayyana "cikakken yaki" kuma ya sanar da cewa gwamnatin Tarayya za ta tattara dukkan jama'ar Najeriya don kokarin yaki.^[3] Daga lokacin rani na shekarar 1967 zuwa bazara na shekarar 1969, Sojojin Tarayya sun karu daga rundunar 7,000 zuwa rundunar mutane 200,000 da aka shirya a cikin ƙungiyoyi uku. Biafra ta fara yakin tare da sojoji 230 kawai a Enugu, wanda ya karu zuwa battaliyoyi biyu a watan Agusta shekara ta 1967, wanda ba da daɗewa ba aka faɗaɗa zuwa brigades biyu, 51st da 52nd wanda ya zama ainihin Sojojin Biafran. A shekara ta 1969, 'yan Biafra sun kafa sojoji 90,000 a cikin ƙungiyoyi biyar tare da wasu ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu.^[4]

Yayin da sojojin Najeriya suka sake karbar jihar Mid-Western, mai kula da dakarun soja na Biafra ya ayyana shi Benin_(1967)" id="mwBAw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Republic of Benin (1967)">Jamhuriyar Benin a ranar 19 ga Satumba, kodayake ya daina wanzuwa a washegari. Kasar Benin ta yanzu, yammacin Najeriya, har yanzu ana kiranta Dahomey a wannan lokacin.^[8]

Kodayake 'dakarun sojojin Najeriya sun sake mamaye yankin Benin City a ranar 22 ga watan Satumba, yan Biafra sun samu babban nasara a cikin burinsu ta hanyar kamu da ɗaure dakarun Tarayyar Najeriya da yawa kamar yadda za su iya. Janar Gowon ya kuma kaddamar da wani hari a cikin yankin Biafra ta kudu daga garin Neja Delta zuwa har zuwa yankin kogi, ta hanyar amfani da kwamandan dakarun sojojin Najeriya dake yankin Legas mai suna Garrison a karkashin Colonel Benjamin Adekunle (wanda ake wa lakabi da Black Scorpion) don samar da "3rd Infantry Division" (wanda daga baya aka sake masa lakabi da "3rd Marine Commando")". Yayin da yakin ya ci gaba, Sojojin Najeriya sun shiga cikin yanki mai faɗi, gami da Yoruba, Itshekiri, Urhobo, Edo, Ijaw, da sauransu.^[9]

Yaki

Jim kadan bayan tsawaita shingen da ta yi, gwamnatin Najeriya ta kaddamar da " matakin 'yan sanda " don kwato yankin da 'yan awaren suka yi. Yaƙin ya fara ne a farkon 6 ga watan Yuli shekara ta alif daritara da sittin da bakwai 1967 lokacin da sojojin Tarayyar Najeriya suka shiga cikin ginshiƙai biyu zuwa yankin Biafra. Dabarai na Biafra ta yi nasara: gwamnatin tarayya ta fara yakin, kuma Gabas ta kare kanta. Dakarun Sojojin Najeriya sun kai farmakin a Arewacin yankin Biafra karkashin jagorancin Kanar Mohammed Shuwa kuma an kafa rundunonin soji na yankin a matsayin runduna ta daya ta runduna ta daya . Yawancin jami'an arewa ne ke jagorantar wannan yanki. Bayan fuskantar turjiya mai tsanani da hasarar rayuka ba zato ba tsammani, ginshiƙi na yammacin Najeriya ya ci gaba a kan garin Nsukka, wanda ya faɗo a ranar 14 ga Yuli, yayin da mutanen ginshiƙin Gabas suka nufi Garkem, wanda aka kama a ranar 12 ga watan Yuli. ^{[ abubuwan da ake bukata ]}

Yakin Biafra

Yan yankin Biafra sun amsa laifinsu da kai wani hari da kansu. A ranar 9 ga watan Agusta, dakarun sojojin Biafra sun haye iyakar yammacin su da kogin Neja zuwa jihar Mid-Western ta Najeriya. Da yake wucewa ta babban birnin jihar Benin City, Yan Biafra sun ci gaba zuwa yankin yamma har zuwa 21 ga watan Agusta, lokacin da aka dakatar da su a Ore a Jihar Ondo ta yanzu, kilomita 210 (130 gabashin babban birnin Najeriya na Legas. Lt. Col. Banjo, mutumin Yoruba, ne ya jagoranci harin Biafran, tare da matsayin brigadier na Biafran. An nuna turjiya da juria matuka kuma an karɓi jihar ta Tsakiyar Yamma cikin sauƙi. Wannan ya faru ne saboda shirin da aka yi kafin a raba gardama cewa duk sojoji ya kamata su koma yankunansu don dakatar da yawan kisan kai, wanda sojojin Igbo suka kasance manyan wadanda suka sha wahala.^[1]^[10] Sojojin Najeriya da ya kamata su kare jihar Mid-Western galibi Igbo ne daga wannan jihar kuma, yayin da wasu ke hulɗa da takwarorinsu na Biafran, wasu sun yi tsayayya da mamayewar. Janar Gowon ya amsa ta hanyar tambayar Kanal Murtala Mohammed (wanda daga baya ya zama shugaban kasa a shekara ta 1975) don kafa wani bangare (Rukunin dakarun Sojoji na 2) don fitar da yan Biafra daga jihar Mid-Western, don kare iyakar jihar Yamma da kuma kai hari yankin Biafra. A lokaci guda, Gowon ya ayyana "cikakken yaki" kuma ya sanar da cewa gwamnatin Tarayya za ta tattara dukkan jama'ar Najeriya don kokarin yaki.^[3] Daga lokacin rani na shekarar 1967 zuwa bazara na shekarar 1969, Sojojin Tarayya sun karu daga rundunar 7,000 zuwa rundunar mutane 200,000 da aka shirya a cikin ƙungiyoyi uku. Biafra ta fara yakin tare da sojoji 230 kawai a Enugu, wanda ya karu zuwa battaliyoyi biyu a watan Agusta shekara ta 1967, wanda ba da daɗewa ba aka faɗaɗa zuwa brigades biyu, 51st da 52nd wanda ya zama ainihin Sojojin Biafran. A shekara ta 1969, 'yan Biafra sun kafa sojoji 90,000 a cikin ƙungiyoyi biyar tare da wasu ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu.^[4]

Yayin da sojojin Najeriya suka sake karbar jihar Mid-Western, mai kula da dakarun soja na Biafra ya ayyana shi Benin_(1967)" id="mwBAw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Republic of Benin (1967)">Jamhuriyar Benin a ranar 19 ga Satumba, kodayake ya daina wanzuwa a washegari. Kasar Benin ta yanzu, yammacin Najeriya, har yanzu ana kiranta Dahomey a wannan lokacin.^[11]

Kodayake 'dakarun sojojin Najeriya sun sake mamaye yankin Benin City a ranar 22 ga watan Satumba, yan Biafra sun samu babban nasara a cikin burinsu ta hanyar kamu da ɗaure dakarun Tarayyar Najeriya da yawa kamar yadda za su iya. Janar Gowon ya kuma kaddamar da wani hari a cikin yankin Biafra ta kudu daga garin Neja Delta zuwa har zuwa yankin kogi, ta hanyar amfani da kwamandan dakarun sojojin Najeriya dake yankin Legas mai suna Garrison a karkashin Colonel Benjamin Adekunle (wanda ake wa lakabi da Black Scorpion) don samar da "3rd Infantry Division" (wanda daga baya aka sake masa lakabi da "3rd Marine Commando")". Yayin da yakin ya ci gaba, Sojojin Najeriya sun shiga cikin yanki mai faɗi, gami da Yoruba, Itshekiri, Urhobo, Edo, Ijaw, da sauransu.^[12]

Yakin Najeriya

An raba umurnin zuwa brigades biyu tare da battalions uku kowannensu. Brigade na 1 ya ci gaba a kan hanyar Ogugu-Ogunga-Nsukka yayin da Brigade na 2 ya ci gaba akan hanyar Gakem-Obudu-Ogoja. A ranar 10 ga watan Yulin shekara 1967, Brigade na 1 ya ci galaba akan dukkan yankunan da aka ba shi. A ranar 12 ga watan Yulin brigade na 2 ya kama Gakem, Ogudu, da Ogoja. Don taimakawa kasar Najeriya, Masar ta aika da jiragen yaki da Ilyushin Il-28 guda shida da ma'aikatan jirgin saman kasar Masar suka tashi.^[13]^[14] Al'adar Masarawa ta jefa bam a asibitocin Red Cross tare da makarantu, asibitoci, da kasuwanni sun yi yawa don samun tausayi na kasa da kasa na Biafra.

Yaki

Jim kadan bayan tsawaita shingen da ta yi, gwamnatin Najeriya ta kaddamar da " matakin 'yan sanda " don kwato yankin da 'yan awaren suka yi. Yaƙin ya fara ne a farkon 6 ga watan Yuli shekara ta alif daritara da sittin da bakwai 1967 lokacin da sojojin Tarayyar Najeriya suka shiga cikin ginshiƙai biyu zuwa yankin Biafra. Dabarai na Biafra ta yi nasara: gwamnatin tarayya ta fara yakin, kuma Gabas ta kare kanta. Dakarun Sojojin Najeriya sun kai farmakin a Arewacin yankin Biafra karkashin jagorancin Kanar Mohammed Shuwa kuma an kafa rundunonin soji na yankin a matsayin runduna ta daya ta runduna ta daya . Yawancin jami'an arewa ne ke jagorantar wannan yanki. Bayan fuskantar turjiya mai tsanani da hasarar rayuka ba zato ba tsammani, ginshiƙi na yammacin Najeriya ya ci gaba a kan garin Nsukka, wanda ya faɗo a ranar 14 ga Yuli, yayin da mutanen ginshiƙin Gabas suka nufi Garkem, wanda aka kama a ranar 12 ga watan Yuli. ^{[ abubuwan da ake bukata ]}

