Yaƙin basasar Djibouti

Yaƙin basasar Djibouti

Iri	yaƙi
Bangare na	Conflicts in the Horn of Africa (en)
Kwanan watan	26 Disamba 1994
Participant (en)	Jibuti Front for the Restoration of Unity and Democracy (en)

Yakin basasar Djibouti (wanda aka fi sani da tawaye na farko na Afar ) rikici ne a Djibouti, wanda ya kasance daga 1991 zuwa 1994 kuma ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar dubban mutane. Rashin daidaiton raba madafun iko tsakanin Issa da Afarwa ya haifar da yakin basasa da ya addabi kasar tsawon shekaru uku.

Fage

A ranar 11 ga Maris, 1862, gwamnatin Faransa ta yi yarjejeniya da Sarkin Afar, Raieta Dini Ahmet . Ahmet ya sayar da yankinsa na Obock kan dillalai 10,000, kusan F 55,000. Wannan shi ne farkon lokacin mulkin mallaka na Faransa a yankin, yarjejeniyar da wani kyaftin na Fleuriot de Langle ya yi amfani da shi don yin mulkin mallaka a kudancin Tekun Tadjoura .

Tun da aƙalla mulkin Faransa, na farko a matsayin Faransan Somaliland sannan kuma a matsayin yankin Faransa na Afars da Issa, ana fama da rikicin ƙabilanci a Djibouti tsakanin Issas da Afarawa . Bayan samun 'yancin kai a shekara ta 1977, jam'iyyar People's Rally for Progress Party wadda ke da rinjayen Issas ta mulki Djibouti, kuma tun a shekarar 1981, ta mulki kasar a matsayin jam'iyya daya da jam'iyyar People's Rally for Progress, jam'iyya daya tilo da ta samu izini. Yawancin Afar sun ji an ware su.

A lokaci guda kuma, a cikin 1991, an hambarar da gwamnatocin kasashe makwabta, Siad Barre a Somaliya da Mengistu Haile Mariam a Habasha . Har ila yau, Eritrea da Somaliland sun sami 'yencin kai daga Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Jama'ar Habasha da Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Somaliya a cikin 1991.

A ƙarshen 1980s, ƙungiyoyi irin su Popular Liberation Movement, sun shirya hare-hare ga gwamnati. A cikin 1991, an ƙirƙiri ƙungiyoyin adawa da dama: Djibouti Patriotic Resistance Front (FRDP), Alliance of Forces for Democracy (AFD) da Action for a Review of Order in Djibouti (Arod). A tsakiyar 1991, da yawa daga cikinsu sun sake haduwa cikin wata sabuwar kungiya: Front for the Restoration of Unity and Democracy (FRUD).

Ɓarkewa

A cikin watan Mayun 1991, dubban sojojin Habasha sun gudu zuwa cikin kasar Djibouti bayan da aka hambarar da Dergi (tsohuwar gwamnatin Habasha). Sojojin Faransa da na Djibouti ne suka tsara su, an mayar da su Habasha, amma sun bar makamai da dama. A farkon watan Oktoban 1991, kungiyar 'yan tawaye Front for the Restoration of Unity and Democracy (FRUD), da ke kira da a kara shiga siyasa ta Afar, ta kaddamar da yakin neman zabe da gwamnati.

An yi arangama tsakanin dakarun gwamnati da 'yan tawayen FRUD a yankin Dikhil da ke yammacin Djibouti a ranar Oktoba, tun daga farkon kwanaki na barkewar yakin, musamman a daren 15-16 ga Nuwamba 1991, sojojin Djibouti sun kama wasu mutane 232 a yankin Obock . Wadannan su ne akasarin ‘yan kabilar Afar na Eritriya da kuma ‘yan tawayen tsohuwar gwamnatin Dergi.

Domin kawar da wannan ta'asar, FRUD ta kaddamar da hari, a ranar 21 ga watan Nuwamban shekarar 1991, wani hari a garin Obock da dakarunsa, amma bayan tsahon kwanaki na gwabza kazamin fada sojojin Djibouti sun murkushe su. Bayan haka, wasu fadace-fadace da dama za su yi tir da sojojin kasa da kuma 'yan ta'addar FRUD, wanda ya janyo hasarar rayuka da dama a bangarorin biyu. 'Yan ta'addar FRUD sun kwace dukkan ofisoshin sojoji a arewacin kasar tare da yiwa birnin Tadjoura da Obock kawanya.