Yakin Biafra

Yan yankin Biafra sun amsa laifinsu da kai wani hari da kansu. A ranar 9 ga watan Agusta, dakarun sojojin Biafra sun haye iyakar yammacin su da kogin Neja zuwa jihar Mid-Western ta Najeriya. Da yake wucewa ta babban birnin jihar Benin City, Yan Biafra sun ci gaba zuwa yankin yamma har zuwa 21 ga watan Agusta, lokacin da aka dakatar da su a Ore a Jihar Ondo ta yanzu, kilomita 210 (130 gabashin babban birnin Najeriya na Legas. Lt. Col. Banjo, mutumin Yoruba, ne ya jagoranci harin Biafran, tare da matsayin brigadier na Biafran. An nuna turjiya da juria matuka kuma an karɓi jihar ta Tsakiyar Yamma cikin sauƙi. Wannan ya faru ne saboda shirin da aka yi kafin a raba gardama cewa duk sojoji ya kamata su koma yankunansu don dakatar da yawan kisan kai, wanda sojojin Igbo suka kasance manyan wadanda suka sha wahala.^[1]^[15] Sojojin Najeriya da ya kamata su kare jihar Mid-Western galibi Igbo ne daga wannan jihar kuma, yayin da wasu ke hulɗa da takwarorinsu na Biafran, wasu sun yi tsayayya da mamayewar. Janar Gowon ya amsa ta hanyar tambayar Kanal Murtala Mohammed (wanda daga baya ya zama shugaban kasa a shekara ta 1975) don kafa wani bangare (Rukunin dakarun Sojoji na 2) don fitar da yan Biafra daga jihar Mid-Western, don kare iyakar jihar Yamma da kuma kai hari yankin Biafra. A lokaci guda, Gowon ya ayyana "cikakken yaki" kuma ya sanar da cewa gwamnatin Tarayya za ta tattara dukkan jama'ar Najeriya don kokarin yaki.^[3] Daga lokacin rani na shekarar 1967 zuwa bazara na shekarar 1969, Sojojin Tarayya sun karu daga rundunar 7,000 zuwa rundunar mutane 200,000 da aka shirya a cikin ƙungiyoyi uku. Biafra ta fara yakin tare da sojoji 230 kawai a Enugu, wanda ya karu zuwa battaliyoyi biyu a watan Agusta shekara ta 1967, wanda ba da daɗewa ba aka faɗaɗa zuwa brigades biyu, 51st da 52nd wanda ya zama ainihin Sojojin Biafran. A shekara ta 1969, 'yan Biafra sun kafa sojoji 90,000 a cikin ƙungiyoyi biyar tare da wasu ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu.^[4]

Yayin da sojojin Najeriya suka sake karbar jihar Mid-Western, mai kula da dakarun soja na Biafra ya ayyana shi Benin_(1967)" id="mwBAw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Republic of Benin (1967)">Jamhuriyar Benin a ranar 19 ga Satumba, kodayake ya daina wanzuwa a washegari. Kasar Benin ta yanzu, yammacin Najeriya, har yanzu ana kiranta Dahomey a wannan lokacin.^[16]

Kodayake 'dakarun sojojin Najeriya sun sake mamaye yankin Benin City a ranar 22 ga watan Satumba, yan Biafra sun samu babban nasara a cikin burinsu ta hanyar kamu da ɗaure dakarun Tarayyar Najeriya da yawa kamar yadda za su iya. Janar Gowon ya kuma kaddamar da wani hari a cikin yankin Biafra ta kudu daga garin Neja Delta zuwa har zuwa yankin kogi, ta hanyar amfani da kwamandan dakarun sojojin Najeriya dake yankin Legas mai suna Garrison a karkashin Colonel Benjamin Adekunle (wanda ake wa lakabi da Black Scorpion) don samar da "3rd Infantry Division" (wanda daga baya aka sake masa lakabi da "3rd Marine Commando")". Yayin da yakin ya ci gaba, Sojojin Najeriya sun shiga cikin yanki mai faɗi, gami da Yoruba, Itshekiri, Urhobo, Edo, Ijaw, da sauransu.^[17]

Yakin Najeriya

An raba umurnin zuwa brigades biyu tare da battalions uku kowannensu. Brigade na 1 ya ci gaba a kan hanyar Ogugu-Ogunga-Nsukka yayin da Brigade na 2 ya ci gaba akan hanyar Gakem-Obudu-Ogoja. A ranar 10 ga watan Yulin shekara 1967, Brigade na 1 ya ci galaba akan dukkan yankunan da aka ba shi. A ranar 12 ga watan Yulin brigade na 2 ya kama Gakem, Ogudu, da Ogoja. Don taimakawa kasar Najeriya, Masar ta aika da jiragen yaki da Ilyushin Il-28 guda shida da ma'aikatan jirgin saman kasar Masar suka tashi.^[13]^[18] Al'adar Masarawa ta jefa bam a asibitocin Red Cross tare da makarantu, asibitoci, da kasuwanni sun yi yawa don samun tausayi na kasa da kasa na Biafra.

Yaki

Jim kadan bayan tsawaita shingen da ta yi, gwamnatin Najeriya ta kaddamar da " matakin 'yan sanda " don kwato yankin da 'yan awaren suka yi. Yaƙin ya fara ne a farkon 6 ga watan Yuli shekara ta alif daritara da sittin da bakwai 1967 lokacin da sojojin Tarayyar Najeriya suka shiga cikin ginshiƙai biyu zuwa yankin Biafra. Dabarai na Biafra ta yi nasara: gwamnatin tarayya ta fara yakin, kuma Gabas ta kare kanta. Dakarun Sojojin Najeriya sun kai farmakin a Arewacin yankin Biafra karkashin jagorancin Kanar Mohammed Shuwa kuma an kafa rundunonin soji na yankin a matsayin runduna ta daya ta runduna ta daya . Yawancin jami'an arewa ne ke jagorantar wannan yanki. Bayan fuskantar turjiya mai tsanani da hasarar rayuka ba zato ba tsammani, ginshiƙi na yammacin Najeriya ya ci gaba a kan garin Nsukka, wanda ya faɗo a ranar 14 ga Yuli, yayin da mutanen ginshiƙin Gabas suka nufi Garkem, wanda aka kama a ranar 12 ga watan Yuli. ^{[ abubuwan da ake bukata ]}

Yakin Biafra

Yan yankin Biafra sun amsa laifinsu da kai wani hari da kansu. A ranar 9 ga watan Agusta, dakarun sojojin Biafra sun haye iyakar yammacin su da kogin Neja zuwa jihar Mid-Western ta Najeriya. Da yake wucewa ta babban birnin jihar Benin City, Yan Biafra sun ci gaba zuwa yankin yamma har zuwa 21 ga watan Agusta, lokacin da aka dakatar da su a Ore a Jihar Ondo ta yanzu, kilomita 210 (130 gabashin babban birnin Najeriya na Legas. Lt. Col. Banjo, mutumin Yoruba, ne ya jagoranci harin Biafran, tare da matsayin brigadier na Biafran. An nuna turjiya da juria matuka kuma an karɓi jihar ta Tsakiyar Yamma cikin sauƙi. Wannan ya faru ne saboda shirin da aka yi kafin a raba gardama cewa duk sojoji ya kamata su koma yankunansu don dakatar da yawan kisan kai, wanda sojojin Igbo suka kasance manyan wadanda suka sha wahala.^[1]^[19] Sojojin Najeriya da ya kamata su kare jihar Mid-Western galibi Igbo ne daga wannan jihar kuma, yayin da wasu ke hulɗa da takwarorinsu na Biafran, wasu sun yi tsayayya da mamayewar. Janar Gowon ya amsa ta hanyar tambayar Kanal Murtala Mohammed (wanda daga baya ya zama shugaban kasa a shekara ta 1975) don kafa wani bangare (Rukunin dakarun Sojoji na 2) don fitar da yan Biafra daga jihar Mid-Western, don kare iyakar jihar Yamma da kuma kai hari yankin Biafra. A lokaci guda, Gowon ya ayyana "cikakken yaki" kuma ya sanar da cewa gwamnatin Tarayya za ta tattara dukkan jama'ar Najeriya don kokarin yaki.^[3] Daga lokacin rani na shekarar 1967 zuwa bazara na shekarar 1969, Sojojin Tarayya sun karu daga rundunar 7,000 zuwa rundunar mutane 200,000 da aka shirya a cikin ƙungiyoyi uku. Biafra ta fara yakin tare da sojoji 230 kawai a Enugu, wanda ya karu zuwa battaliyoyi biyu a watan Agusta shekara ta 1967, wanda ba da daɗewa ba aka faɗaɗa zuwa brigades biyu, 51st da 52nd wanda ya zama ainihin Sojojin Biafran. A shekara ta 1969, 'yan Biafra sun kafa sojoji 90,000 a cikin ƙungiyoyi biyar tare da wasu ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu.^[4]

Yayin da sojojin Najeriya suka sake karbar jihar Mid-Western, mai kula da dakarun soja na Biafra ya ayyana shi Benin_(1967)" id="mwBAw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Republic of Benin (1967)">Jamhuriyar Benin a ranar 19 ga Satumba, kodayake ya daina wanzuwa a washegari. Kasar Benin ta yanzu, yammacin Najeriya, har yanzu ana kiranta Dahomey a wannan lokacin.^[20]

Kodayake 'dakarun sojojin Najeriya sun sake mamaye yankin Benin City a ranar 22 ga watan Satumba, yan Biafra sun samu babban nasara a cikin burinsu ta hanyar kamu da ɗaure dakarun Tarayyar Najeriya da yawa kamar yadda za su iya. Janar Gowon ya kuma kaddamar da wani hari a cikin yankin Biafra ta kudu daga garin Neja Delta zuwa har zuwa yankin kogi, ta hanyar amfani da kwamandan dakarun sojojin Najeriya dake yankin Legas mai suna Garrison a karkashin Colonel Benjamin Adekunle (wanda ake wa lakabi da Black Scorpion) don samar da "3rd Infantry Division" (wanda daga baya aka sake masa lakabi da "3rd Marine Commando")". Yayin da yakin ya ci gaba, Sojojin Najeriya sun shiga cikin yanki mai faɗi, gami da Yoruba, Itshekiri, Urhobo, Edo, Ijaw, da sauransu.^[21]

Yakin Najeriya

An raba umurnin zuwa brigades biyu tare da battalions uku kowannensu. Brigade na 1 ya ci gaba a kan hanyar Ogugu-Ogunga-Nsukka yayin da Brigade na 2 ya ci gaba akan hanyar Gakem-Obudu-Ogoja. A ranar 10 ga watan Yulin shekara 1967, Brigade na 1 ya ci galaba akan dukkan yankunan da aka ba shi. A ranar 12 ga watan Yulin brigade na 2 ya kama Gakem, Ogudu, da Ogoja. Don taimakawa kasar Najeriya, Masar ta aika da jiragen yaki da Ilyushin Il-28 guda shida da ma'aikatan jirgin saman kasar Masar suka tashi.^[13]^[22] Al'adar Masarawa ta jefa bam a asibitocin Red Cross tare da makarantu, asibitoci, da kasuwanni sun yi yawa don samun tausayi na kasa da kasa na Biafra.

Enugu ta zama cibiyar ballewa da tawaye, kuma gwamnatin Najeriya ta yi imanin cewa da zarar an kama Enugu, yunkurin ballewar ta zai zo karshe. An fara shirin mamaye Enugu ne a ranar 12 ga Satumba shekara ta 1967. A ranar 4 ga Oktoba, runduna ^{] daya [} Najeriya ta kama Enugu . ^[23] Ojukwu yana barci a gidan gwamnatin Biafra lokacin da sojojin tarayyar Najeriya suka kai hari da kyar suka tsere ta hanyar rikidewa da sajewa a matsayin bawa. ^[24] Da dama daga cikin 'yan dakarun Najeriya sun yi fatan kama Enugu zai gamsar da manyan al'ummar Igbo su daina goyon bayan ballewa, ko da Ojukwu bai bi su ba. Wannan bai faru ba. Ojukwu ya koma da gwamnatinsa ba tare da wahala ba zuwa Umuahia, birni mai zurfi a cikin yankin Igbo na gargajiya. ^[3] Faduwar Enugu ya taimaka wajen kawo cikas ga yunkurin farfagandar Biafra a takaice, yayin da tilasta wa ma'aikatan da aka tilastawa matsugunin matsugunin ma'aikatar yada labaran kasar tabarbare, kuma nasarar da rundunar tarayya ta samu ta yi watsi da ikirarin Biafra na baya-bayan nan na cewa kasar Najeriya ba za ta iya jurewa yakin da ake dadewa ba. ^[3] A ranar 23 ga watan Oktoba gidan rediyon yankin Biafra ya bayyana a wani watsa shirye-shirye cewa Ojukwu ya yi alkawarin ci gaba da bijirewa gwamnatin tarayyar Najeria, kuma ya danganta asarar Enugu da ayyukan zagon kasa.

Yaki

Jim kadan bayan tsawaita shingen da ta yi, gwamnatin Najeriya ta kaddamar da " matakin 'yan sanda " don kwato yankin da 'yan awaren suka yi. Yaƙin ya fara ne a farkon 6 ga watan Yuli shekara ta alif daritara da sittin da bakwai 1967 lokacin da sojojin Tarayyar Najeriya suka shiga cikin ginshiƙai biyu zuwa yankin Biafra. Dabarai na Biafra ta yi nasara: gwamnatin tarayya ta fara yakin, kuma Gabas ta kare kanta. Dakarun Sojojin Najeriya sun kai farmakin a Arewacin yankin Biafra karkashin jagorancin Kanar Mohammed Shuwa kuma an kafa rundunonin soji na yankin a matsayin runduna ta daya ta runduna ta daya . Yawancin jami'an arewa ne ke jagorantar wannan yanki. Bayan fuskantar turjiya mai tsanani da hasarar rayuka ba zato ba tsammani, ginshiƙi na yammacin Najeriya ya ci gaba a kan garin Nsukka, wanda ya faɗo a ranar 14 ga Yuli, yayin da mutanen ginshiƙin Gabas suka nufi Garkem, wanda aka kama a ranar 12 ga watan Yuli. ^{[ abubuwan da ake bukata ]}

Yakin Biafra

Yan yankin Biafra sun amsa laifinsu da kai wani hari da kansu. A ranar 9 ga watan Agusta, dakarun sojojin Biafra sun haye iyakar yammacin su da kogin Neja zuwa jihar Mid-Western ta Najeriya. Da yake wucewa ta babban birnin jihar Benin City, Yan Biafra sun ci gaba zuwa yankin yamma har zuwa 21 ga watan Agusta, lokacin da aka dakatar da su a Ore a Jihar Ondo ta yanzu, kilomita 210 (130 gabashin babban birnin Najeriya na Legas. Lt. Col. Banjo, mutumin Yoruba, ne ya jagoranci harin Biafran, tare da matsayin brigadier na Biafran. An nuna turjiya da juria matuka kuma an karɓi jihar ta Tsakiyar Yamma cikin sauƙi. Wannan ya faru ne saboda shirin da aka yi kafin a raba gardama cewa duk sojoji ya kamata su koma yankunansu don dakatar da yawan kisan kai, wanda sojojin Igbo suka kasance manyan wadanda suka sha wahala.^[1]^[25] Sojojin Najeriya da ya kamata su kare jihar Mid-Western galibi Igbo ne daga wannan jihar kuma, yayin da wasu ke hulɗa da takwarorinsu na Biafran, wasu sun yi tsayayya da mamayewar. Janar Gowon ya amsa ta hanyar tambayar Kanal Murtala Mohammed (wanda daga baya ya zama shugaban kasa a shekara ta 1975) don kafa wani bangare (Rukunin dakarun Sojoji na 2) don fitar da yan Biafra daga jihar Mid-Western, don kare iyakar jihar Yamma da kuma kai hari yankin Biafra. A lokaci guda, Gowon ya ayyana "cikakken yaki" kuma ya sanar da cewa gwamnatin Tarayya za ta tattara dukkan jama'ar Najeriya don kokarin yaki.^[3] Daga lokacin rani na shekarar 1967 zuwa bazara na shekarar 1969, Sojojin Tarayya sun karu daga rundunar 7,000 zuwa rundunar mutane 200,000 da aka shirya a cikin ƙungiyoyi uku. Biafra ta fara yakin tare da sojoji 230 kawai a Enugu, wanda ya karu zuwa battaliyoyi biyu a watan Agusta shekara ta 1967, wanda ba da daɗewa ba aka faɗaɗa zuwa brigades biyu, 51st da 52nd wanda ya zama ainihin Sojojin Biafran. A shekara ta 1969, 'yan Biafra sun kafa sojoji 90,000 a cikin ƙungiyoyi biyar tare da wasu ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu.^[4]

Yayin da sojojin Najeriya suka sake karbar jihar Mid-Western, mai kula da dakarun soja na Biafra ya ayyana shi Benin_(1967)" id="mwBAw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Republic of Benin (1967)">Jamhuriyar Benin a ranar 19 ga Satumba, kodayake ya daina wanzuwa a washegari. Kasar Benin ta yanzu, yammacin Najeriya, har yanzu ana kiranta Dahomey a wannan lokacin.^[26]

Kodayake 'dakarun sojojin Najeriya sun sake mamaye yankin Benin City a ranar 22 ga watan Satumba, yan Biafra sun samu babban nasara a cikin burinsu ta hanyar kamu da ɗaure dakarun Tarayyar Najeriya da yawa kamar yadda za su iya. Janar Gowon ya kuma kaddamar da wani hari a cikin yankin Biafra ta kudu daga garin Neja Delta zuwa har zuwa yankin kogi, ta hanyar amfani da kwamandan dakarun sojojin Najeriya dake yankin Legas mai suna Garrison a karkashin Colonel Benjamin Adekunle (wanda ake wa lakabi da Black Scorpion) don samar da "3rd Infantry Division" (wanda daga baya aka sake masa lakabi da "3rd Marine Commando")". Yayin da yakin ya ci gaba, Sojojin Najeriya sun shiga cikin yanki mai faɗi, gami da Yoruba, Itshekiri, Urhobo, Edo, Ijaw, da sauransu.^[27]

Yakin Najeriya

An raba umurnin zuwa brigades biyu tare da battalions uku kowannensu. Brigade na 1 ya ci gaba a kan hanyar Ogugu-Ogunga-Nsukka yayin da Brigade na 2 ya ci gaba akan hanyar Gakem-Obudu-Ogoja. A ranar 10 ga watan Yulin shekara 1967, Brigade na 1 ya ci galaba akan dukkan yankunan da aka ba shi. A ranar 12 ga watan Yulin brigade na 2 ya kama Gakem, Ogudu, da Ogoja. Don taimakawa kasar Najeriya, Masar ta aika da jiragen yaki da Ilyushin Il-28 guda shida da ma'aikatan jirgin saman kasar Masar suka tashi.^[13]^[28] Al'adar Masarawa ta jefa bam a asibitocin Red Cross tare da makarantu, asibitoci, da kasuwanni sun yi yawa don samun tausayi na kasa da kasa na Biafra.

Enugu ta zama cibiyar ballewa da tawaye, kuma gwamnatin Najeriya ta yi imanin cewa da zarar an kama Enugu, yunkurin ballewar ta zai zo karshe. An fara shirin mamaye Enugu ne a ranar 12 ga Satumba shekara ta 1967. A ranar 4 ga Oktoba, runduna ^{] daya [} Najeriya ta kama Enugu . ^[23] Ojukwu yana barci a gidan gwamnatin Biafra lokacin da sojojin tarayyar Najeriya suka kai hari da kyar suka tsere ta hanyar rikidewa da sajewa a matsayin bawa. ^[24] Da dama daga cikin 'yan dakarun Najeriya sun yi fatan kama Enugu zai gamsar da manyan al'ummar Igbo su daina goyon bayan ballewa, ko da Ojukwu bai bi su ba. Wannan bai faru ba. Ojukwu ya koma da gwamnatinsa ba tare da wahala ba zuwa Umuahia, birni mai zurfi a cikin yankin Igbo na gargajiya. ^[3] Faduwar Enugu ya taimaka wajen kawo cikas ga yunkurin farfagandar Biafra a takaice, yayin da tilasta wa ma'aikatan da aka tilastawa matsugunin matsugunin ma'aikatar yada labaran kasar tabarbare, kuma nasarar da rundunar tarayya ta samu ta yi watsi da ikirarin Biafra na baya-bayan nan na cewa kasar Najeriya ba za ta iya jurewa yakin da ake dadewa ba. ^[3] A ranar 23 ga watan Oktoba gidan rediyon yankin Biafra ya bayyana a wani watsa shirye-shirye cewa Ojukwu ya yi alkawarin ci gaba da bijirewa gwamnatin tarayyar Najeria, kuma ya danganta asarar Enugu da ayyukan zagon kasa.