Sojojin gwamnati da mayakan FRUD sun yi arangama a kusa da Tadjoura a tsakanin ranakun 3-4 ga watan Janairun 1992, wanda ya yi sanadin mutuwar wasu 'yan tawaye 150 da sojoji uku da sojojin gwamnati da kuma 'yan tawayen FRUD. A gundumomin Gagade, Kharab, da Bekaneb a ranakun 17-18 ga watan Janairun 1992, arangama ta yi sanadiyar mutuwar wasu 'yan tawaye 150 da sojoji 16.

A tsawon yakin, fadan ya fi kamari a arewacin kasar, in ban da abin da ya faru a babban birnin kasar, a ranar 18 ga watan Disambar 1991 sojojin gwamnati suka shiga yankin Arhiba da ke karkashin 'yan kabilar Afar, inda suka bude wuta kan dinbin jama'a. A lokaci guda dai an kashe akalla mutane 59, lamarin da ya janyo yin murabus daga mukaminsa na wakilan majalisar dokokin kasar ta Afar bisa zanga-zangar da kuma takun saka tsakanin jam'iyyar RPP da kanta. A watan Fabrairun 1992, an jibge wasu sojojin Faransa a arewa don taimakawa sojojin gwamnati. Kimanin mayaka 3,000 ne FRUD suka kai hari a wata cibiyar gwamnati a Dikhil amma aka fatattake su.

Faransa ta yi yunƙurin shiga tsakanin gwamnati da 'yan tawaye, amma duk ƙoƙarin shirya irin wannan tattaunawa (daga Nuwamba 1992 zuwa Mayu 1993) ya ci tura. Gwamnatin kasar ta mayar da martani inda ta kara yawan dakarunta daga kimanin mutane 5,000 zuwa 20,000 tare da kira ga asusun ajiyarta, sannan ta samu tallafi daga Faransa ta hanyar wasu kayan aikin soji.

A ranar 5 ga Yuli 1993, gwamnati ta kaddamar da wani gagarumin farmaki a yankunan da 'yan tawaye ke iko da su: babban sansanin FRUD, dake Assa-Gueyla, gwamnati ta kwace, wanda ya dawo da filaye da dama da suka hada da garuruwan Balho, Dorra da Randa ; hakan ya tilastawa 'yan tawayen mafaka a tsaunukan da ke kan iyaka da Eritriya a arewacin kasar. Al'ummar da ke zaune a yankin da rikicin ya barke, kusan fararen hula 70,000, an tilasta musu barin gidajensu da kuma wasu 'yan gudun hijira 30,000 da ke bayan kan iyakar Eritrea da yankin Afar na Habasha . Yaƙin basasa ya ba da gudummawa ga sake dawo da tsarin dimokuradiyyar jam'iyyu da yawa a 1992 tare da sabon tsarin mulki. Gwamnati na kokarin bude tattaunawa da kungiyar ta FRUD, wacce ke kan iyaka tsakanin Djibouti da Habasha, kuma tana da ‘yan tsageru kadan. A shekarar 1992 da 1993 an gudanar da zabukan ‘yan majalisa da na shugaban kasa . Daga bisani, FRUD ta rabu kan tambayar ko ta yaya za ta hada kai da gwamnati. Sai dai an ci gaba da ayyukan 'yan tawaye, yayin da 'yan adawa suka yi tir da cin zarafi da dama kan fararen hula.

Yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya

A watan Fabrairun 1994, FRUD ta yi wani tsari na sake fasalin shugabanninta na siyasa: Ougoureh Kifleh Ahmed ya kori Ahmed Dini Ahmed daga shugabancin kungiyar, tare da kafa sabuwar hanya bisa tattaunawa da gwamnatin tsakiya don cimma matsaya ta siyasa. Bayan wani farmaki da gwamnati ta kai a yankin Dutsen Mabla a tsakanin ranakun 3 zuwa 10 ga Maris, 1994, shugaba Hassan Gouled ya sanar da fara tattaunawar sulhu da FRUD a ranar 14 ga Maris; Wannan tayin ya samu karbuwa daga bangaren Kifleh Ahmed mai sassaucin ra'ayi amma jiga-jigan jam'iyyar FRUD karkashin Ahmed Dini sun yi watsi da wannan tayin, wadanda ke da sha'awar ci gaba da gwagwarmayar makami. Tare da shiga tsakani na Faransa, an sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta farko ta Abb'a a ranar 26 ga Disamba, 1994 tsakanin gwamnatin Djibouti da reshe mai matsakaicin ra'ayi na FRUD: a madadin dakatar da yakin, FRUD ta samu hadewar wakilanta 200 cikin gwamnatin jihar da 700 na mayakanta a cikin sahu na sojojin Djibouti; [1] a watan Yuni 1995 wata sabuwar gwamnatin Djibouti ta ga shigowar mambobin FRUD guda biyu, Ougoureh Kifleh a matsayin ministan noma da Ali Mohamed Daoud, shugaban kungiyar, a matsayin ministan lafiya da zamantakewa, yayin da a ranar 6 ga Maris, 1996 aka yi wa FRUD rajista a matsayin daya daga cikin jam’iyyun siyasa hudu da sabon kundin tsarin mulkin Djibouti ya ba da izini, sannan jam’iyyar hadin gwiwa 19 ga watan Disamba. da RPP .

Bangaren Ahmed Dini dai ya ki amincewa da duk wata tattaunawa da suka yi da kuma kai hare-hare da makamai a kan dakarun gwamnati, amma sannu a hankali an samu raguwar amincewar ‘yan kungiyar ta FRUD a bangarensu, sannan kuma mutanen da Ahmed Dini ya yi, ba su iya aiwatar da ayyukan ‘yan daba a arewacin kasar. Bayan wasu fadace-fadacen da aka yi a watan Janairun 1996 wanda kuma ya hada da sintiri na kasar Faransa, yakin da ake yi ya yi tashin gwauron zabo a watan Satumba na shekarar 1997, amma ya lalace sakamakon yarjejeniyar da aka cimma tsakanin Djibouti da Habasha kan ma'anar kan iyakarta, tare da sojojin Djibouti da na Habasha wadanda suka fara gudanar da wani mummunan farmaki na lalata Ahmed Dini da ke rike da makamai a bangarorin biyu na kan iyaka, tsakanin 19 zuwa 28 ga watan Maris din da ya gabata. matakin ya kai hare-hare a kan iyakokin kasar Djibouti da dama a kudancin kasar, amma a halin yanzu ayyukan 'yan ta'addar na cikin wani yanayi na raguwa kuma ana samun raguwar koma baya.

A ranar 9 ga Afrilu, 1999, aka zabi Ismail Omar Guelleh sabon shugaban kasar Djibouti ; lokaci ya yi na yadda za a warware rikicin siyasa a cikin watan Maris na shekara ta 2000 Ahmed Dini ya dawo daga gudun hijira a Yemen don fara tuntuɓar sabuwar gwamnati: a ranar 12 ga Mayu, 2001 an sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya mai ma'ana, kuma 'yan tawayen FRUD na ƙarshe sun ajje makamansu don mayar da su cikin harkokin siyasar Djibouti. Ahmed Dini ya zo zaben dokokin ne a watan Janairun 2003 domin ya jagoranci jam'iyyar adawa Alliance Républicaine pour le Développement, amma kawancen RPP-FRUD da ke goyon bayan Ismail Omar Guelleh ya sha kaye.

Bibiyar Tarihi

• Henri, Brunschwig (1968). "Une colonie inutile: Obock (1862-1888)" [A useless colony: Obock (1862-1888)]. Cahiers d'Études Africaines (in French). 8 (29): 32–47. doi:10.3406/cea.1968.3123. OCLC 918986122.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)

Shafukan mahaɗa

• Djibouti Civil War 1991 - 1994
• Peace Agreement Addresses Afar Discontent
• Samfuri:Usurped