Dakarun sojojin Najeriya a karkashin jagorancin Murtala Mohammed sun kashe fararen hula 700 lokacin da suka kama Asaba a Kogin Neja. An kori 'dakarun Najeriya sau uku yayin da suke yunkuri da ƙoƙarin haye Kogin Neja domin kai hari ga yankin Biafra a watan Oktoba, wanda ya haifar da asarar rayukan dubban dakarun sojojin Najeria, tankuna da makaman yaki da yawa. Yunkurin farko da rundunar sojan kasa ta 2 ta yi a ranar 12 ga watan Oktoba don haye Nijar daga garin Asaba zuwa birnin Biafran na Onitsha ya kashe dakarun Sojojin Tarayyar Najeriya sama da sojoji 5,000, wadanda suka ji rauni, wadanda aka kama ko wadanda aka rasa sanin inda suke (sun bace). Operation Tiger Claw (17-20 Oktoba shekara ta 1967) ya kasance rikici ne na soja tsakanin dakarun sojojin Najeriya da Biafra . A ranar 17 ga Oktoba shekara 1967 'yan Najeriya sun mamaye Calabar karkashin jagorancin "Black Scorpion", Benjamin Adekunle, yayin da Col. Ogbu Ogi, wanda ke da alhakin sarrafa yankin tsakanin Calabar da Opobo, da Lynn Garrison, dan kasuwa na kasashen waje, suka jagoranci Biafra. Yan yankin Biafra sun zo ƙarƙashin wuta nan take daga ruwa da iska. A cikin kwanaki biyu masu zuwa, rundunar sojan saman Najeriya ta jefa bam a tashoshin Biafra da kayan soja. A wannan rana Lynn Garrison ya isa Calabar amma nan da nan sojojin tarayyar Najeriya suka harbe shi. A ranar 20 ga Oktoba, sojojin Garrison sun janye daga yakin yayin da Col. Ogi ya mika wuya ga Janar Adekunle. A ranar 19 ga watan Mayu shekara ta 1968 aka kama Port Harcourt. Tare da kama Enugu, Bonny, Calabar da Port Harcourt, an bar duniya ta waje ba tare da wata shakka ba game da rinjaye na Tarayya a yakin. Jita-jita ta Biafra koda yaushe tana zargin cin nasarar soja a kan "masu sabawa" a cikin matsayi na jami'in Biafra, kuma an ƙarfafa jami'an da sauran matsayi su yi tir da wadanda ake zargi da "masu lalata". A duk lokacin yakin, jami'an Biafra sun fi dacewa da kashe su da kansu fiye da Sojojin Tarayya yayin da Ojukwu ya gudanar da tsaftacewa kuma ya sami jami'an da ake zargi da kasancewa "masu sabawa" da aka fitar da su kuma aka harbe su. Ojukwu bai amince da mafi yawan tsoffin jami'an Tarayyar Igbo da suka taru a Biafra ba kuma sun gan su a matsayin masu adawa, don haka ya haifar da kisan kai wanda ya haifar da kashe mafi yawansu.^[29] Bugu da ƙari, Ojukwu yana buƙatar masu cin zarafi don cin nasarar Biafra kuma mutuwa ita ce azabtarwa ta yau da kullun ga jami'an Biafra waɗanda suka rasa yaƙi. Daga tsoron juyin mulki, Ojukwu ya kirkiro raka'a da yawa kamar S Brigade wanda ya umarce shi da kuma "4th Commando Brigade" wanda dan kwangila na Jamus Rolf Steiner ya umarce su wanda ya wanzu a waje da jerin umarni na yau da kullun.^[30] Barua ya rubuta cewa jagorancin Ojukwu, musamman kisan gillar da yake yi akai-akai na jami'ansa yana da "matsananciyar tasiri" a kan halin da ake ciki na rundunar jami'an yankin Biafra.^[30] Kashe-kashen jami'an ya kuma sa ya zama da wahala ga jami'an Biafra su sami kwarewar da ake bukata don gudanar da ayyukan soja cikin nasara yayin da Barua ya lura cewa Sojojin Biafra ba su da "ci gaba da haɗin kai" don koyo daga yaƙin.^[30]

Yaki

Jim kadan bayan tsawaita shingen da ta yi, gwamnatin Najeriya ta kaddamar da " matakin 'yan sanda " don kwato yankin da 'yan awaren suka yi. Yaƙin ya fara ne a farkon 6 ga watan Yuli shekara ta alif daritara da sittin da bakwai 1967 lokacin da sojojin Tarayyar Najeriya suka shiga cikin ginshiƙai biyu zuwa yankin Biafra. Dabarai na Biafra ta yi nasara: gwamnatin tarayya ta fara yakin, kuma Gabas ta kare kanta. Dakarun Sojojin Najeriya sun kai farmakin a Arewacin yankin Biafra karkashin jagorancin Kanar Mohammed Shuwa kuma an kafa rundunonin soji na yankin a matsayin runduna ta daya ta runduna ta daya . Yawancin jami'an arewa ne ke jagorantar wannan yanki. Bayan fuskantar turjiya mai tsanani da hasarar rayuka ba zato ba tsammani, ginshiƙi na yammacin Najeriya ya ci gaba a kan garin Nsukka, wanda ya faɗo a ranar 14 ga Yuli, yayin da mutanen ginshiƙin Gabas suka nufi Garkem, wanda aka kama a ranar 12 ga watan Yuli. ^{[ abubuwan da ake bukata ]}

Yakin Biafra

Yan yankin Biafra sun amsa laifinsu da kai wani hari da kansu. A ranar 9 ga watan Agusta, dakarun sojojin Biafra sun haye iyakar yammacin su da kogin Neja zuwa jihar Mid-Western ta Najeriya. Da yake wucewa ta babban birnin jihar Benin City, Yan Biafra sun ci gaba zuwa yankin yamma har zuwa 21 ga watan Agusta, lokacin da aka dakatar da su a Ore a Jihar Ondo ta yanzu, kilomita 210 (130 gabashin babban birnin Najeriya na Legas. Lt. Col. Banjo, mutumin Yoruba, ne ya jagoranci harin Biafran, tare da matsayin brigadier na Biafran. An nuna turjiya da juria matuka kuma an karɓi jihar ta Tsakiyar Yamma cikin sauƙi. Wannan ya faru ne saboda shirin da aka yi kafin a raba gardama cewa duk sojoji ya kamata su koma yankunansu don dakatar da yawan kisan kai, wanda sojojin Igbo suka kasance manyan wadanda suka sha wahala.^[1]^[31] Sojojin Najeriya da ya kamata su kare jihar Mid-Western galibi Igbo ne daga wannan jihar kuma, yayin da wasu ke hulɗa da takwarorinsu na Biafran, wasu sun yi tsayayya da mamayewar. Janar Gowon ya amsa ta hanyar tambayar Kanal Murtala Mohammed (wanda daga baya ya zama shugaban kasa a shekara ta 1975) don kafa wani bangare (Rukunin dakarun Sojoji na 2) don fitar da yan Biafra daga jihar Mid-Western, don kare iyakar jihar Yamma da kuma kai hari yankin Biafra. A lokaci guda, Gowon ya ayyana "cikakken yaki" kuma ya sanar da cewa gwamnatin Tarayya za ta tattara dukkan jama'ar Najeriya don kokarin yaki.^[3] Daga lokacin rani na shekarar 1967 zuwa bazara na shekarar 1969, Sojojin Tarayya sun karu daga rundunar 7,000 zuwa rundunar mutane 200,000 da aka shirya a cikin ƙungiyoyi uku. Biafra ta fara yakin tare da sojoji 230 kawai a Enugu, wanda ya karu zuwa battaliyoyi biyu a watan Agusta shekara ta 1967, wanda ba da daɗewa ba aka faɗaɗa zuwa brigades biyu, 51st da 52nd wanda ya zama ainihin Sojojin Biafran. A shekara ta 1969, 'yan Biafra sun kafa sojoji 90,000 a cikin ƙungiyoyi biyar tare da wasu ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu.^[4]

Yayin da sojojin Najeriya suka sake karbar jihar Mid-Western, mai kula da dakarun soja na Biafra ya ayyana shi Benin_(1967)" id="mwBAw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Republic of Benin (1967)">Jamhuriyar Benin a ranar 19 ga Satumba, kodayake ya daina wanzuwa a washegari. Kasar Benin ta yanzu, yammacin Najeriya, har yanzu ana kiranta Dahomey a wannan lokacin.^[32]

Kodayake 'dakarun sojojin Najeriya sun sake mamaye yankin Benin City a ranar 22 ga watan Satumba, yan Biafra sun samu babban nasara a cikin burinsu ta hanyar kamu da ɗaure dakarun Tarayyar Najeriya da yawa kamar yadda za su iya. Janar Gowon ya kuma kaddamar da wani hari a cikin yankin Biafra ta kudu daga garin Neja Delta zuwa har zuwa yankin kogi, ta hanyar amfani da kwamandan dakarun sojojin Najeriya dake yankin Legas mai suna Garrison a karkashin Colonel Benjamin Adekunle (wanda ake wa lakabi da Black Scorpion) don samar da "3rd Infantry Division" (wanda daga baya aka sake masa lakabi da "3rd Marine Commando")". Yayin da yakin ya ci gaba, Sojojin Najeriya sun shiga cikin yanki mai faɗi, gami da Yoruba, Itshekiri, Urhobo, Edo, Ijaw, da sauransu.^[33]

Yakin Najeriya

An raba umurnin zuwa brigades biyu tare da battalions uku kowannensu. Brigade na 1 ya ci gaba a kan hanyar Ogugu-Ogunga-Nsukka yayin da Brigade na 2 ya ci gaba akan hanyar Gakem-Obudu-Ogoja. A ranar 10 ga watan Yulin shekara 1967, Brigade na 1 ya ci galaba akan dukkan yankunan da aka ba shi. A ranar 12 ga watan Yulin brigade na 2 ya kama Gakem, Ogudu, da Ogoja. Don taimakawa kasar Najeriya, Masar ta aika da jiragen yaki da Ilyushin Il-28 guda shida da ma'aikatan jirgin saman kasar Masar suka tashi.^[13]^[34] Al'adar Masarawa ta jefa bam a asibitocin Red Cross tare da makarantu, asibitoci, da kasuwanni sun yi yawa don samun tausayi na kasa da kasa na Biafra.

Enugu ta zama cibiyar ballewa da tawaye, kuma gwamnatin Najeriya ta yi imanin cewa da zarar an kama Enugu, yunkurin ballewar ta zai zo karshe. An fara shirin mamaye Enugu ne a ranar 12 ga Satumba shekara ta 1967. A ranar 4 ga Oktoba, runduna ^{] daya [} Najeriya ta kama Enugu . ^[23] Ojukwu yana barci a gidan gwamnatin Biafra lokacin da sojojin tarayyar Najeriya suka kai hari da kyar suka tsere ta hanyar rikidewa da sajewa a matsayin bawa. ^[24] Da dama daga cikin 'yan dakarun Najeriya sun yi fatan kama Enugu zai gamsar da manyan al'ummar Igbo su daina goyon bayan ballewa, ko da Ojukwu bai bi su ba. Wannan bai faru ba. Ojukwu ya koma da gwamnatinsa ba tare da wahala ba zuwa Umuahia, birni mai zurfi a cikin yankin Igbo na gargajiya. ^[3] Faduwar Enugu ya taimaka wajen kawo cikas ga yunkurin farfagandar Biafra a takaice, yayin da tilasta wa ma'aikatan da aka tilastawa matsugunin matsugunin ma'aikatar yada labaran kasar tabarbare, kuma nasarar da rundunar tarayya ta samu ta yi watsi da ikirarin Biafra na baya-bayan nan na cewa kasar Najeriya ba za ta iya jurewa yakin da ake dadewa ba. ^[3] A ranar 23 ga watan Oktoba gidan rediyon yankin Biafra ya bayyana a wani watsa shirye-shirye cewa Ojukwu ya yi alkawarin ci gaba da bijirewa gwamnatin tarayyar Najeria, kuma ya danganta asarar Enugu da ayyukan zagon kasa.

Dakarun sojojin Najeriya a karkashin jagorancin Murtala Mohammed sun kashe fararen hula 700 lokacin da suka kama Asaba a Kogin Neja. An kori 'dakarun Najeriya sau uku yayin da suke yunkuri da ƙoƙarin haye Kogin Neja domin kai hari ga yankin Biafra a watan Oktoba, wanda ya haifar da asarar rayukan dubban dakarun sojojin Najeria, tankuna da makaman yaki da yawa. Yunkurin farko da rundunar sojan kasa ta 2 ta yi a ranar 12 ga watan Oktoba don haye Nijar daga garin Asaba zuwa birnin Biafran na Onitsha ya kashe dakarun Sojojin Tarayyar Najeriya sama da sojoji 5,000, wadanda suka ji rauni, wadanda aka kama ko wadanda aka rasa sanin inda suke (sun bace). Operation Tiger Claw (17-20 Oktoba shekara ta 1967) ya kasance rikici ne na soja tsakanin dakarun sojojin Najeriya da Biafra . A ranar 17 ga Oktoba shekara 1967 'yan Najeriya sun mamaye Calabar karkashin jagorancin "Black Scorpion", Benjamin Adekunle, yayin da Col. Ogbu Ogi, wanda ke da alhakin sarrafa yankin tsakanin Calabar da Opobo, da Lynn Garrison, dan kasuwa na kasashen waje, suka jagoranci Biafra. Yan yankin Biafra sun zo ƙarƙashin wuta nan take daga ruwa da iska. A cikin kwanaki biyu masu zuwa, rundunar sojan saman Najeriya ta jefa bam a tashoshin Biafra da kayan soja. A wannan rana Lynn Garrison ya isa Calabar amma nan da nan sojojin tarayyar Najeriya suka harbe shi. A ranar 20 ga Oktoba, sojojin Garrison sun janye daga yakin yayin da Col. Ogi ya mika wuya ga Janar Adekunle. A ranar 19 ga watan Mayu shekara ta 1968 aka kama Port Harcourt. Tare da kama Enugu, Bonny, Calabar da Port Harcourt, an bar duniya ta waje ba tare da wata shakka ba game da rinjaye na Tarayya a yakin. Jita-jita ta Biafra koda yaushe tana zargin cin nasarar soja a kan "masu sabawa" a cikin matsayi na jami'in Biafra, kuma an ƙarfafa jami'an da sauran matsayi su yi tir da wadanda ake zargi da "masu lalata". A duk lokacin yakin, jami'an Biafra sun fi dacewa da kashe su da kansu fiye da Sojojin Tarayya yayin da Ojukwu ya gudanar da tsaftacewa kuma ya sami jami'an da ake zargi da kasancewa "masu sabawa" da aka fitar da su kuma aka harbe su. Ojukwu bai amince da mafi yawan tsoffin jami'an Tarayyar Igbo da suka taru a Biafra ba kuma sun gan su a matsayin masu adawa, don haka ya haifar da kisan kai wanda ya haifar da kashe mafi yawansu.^[29] Bugu da ƙari, Ojukwu yana buƙatar masu cin zarafi don cin nasarar Biafra kuma mutuwa ita ce azabtarwa ta yau da kullun ga jami'an Biafra waɗanda suka rasa yaƙi. Daga tsoron juyin mulki, Ojukwu ya kirkiro raka'a da yawa kamar S Brigade wanda ya umarce shi da kuma "4th Commando Brigade" wanda dan kwangila na Jamus Rolf Steiner ya umarce su wanda ya wanzu a waje da jerin umarni na yau da kullun.^[30] Barua ya rubuta cewa jagorancin Ojukwu, musamman kisan gillar da yake yi akai-akai na jami'ansa yana da "matsananciyar tasiri" a kan halin da ake ciki na rundunar jami'an yankin Biafra.^[30] Kashe-kashen jami'an ya kuma sa ya zama da wahala ga jami'an Biafra su sami kwarewar da ake bukata don gudanar da ayyukan soja cikin nasara yayin da Barua ya lura cewa Sojojin Biafra ba su da "ci gaba da haɗin kai" don koyo daga yaƙin.^[30]

Kula da samar da mai

Yaki

Jim kadan bayan tsawaita shingen da ta yi, gwamnatin Najeriya ta kaddamar da " matakin 'yan sanda " don kwato yankin da 'yan awaren suka yi. Yaƙin ya fara ne a farkon 6 ga watan Yuli shekara ta alif daritara da sittin da bakwai 1967 lokacin da sojojin Tarayyar Najeriya suka shiga cikin ginshiƙai biyu zuwa yankin Biafra. Dabarai na Biafra ta yi nasara: gwamnatin tarayya ta fara yakin, kuma Gabas ta kare kanta. Dakarun Sojojin Najeriya sun kai farmakin a Arewacin yankin Biafra karkashin jagorancin Kanar Mohammed Shuwa kuma an kafa rundunonin soji na yankin a matsayin runduna ta daya ta runduna ta daya . Yawancin jami'an arewa ne ke jagorantar wannan yanki. Bayan fuskantar turjiya mai tsanani da hasarar rayuka ba zato ba tsammani, ginshiƙi na yammacin Najeriya ya ci gaba a kan garin Nsukka, wanda ya faɗo a ranar 14 ga Yuli, yayin da mutanen ginshiƙin Gabas suka nufi Garkem, wanda aka kama a ranar 12 ga watan Yuli. ^{[ abubuwan da ake bukata ]}

Yakin Biafra

Yan yankin Biafra sun amsa laifinsu da kai wani hari da kansu. A ranar 9 ga watan Agusta, dakarun sojojin Biafra sun haye iyakar yammacin su da kogin Neja zuwa jihar Mid-Western ta Najeriya. Da yake wucewa ta babban birnin jihar Benin City, Yan Biafra sun ci gaba zuwa yankin yamma har zuwa 21 ga watan Agusta, lokacin da aka dakatar da su a Ore a Jihar Ondo ta yanzu, kilomita 210 (130 gabashin babban birnin Najeriya na Legas. Lt. Col. Banjo, mutumin Yoruba, ne ya jagoranci harin Biafran, tare da matsayin brigadier na Biafran. An nuna turjiya da juria matuka kuma an karɓi jihar ta Tsakiyar Yamma cikin sauƙi. Wannan ya faru ne saboda shirin da aka yi kafin a raba gardama cewa duk sojoji ya kamata su koma yankunansu don dakatar da yawan kisan kai, wanda sojojin Igbo suka kasance manyan wadanda suka sha wahala.^[1]^[35] Sojojin Najeriya da ya kamata su kare jihar Mid-Western galibi Igbo ne daga wannan jihar kuma, yayin da wasu ke hulɗa da takwarorinsu na Biafran, wasu sun yi tsayayya da mamayewar. Janar Gowon ya amsa ta hanyar tambayar Kanal Murtala Mohammed (wanda daga baya ya zama shugaban kasa a shekara ta 1975) don kafa wani bangare (Rukunin dakarun Sojoji na 2) don fitar da yan Biafra daga jihar Mid-Western, don kare iyakar jihar Yamma da kuma kai hari yankin Biafra. A lokaci guda, Gowon ya ayyana "cikakken yaki" kuma ya sanar da cewa gwamnatin Tarayya za ta tattara dukkan jama'ar Najeriya don kokarin yaki.^[3] Daga lokacin rani na shekarar 1967 zuwa bazara na shekarar 1969, Sojojin Tarayya sun karu daga rundunar 7,000 zuwa rundunar mutane 200,000 da aka shirya a cikin ƙungiyoyi uku. Biafra ta fara yakin tare da sojoji 230 kawai a Enugu, wanda ya karu zuwa battaliyoyi biyu a watan Agusta shekara ta 1967, wanda ba da daɗewa ba aka faɗaɗa zuwa brigades biyu, 51st da 52nd wanda ya zama ainihin Sojojin Biafran. A shekara ta 1969, 'yan Biafra sun kafa sojoji 90,000 a cikin ƙungiyoyi biyar tare da wasu ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu.^[4]

Yayin da sojojin Najeriya suka sake karbar jihar Mid-Western, mai kula da dakarun soja na Biafra ya ayyana shi Benin_(1967)" id="mwBAw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Republic of Benin (1967)">Jamhuriyar Benin a ranar 19 ga Satumba, kodayake ya daina wanzuwa a washegari. Kasar Benin ta yanzu, yammacin Najeriya, har yanzu ana kiranta Dahomey a wannan lokacin.^[36]

Kodayake 'dakarun sojojin Najeriya sun sake mamaye yankin Benin City a ranar 22 ga watan Satumba, yan Biafra sun samu babban nasara a cikin burinsu ta hanyar kamu da ɗaure dakarun Tarayyar Najeriya da yawa kamar yadda za su iya. Janar Gowon ya kuma kaddamar da wani hari a cikin yankin Biafra ta kudu daga garin Neja Delta zuwa har zuwa yankin kogi, ta hanyar amfani da kwamandan dakarun sojojin Najeriya dake yankin Legas mai suna Garrison a karkashin Colonel Benjamin Adekunle (wanda ake wa lakabi da Black Scorpion) don samar da "3rd Infantry Division" (wanda daga baya aka sake masa lakabi da "3rd Marine Commando")". Yayin da yakin ya ci gaba, Sojojin Najeriya sun shiga cikin yanki mai faɗi, gami da Yoruba, Itshekiri, Urhobo, Edo, Ijaw, da sauransu.^[37]

Yakin Najeriya

An raba umurnin zuwa brigades biyu tare da battalions uku kowannensu. Brigade na 1 ya ci gaba a kan hanyar Ogugu-Ogunga-Nsukka yayin da Brigade na 2 ya ci gaba akan hanyar Gakem-Obudu-Ogoja. A ranar 10 ga watan Yulin shekara 1967, Brigade na 1 ya ci galaba akan dukkan yankunan da aka ba shi. A ranar 12 ga watan Yulin brigade na 2 ya kama Gakem, Ogudu, da Ogoja. Don taimakawa kasar Najeriya, Masar ta aika da jiragen yaki da Ilyushin Il-28 guda shida da ma'aikatan jirgin saman kasar Masar suka tashi.^[13]^[38] Al'adar Masarawa ta jefa bam a asibitocin Red Cross tare da makarantu, asibitoci, da kasuwanni sun yi yawa don samun tausayi na kasa da kasa na Biafra.

Enugu ta zama cibiyar ballewa da tawaye, kuma gwamnatin Najeriya ta yi imanin cewa da zarar an kama Enugu, yunkurin ballewar ta zai zo karshe. An fara shirin mamaye Enugu ne a ranar 12 ga Satumba shekara ta 1967. A ranar 4 ga Oktoba, runduna ^{] daya [} Najeriya ta kama Enugu . ^[23] Ojukwu yana barci a gidan gwamnatin Biafra lokacin da sojojin tarayyar Najeriya suka kai hari da kyar suka tsere ta hanyar rikidewa da sajewa a matsayin bawa. ^[24] Da dama daga cikin 'yan dakarun Najeriya sun yi fatan kama Enugu zai gamsar da manyan al'ummar Igbo su daina goyon bayan ballewa, ko da Ojukwu bai bi su ba. Wannan bai faru ba. Ojukwu ya koma da gwamnatinsa ba tare da wahala ba zuwa Umuahia, birni mai zurfi a cikin yankin Igbo na gargajiya. ^[3] Faduwar Enugu ya taimaka wajen kawo cikas ga yunkurin farfagandar Biafra a takaice, yayin da tilasta wa ma'aikatan da aka tilastawa matsugunin matsugunin ma'aikatar yada labaran kasar tabarbare, kuma nasarar da rundunar tarayya ta samu ta yi watsi da ikirarin Biafra na baya-bayan nan na cewa kasar Najeriya ba za ta iya jurewa yakin da ake dadewa ba. ^[3] A ranar 23 ga watan Oktoba gidan rediyon yankin Biafra ya bayyana a wani watsa shirye-shirye cewa Ojukwu ya yi alkawarin ci gaba da bijirewa gwamnatin tarayyar Najeria, kuma ya danganta asarar Enugu da ayyukan zagon kasa.

Dakarun sojojin Najeriya a karkashin jagorancin Murtala Mohammed sun kashe fararen hula 700 lokacin da suka kama Asaba a Kogin Neja. An kori 'dakarun Najeriya sau uku yayin da suke yunkuri da ƙoƙarin haye Kogin Neja domin kai hari ga yankin Biafra a watan Oktoba, wanda ya haifar da asarar rayukan dubban dakarun sojojin Najeria, tankuna da makaman yaki da yawa. Yunkurin farko da rundunar sojan kasa ta 2 ta yi a ranar 12 ga watan Oktoba don haye Nijar daga garin Asaba zuwa birnin Biafran na Onitsha ya kashe dakarun Sojojin Tarayyar Najeriya sama da sojoji 5,000, wadanda suka ji rauni, wadanda aka kama ko wadanda aka rasa sanin inda suke (sun bace). Operation Tiger Claw (17-20 Oktoba shekara ta 1967) ya kasance rikici ne na soja tsakanin dakarun sojojin Najeriya da Biafra . A ranar 17 ga Oktoba shekara 1967 'yan Najeriya sun mamaye Calabar karkashin jagorancin "Black Scorpion", Benjamin Adekunle, yayin da Col. Ogbu Ogi, wanda ke da alhakin sarrafa yankin tsakanin Calabar da Opobo, da Lynn Garrison, dan kasuwa na kasashen waje, suka jagoranci Biafra. Yan yankin Biafra sun zo ƙarƙashin wuta nan take daga ruwa da iska. A cikin kwanaki biyu masu zuwa, rundunar sojan saman Najeriya ta jefa bam a tashoshin Biafra da kayan soja. A wannan rana Lynn Garrison ya isa Calabar amma nan da nan sojojin tarayyar Najeriya suka harbe shi. A ranar 20 ga Oktoba, sojojin Garrison sun janye daga yakin yayin da Col. Ogi ya mika wuya ga Janar Adekunle. A ranar 19 ga watan Mayu shekara ta 1968 aka kama Port Harcourt. Tare da kama Enugu, Bonny, Calabar da Port Harcourt, an bar duniya ta waje ba tare da wata shakka ba game da rinjaye na Tarayya a yakin. Jita-jita ta Biafra koda yaushe tana zargin cin nasarar soja a kan "masu sabawa" a cikin matsayi na jami'in Biafra, kuma an ƙarfafa jami'an da sauran matsayi su yi tir da wadanda ake zargi da "masu lalata". A duk lokacin yakin, jami'an Biafra sun fi dacewa da kashe su da kansu fiye da Sojojin Tarayya yayin da Ojukwu ya gudanar da tsaftacewa kuma ya sami jami'an da ake zargi da kasancewa "masu sabawa" da aka fitar da su kuma aka harbe su. Ojukwu bai amince da mafi yawan tsoffin jami'an Tarayyar Igbo da suka taru a Biafra ba kuma sun gan su a matsayin masu adawa, don haka ya haifar da kisan kai wanda ya haifar da kashe mafi yawansu.^[29] Bugu da ƙari, Ojukwu yana buƙatar masu cin zarafi don cin nasarar Biafra kuma mutuwa ita ce azabtarwa ta yau da kullun ga jami'an Biafra waɗanda suka rasa yaƙi. Daga tsoron juyin mulki, Ojukwu ya kirkiro raka'a da yawa kamar S Brigade wanda ya umarce shi da kuma "4th Commando Brigade" wanda dan kwangila na Jamus Rolf Steiner ya umarce su wanda ya wanzu a waje da jerin umarni na yau da kullun.^[30] Barua ya rubuta cewa jagorancin Ojukwu, musamman kisan gillar da yake yi akai-akai na jami'ansa yana da "matsananciyar tasiri" a kan halin da ake ciki na rundunar jami'an yankin Biafra.^[30] Kashe-kashen jami'an ya kuma sa ya zama da wahala ga jami'an Biafra su sami kwarewar da ake bukata don gudanar da ayyukan soja cikin nasara yayin da Barua ya lura cewa Sojojin Biafra ba su da "ci gaba da haɗin kai" don koyo daga yaƙin.^[30]

Kula da samar da mai

Binciken mai a Najeriya ya fara ne daga Kamfanin Ci gaban Man Fetur na Shell-BP a cikin shekara ta 1937. A kokarin sarrafa man fetur a yankin gabas, Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya ta sanya takunkumin jigilar kayayyaki a yankin. Wannan takunkumin bai hada da tankunan mai ba. Shugabannin Biafra sun rubuta wa Shell-BP suna neman sarauta don man da ake bincika a yankin su. Bayan tattaunawa mai yawa, Shell-BP ta yanke shawarar biyan Biafra adadin kudi fam 250,000. Labarin wannan biyan ya kai ga gwamnatin Tarayya, wanda nan da nan ya tsawaita takunkumin jigilar kayayyaki ga masu tankar mai. Gwamnatin Najeriya ta kuma bayyana wa Shell-BP cewa tana sa ran kamfanin zai biya duk kudaden mai nan take. Tare da tsayawa kan biyan Biafra, gwamnati ta umarci Shell-BP da ta dakatar da ayyukan a Biafra kuma ta karɓi mulki daga kamfanin.^[39]

Yaki

Jim kadan bayan tsawaita shingen da ta yi, gwamnatin Najeriya ta kaddamar da " matakin 'yan sanda " don kwato yankin da 'yan awaren suka yi. Yaƙin ya fara ne a farkon 6 ga watan Yuli shekara ta alif daritara da sittin da bakwai 1967 lokacin da sojojin Tarayyar Najeriya suka shiga cikin ginshiƙai biyu zuwa yankin Biafra. Dabarai na Biafra ta yi nasara: gwamnatin tarayya ta fara yakin, kuma Gabas ta kare kanta. Dakarun Sojojin Najeriya sun kai farmakin a Arewacin yankin Biafra karkashin jagorancin Kanar Mohammed Shuwa kuma an kafa rundunonin soji na yankin a matsayin runduna ta daya ta runduna ta daya . Yawancin jami'an arewa ne ke jagorantar wannan yanki. Bayan fuskantar turjiya mai tsanani da hasarar rayuka ba zato ba tsammani, ginshiƙi na yammacin Najeriya ya ci gaba a kan garin Nsukka, wanda ya faɗo a ranar 14 ga Yuli, yayin da mutanen ginshiƙin Gabas suka nufi Garkem, wanda aka kama a ranar 12 ga watan Yuli. ^{[ abubuwan da ake bukata ]}

Yakin Biafra

Yan yankin Biafra sun amsa laifinsu da kai wani hari da kansu. A ranar 9 ga watan Agusta, dakarun sojojin Biafra sun haye iyakar yammacin su da kogin Neja zuwa jihar Mid-Western ta Najeriya. Da yake wucewa ta babban birnin jihar Benin City, Yan Biafra sun ci gaba zuwa yankin yamma har zuwa 21 ga watan Agusta, lokacin da aka dakatar da su a Ore a Jihar Ondo ta yanzu, kilomita 210 (130 gabashin babban birnin Najeriya na Legas. Lt. Col. Banjo, mutumin Yoruba, ne ya jagoranci harin Biafran, tare da matsayin brigadier na Biafran. An nuna turjiya da juria matuka kuma an karɓi jihar ta Tsakiyar Yamma cikin sauƙi. Wannan ya faru ne saboda shirin da aka yi kafin a raba gardama cewa duk sojoji ya kamata su koma yankunansu don dakatar da yawan kisan kai, wanda sojojin Igbo suka kasance manyan wadanda suka sha wahala.^[1]^[40] Sojojin Najeriya da ya kamata su kare jihar Mid-Western galibi Igbo ne daga wannan jihar kuma, yayin da wasu ke hulɗa da takwarorinsu na Biafran, wasu sun yi tsayayya da mamayewar. Janar Gowon ya amsa ta hanyar tambayar Kanal Murtala Mohammed (wanda daga baya ya zama shugaban kasa a shekara ta 1975) don kafa wani bangare (Rukunin dakarun Sojoji na 2) don fitar da yan Biafra daga jihar Mid-Western, don kare iyakar jihar Yamma da kuma kai hari yankin Biafra. A lokaci guda, Gowon ya ayyana "cikakken yaki" kuma ya sanar da cewa gwamnatin Tarayya za ta tattara dukkan jama'ar Najeriya don kokarin yaki.^[3] Daga lokacin rani na shekarar 1967 zuwa bazara na shekarar 1969, Sojojin Tarayya sun karu daga rundunar 7,000 zuwa rundunar mutane 200,000 da aka shirya a cikin ƙungiyoyi uku. Biafra ta fara yakin tare da sojoji 230 kawai a Enugu, wanda ya karu zuwa battaliyoyi biyu a watan Agusta shekara ta 1967, wanda ba da daɗewa ba aka faɗaɗa zuwa brigades biyu, 51st da 52nd wanda ya zama ainihin Sojojin Biafran. A shekara ta 1969, 'yan Biafra sun kafa sojoji 90,000 a cikin ƙungiyoyi biyar tare da wasu ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu.^[4]

Yayin da sojojin Najeriya suka sake karbar jihar Mid-Western, mai kula da dakarun soja na Biafra ya ayyana shi Benin_(1967)" id="mwBAw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Republic of Benin (1967)">Jamhuriyar Benin a ranar 19 ga Satumba, kodayake ya daina wanzuwa a washegari. Kasar Benin ta yanzu, yammacin Najeriya, har yanzu ana kiranta Dahomey a wannan lokacin.^[41]

Kodayake 'dakarun sojojin Najeriya sun sake mamaye yankin Benin City a ranar 22 ga watan Satumba, yan Biafra sun samu babban nasara a cikin burinsu ta hanyar kamu da ɗaure dakarun Tarayyar Najeriya da yawa kamar yadda za su iya. Janar Gowon ya kuma kaddamar da wani hari a cikin yankin Biafra ta kudu daga garin Neja Delta zuwa har zuwa yankin kogi, ta hanyar amfani da kwamandan dakarun sojojin Najeriya dake yankin Legas mai suna Garrison a karkashin Colonel Benjamin Adekunle (wanda ake wa lakabi da Black Scorpion) don samar da "3rd Infantry Division" (wanda daga baya aka sake masa lakabi da "3rd Marine Commando")". Yayin da yakin ya ci gaba, Sojojin Najeriya sun shiga cikin yanki mai faɗi, gami da Yoruba, Itshekiri, Urhobo, Edo, Ijaw, da sauransu.^[42]

Yakin Najeriya

An raba umurnin zuwa brigades biyu tare da battalions uku kowannensu. Brigade na 1 ya ci gaba a kan hanyar Ogugu-Ogunga-Nsukka yayin da Brigade na 2 ya ci gaba akan hanyar Gakem-Obudu-Ogoja. A ranar 10 ga watan Yulin shekara 1967, Brigade na 1 ya ci galaba akan dukkan yankunan da aka ba shi. A ranar 12 ga watan Yulin brigade na 2 ya kama Gakem, Ogudu, da Ogoja. Don taimakawa kasar Najeriya, Masar ta aika da jiragen yaki da Ilyushin Il-28 guda shida da ma'aikatan jirgin saman kasar Masar suka tashi.^[13]^[43] Al'adar Masarawa ta jefa bam a asibitocin Red Cross tare da makarantu, asibitoci, da kasuwanni sun yi yawa don samun tausayi na kasa da kasa na Biafra.

Enugu ta zama cibiyar ballewa da tawaye, kuma gwamnatin Najeriya ta yi imanin cewa da zarar an kama Enugu, yunkurin ballewar ta zai zo karshe. An fara shirin mamaye Enugu ne a ranar 12 ga Satumba shekara ta 1967. A ranar 4 ga Oktoba, runduna ^{] daya [} Najeriya ta kama Enugu . ^[23] Ojukwu yana barci a gidan gwamnatin Biafra lokacin da sojojin tarayyar Najeriya suka kai hari da kyar suka tsere ta hanyar rikidewa da sajewa a matsayin bawa. ^[24] Da dama daga cikin 'yan dakarun Najeriya sun yi fatan kama Enugu zai gamsar da manyan al'ummar Igbo su daina goyon bayan ballewa, ko da Ojukwu bai bi su ba. Wannan bai faru ba. Ojukwu ya koma da gwamnatinsa ba tare da wahala ba zuwa Umuahia, birni mai zurfi a cikin yankin Igbo na gargajiya. ^[3] Faduwar Enugu ya taimaka wajen kawo cikas ga yunkurin farfagandar Biafra a takaice, yayin da tilasta wa ma'aikatan da aka tilastawa matsugunin matsugunin ma'aikatar yada labaran kasar tabarbare, kuma nasarar da rundunar tarayya ta samu ta yi watsi da ikirarin Biafra na baya-bayan nan na cewa kasar Najeriya ba za ta iya jurewa yakin da ake dadewa ba. ^[3] A ranar 23 ga watan Oktoba gidan rediyon yankin Biafra ya bayyana a wani watsa shirye-shirye cewa Ojukwu ya yi alkawarin ci gaba da bijirewa gwamnatin tarayyar Najeria, kuma ya danganta asarar Enugu da ayyukan zagon kasa.

Dakarun sojojin Najeriya a karkashin jagorancin Murtala Mohammed sun kashe fararen hula 700 lokacin da suka kama Asaba a Kogin Neja. An kori 'dakarun Najeriya sau uku yayin da suke yunkuri da ƙoƙarin haye Kogin Neja domin kai hari ga yankin Biafra a watan Oktoba, wanda ya haifar da asarar rayukan dubban dakarun sojojin Najeria, tankuna da makaman yaki da yawa. Yunkurin farko da rundunar sojan kasa ta 2 ta yi a ranar 12 ga watan Oktoba don haye Nijar daga garin Asaba zuwa birnin Biafran na Onitsha ya kashe dakarun Sojojin Tarayyar Najeriya sama da sojoji 5,000, wadanda suka ji rauni, wadanda aka kama ko wadanda aka rasa sanin inda suke (sun bace). Operation Tiger Claw (17-20 Oktoba shekara ta 1967) ya kasance rikici ne na soja tsakanin dakarun sojojin Najeriya da Biafra . A ranar 17 ga Oktoba shekara 1967 'yan Najeriya sun mamaye Calabar karkashin jagorancin "Black Scorpion", Benjamin Adekunle, yayin da Col. Ogbu Ogi, wanda ke da alhakin sarrafa yankin tsakanin Calabar da Opobo, da Lynn Garrison, dan kasuwa na kasashen waje, suka jagoranci Biafra. Yan yankin Biafra sun zo ƙarƙashin wuta nan take daga ruwa da iska. A cikin kwanaki biyu masu zuwa, rundunar sojan saman Najeriya ta jefa bam a tashoshin Biafra da kayan soja. A wannan rana Lynn Garrison ya isa Calabar amma nan da nan sojojin tarayyar Najeriya suka harbe shi. A ranar 20 ga Oktoba, sojojin Garrison sun janye daga yakin yayin da Col. Ogi ya mika wuya ga Janar Adekunle. A ranar 19 ga watan Mayu shekara ta 1968 aka kama Port Harcourt. Tare da kama Enugu, Bonny, Calabar da Port Harcourt, an bar duniya ta waje ba tare da wata shakka ba game da rinjaye na Tarayya a yakin. Jita-jita ta Biafra koda yaushe tana zargin cin nasarar soja a kan "masu sabawa" a cikin matsayi na jami'in Biafra, kuma an ƙarfafa jami'an da sauran matsayi su yi tir da wadanda ake zargi da "masu lalata". A duk lokacin yakin, jami'an Biafra sun fi dacewa da kashe su da kansu fiye da Sojojin Tarayya yayin da Ojukwu ya gudanar da tsaftacewa kuma ya sami jami'an da ake zargi da kasancewa "masu sabawa" da aka fitar da su kuma aka harbe su. Ojukwu bai amince da mafi yawan tsoffin jami'an Tarayyar Igbo da suka taru a Biafra ba kuma sun gan su a matsayin masu adawa, don haka ya haifar da kisan kai wanda ya haifar da kashe mafi yawansu.^[29] Bugu da ƙari, Ojukwu yana buƙatar masu cin zarafi don cin nasarar Biafra kuma mutuwa ita ce azabtarwa ta yau da kullun ga jami'an Biafra waɗanda suka rasa yaƙi. Daga tsoron juyin mulki, Ojukwu ya kirkiro raka'a da yawa kamar S Brigade wanda ya umarce shi da kuma "4th Commando Brigade" wanda dan kwangila na Jamus Rolf Steiner ya umarce su wanda ya wanzu a waje da jerin umarni na yau da kullun.^[30] Barua ya rubuta cewa jagorancin Ojukwu, musamman kisan gillar da yake yi akai-akai na jami'ansa yana da "matsananciyar tasiri" a kan halin da ake ciki na rundunar jami'an yankin Biafra.^[30] Kashe-kashen jami'an ya kuma sa ya zama da wahala ga jami'an Biafra su sami kwarewar da ake bukata don gudanar da ayyukan soja cikin nasara yayin da Barua ya lura cewa Sojojin Biafra ba su da "ci gaba da haɗin kai" don koyo daga yaƙin.^[30]

Kula da samar da mai

Binciken mai a Najeriya ya fara ne daga Kamfanin Ci gaban Man Fetur na Shell-BP a cikin shekara ta 1937. A kokarin sarrafa man fetur a yankin gabas, Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya ta sanya takunkumin jigilar kayayyaki a yankin. Wannan takunkumin bai hada da tankunan mai ba. Shugabannin Biafra sun rubuta wa Shell-BP suna neman sarauta don man da ake bincika a yankin su. Bayan tattaunawa mai yawa, Shell-BP ta yanke shawarar biyan Biafra adadin kudi fam 250,000. Labarin wannan biyan ya kai ga gwamnatin Tarayya, wanda nan da nan ya tsawaita takunkumin jigilar kayayyaki ga masu tankar mai. Gwamnatin Najeriya ta kuma bayyana wa Shell-BP cewa tana sa ran kamfanin zai biya duk kudaden mai nan take. Tare da tsayawa kan biyan Biafra, gwamnati ta umarci Shell-BP da ta dakatar da ayyukan a Biafra kuma ta karɓi mulki daga kamfanin.^[39]

Zuwa ƙarshen watan Yuli shekara ta alif dari tara da sittin da bzkwai 1967, sojojin tarayya da Marines na Najeriya sun kama Tsibirin Bonny a cikin Neja Delta, don haka sun mallaki muhimman wuraren Shell-BP. Ayyuka sun sake farawa a watan Mayu shekara ta alif dari tara da sittin da takwas 1968, lokacin da Najeriya ta kama Port Harcourt . An lalata kayan aikinta kuma suna buƙatar gyara. An ci gaba da samar da mai da fitarwa, amma a matakin da ya fi ƙasa. Kammalawa a shekarar alif dari tara dasittin da tara 1969 na sabon tashar a Forçados ya kawo samarwa daga ganga 142,000 / rana a shekarar alif dari tara da hamsin da takwas 1958 zuwa ganga 540,000 / rana a shekara ta 1969. A cikin 1970, wannan adadi ya ninka sau biyu zuwa ganga miliyan 1.08 / rana. Hakkin ya ba Najeriya damar sayen karin makamai, hayar ma'aikata, da dai sauransu. Biafra ya tabbatar da cewa ba zai iya yin gasa a wannan matakin tattalin arziki ba.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Biafra Story, Frederick Forsyth, Leo Cooper, 2001 ISBN 0-85052-854-2
↑ Ethnic Politics in Kenya and Nigeria, by Godfrey Mwakikagile, Nova Publishers, 2001.ISBN 1560729678
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Stremlau 2015.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Barua, Pradeep 2013 p.11
↑ Ethnic Politics in Kenya and Nigeria, by Godfrey Mwakikagile, Nova Publishers, 2001.ISBN 1560729678
↑ "WOMEN AND THE NIGERIAN CIVIL CONFLICT". HYATTRACTIONS (in Turanci). 2014-12-02. Retrieved 2020-05-29.
↑ Ethnic Politics in Kenya and Nigeria, by Godfrey Mwakikagile, Nova Publishers, 2001.ISBN 1560729678
↑ "WOMEN AND THE NIGERIAN CIVIL CONFLICT". HYATTRACTIONS (in Turanci). 2014-12-02. Retrieved 2020-05-29.
↑ Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Refworld | Nigeria: The Ijaw-Itsekiri conflict in Delta State, including time period, causes, whether the authorities intervened, whether the police support the Ijaw or Itsekiri and the current situation". Refworld (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-07-07.
↑ Ethnic Politics in Kenya and Nigeria, by Godfrey Mwakikagile, Nova Publishers, 2001.ISBN 1560729678
↑ "WOMEN AND THE NIGERIAN CIVIL CONFLICT". HYATTRACTIONS (in Turanci). 2014-12-02. Retrieved 2020-05-29.
↑ Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Refworld | Nigeria: The Ijaw-Itsekiri conflict in Delta State, including time period, causes, whether the authorities intervened, whether the police support the Ijaw or Itsekiri and the current situation". Refworld (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-07-07.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "The Literary Magazine – the Biafra War and the Age of Pestilence by Herbert Ekwe Ekwe". Archived from the original on 20 August 2018. Retrieved 16 June 2010.
↑ Shadows: Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria 1967–1970, by Michael I. Draper (ISBN 1-902109-63-5)
↑ Ethnic Politics in Kenya and Nigeria, by Godfrey Mwakikagile, Nova Publishers, 2001.ISBN 1560729678
↑ "WOMEN AND THE NIGERIAN CIVIL CONFLICT". HYATTRACTIONS (in Turanci). 2014-12-02. Retrieved 2020-05-29.
↑ Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Refworld | Nigeria: The Ijaw-Itsekiri conflict in Delta State, including time period, causes, whether the authorities intervened, whether the police support the Ijaw or Itsekiri and the current situation". Refworld (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-07-07.
↑ Shadows: Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria 1967–1970, by Michael I. Draper (ISBN 1-902109-63-5)
↑ Ethnic Politics in Kenya and Nigeria, by Godfrey Mwakikagile, Nova Publishers, 2001.ISBN 1560729678
↑ "WOMEN AND THE NIGERIAN CIVIL CONFLICT". HYATTRACTIONS (in Turanci). 2014-12-02. Retrieved 2020-05-29.
↑ Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Refworld | Nigeria: The Ijaw-Itsekiri conflict in Delta State, including time period, causes, whether the authorities intervened, whether the police support the Ijaw or Itsekiri and the current situation". Refworld (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-07-07.
↑ Shadows: Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria 1967–1970, by Michael I. Draper (ISBN 1-902109-63-5)
1 2 3 4 5 Jowett 2016.
1 2 3 4 5 Baxter 2015.
↑ Ethnic Politics in Kenya and Nigeria, by Godfrey Mwakikagile, Nova Publishers, 2001.ISBN 1560729678
↑ "WOMEN AND THE NIGERIAN CIVIL CONFLICT". HYATTRACTIONS (in Turanci). 2014-12-02. Retrieved 2020-05-29.
↑ Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Refworld | Nigeria: The Ijaw-Itsekiri conflict in Delta State, including time period, causes, whether the authorities intervened, whether the police support the Ijaw or Itsekiri and the current situation". Refworld (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-07-07.
↑ Shadows: Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria 1967–1970, by Michael I. Draper (ISBN 1-902109-63-5)
1 2 3 4 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Barua, Pradeep 2013 p. 17-18
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Barua, Pradeep 2013 p. 18
↑ Ethnic Politics in Kenya and Nigeria, by Godfrey Mwakikagile, Nova Publishers, 2001.ISBN 1560729678
↑ "WOMEN AND THE NIGERIAN CIVIL CONFLICT". HYATTRACTIONS (in Turanci). 2014-12-02. Retrieved 2020-05-29.
↑ Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Refworld | Nigeria: The Ijaw-Itsekiri conflict in Delta State, including time period, causes, whether the authorities intervened, whether the police support the Ijaw or Itsekiri and the current situation". Refworld (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-07-07.
↑ Shadows: Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria 1967–1970, by Michael I. Draper (ISBN 1-902109-63-5)
↑ Ethnic Politics in Kenya and Nigeria, by Godfrey Mwakikagile, Nova Publishers, 2001.ISBN 1560729678
↑ "WOMEN AND THE NIGERIAN CIVIL CONFLICT". HYATTRACTIONS (in Turanci). 2014-12-02. Retrieved 2020-05-29.
↑ Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Refworld | Nigeria: The Ijaw-Itsekiri conflict in Delta State, including time period, causes, whether the authorities intervened, whether the police support the Ijaw or Itsekiri and the current situation". Refworld (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-07-07.
↑ Shadows: Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria 1967–1970, by Michael I. Draper (ISBN 1-902109-63-5)
1 2 Chibuike, Uche (2008). "Oil, British Interests and the Nigerian Civil War". The Journal of African History. 49 (1): 111–135. doi:10.1017/S0021853708003393. JSTOR 40206616. S2CID 159874579.
↑ Ethnic Politics in Kenya and Nigeria, by Godfrey Mwakikagile, Nova Publishers, 2001.ISBN 1560729678
↑ "WOMEN AND THE NIGERIAN CIVIL CONFLICT". HYATTRACTIONS (in Turanci). 2014-12-02. Retrieved 2020-05-29.
↑ Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Refworld | Nigeria: The Ijaw-Itsekiri conflict in Delta State, including time period, causes, whether the authorities intervened, whether the police support the Ijaw or Itsekiri and the current situation". Refworld (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-07-07.
↑ Shadows: Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria 1967–1970, by Michael I. Draper (ISBN 1-902109-63-5)

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[FOOTNOTEStremlau2015-3] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Stremlau 2015.

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[FOOTNOTEJowett2016-23] 1 2 3 4 5 Jowett 2016.

[FOOTNOTEBaxter2015-24] 1 2 3 4 5 Baxter 2015.

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