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Yaduwar buga takardu a duniya

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
Yaduwar bugawa a Turai a karni na 15
Fitar da littattafan da aka buga a Turai tsakanin ƙarni na 15 da 18



Yaduwar buga takardu a duniya
printing press (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Farawa 1450
Location of formation (en) Fassara Birnin Mainr
Muhimmin darasi diffusion of innovations (en) Fassara

A cikin Yammacin duniya, aikin jarida ya zama daidai da kamfanin bugawa kuma ya ba da sunansa ga sabon reshe na kafofin watsa labarai, "jarida" (duba Jerin tsofaffin jaridu). [1]

Yaduwar jaridar Gutenberg

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Stamp na zamani don tunawa da Gutenberg Bible, babban aikin Turai na farko da aka buga ta hanyar nau'in motsi

Babban aikin bugawa na farko na Gutenberg shine Littafi Mai-Tsarki mai layi 42 a cikin Latin, mai yiwuwa an buga shi tsakanin 1452 da 1454 a birnin Mainz na Jamus. Bayan Gutenberg ya rasa karar da ya shigar a kan mai saka hannun jari, Johann Fust, Fust ya sanya ma'aikacin Gutenberg Peter Schöffer a matsayin mai kula da shagon bugawa. Bayan haka Gutenberg ya kafa sabon tare da goyon bayan kudi na wani mai ba da bashi. Tare da soke ikon Gutenberg, kuma fasahar ba ta da sirri, bugawa ta bazu a duk faɗin Jamus da kuma bayan haka, ta fara yaduwa ta hanyar ƙaura daga masu buga takardu na Jamus, amma nan da nan kuma daga masu koyo na ƙasashen waje.

Turai

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A cikin sauri, an kafa na'urorin bugawa a Tsakiya da Yammacin Turai. Landan garuruwa, musamman, sun yi aiki a matsayin cibiyoyin watsawa (Cologne 1466, Roma 1467, Venice 1469, Paris 1470, Buddha 1473, Kraków 1473, London 1477). A cikin 1481, kusan shekaru 30 bayan da aka buga Littafi Mai-Tsarki mai layi 42, ƙananan Netherlands sun riga sun nuna shagunan bugawa a cikin birane da garuruwa 21, yayin da Italiya da Jamus kowannensu yana da shagunan a cikin kusan garuruwa 40 a wannan lokacin. A cewar wani kimantawa, "a shekara ta 1500, na'urorin buga littattafai 220 suna aiki a duk faɗin Yammacin Turai kuma sun samar da littattafai miliyan 8" kuma a cikin shekarun 1550 akwai "masu buga littattafai ɗari uku ko fiye" da masu sayar da littattafai a Geneva kadai. Fitarwar ta kasance a cikin tsari na kundin miliyan ashirin kuma ta tashi a cikin karni na sha shida sau goma zuwa tsakanin 150 da 200 miliyan.[2] An dauki Jamus da Italiya a matsayin manyan cibiyoyin bugawa guda biyu dangane da yawa da inganci.  

Sauran duniya

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A cewar Suraiya Faroqhi, rashin sha'awa da dalilai na addini sun kasance daga cikin dalilan jinkirin karɓar buga takardu a waje da Turai: Don haka, bugawa a cikin rubutun Larabci, bayan fuskantar adawa mai karfi daga malaman shari'a na Musulmi da marubutan rubuce-rubuce, sun kasance a hukumance ko kuma ba bisa ka'ida ba a cikin Daular Ottoman tsakanin 1483 da 1729, bisa ga wasu tushe har ma a kan hukuncin kisa, [3] [4] [5] yayin da wasu nau'in Larabci mai ɗagawa da Paparoma Julius II (1503−1512) ya yi don rarraba tsakanin Kiristoci na Gabas ta Tsakiya, [6] Venice mafi girma da aka samar da aka samar.

An shigo da matani da na'urorin Ibrananci a duk faɗin Gabas ta Tsakiya - tun farkon 1493 - Constantinople, Fez (1516), Alkahira (1557) da Safed (1577). Rashin damuwa tsakanin Musulmai game da buga matani na addini ta wannan hanyar na iya rage samar da su.[7]

A Indiya, rahotanni sun nuna cewa Jesuits "sun gabatar da Littafi Mai-Tsarki mai yawa ga Sarkin sarakuna Akbar a cikin 1580 amma ba su yi nasara wajen tayar da sha'awa sosai ba. " Amma kuma dalilai masu amfani suna da alama sun taka rawar gani. Kamfanin Ingila na Gabashin Indiya, alal misali, ya kawo na'urar bugawa zuwa Surat a cikin shekara ta 1675, amma bai iya jefa nau'i a cikin rubutun Indiya ba, don haka aikin ya gaza.[8]

Arewacin Amurka ya ga tallafin da Cherokee Indian Elias Boudinot wanda ya buga jaridar farko ta kabilar, Cherokee Phoenix, daga 1828, wani bangare a cikin Harshen Cherokee, ta amfani da Rubutun Cherokee wanda ɗan ƙasarsa Sequoyah ya kirkira kwanan nan.

A cikin karni na 19, isowar Gutenberg-style press zuwa gabar Tahiti (1818), Hawaii (1821) da sauran tsibirai na Pacific, sun nuna ƙarshen tsarin watsa labarai na duniya wanda ya fara kusan shekaru 400 da suka gabata. A lokaci guda, "tsohuwar salon" na buga (kamar yadda aka kira samfurin Gutenberg a cikin karni na 19), ya riga ya kasance a cikin aiwatar da sarrafawa ta injunan masana'antu kamar na'urar buga tururi (1812) da na'urar bugawa (1833), wanda ya tashi daga ƙirar Gutenberg, amma har yanzu suna cikin layin ci gaba iri ɗaya.[1]

Ranar ta wurin

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Jamus, Austria da masu buga takardu na Jamus a Tsakiyar Turai

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Ranar Birni Mai buga littattafai Ta yaya
1452–1453[9] Mainz Johannes Gutenberg, Peter Schöffer, Johann Fust (mai saka hannun jari) Littafi Mai Tsarki na Gutenberg
c. 1457 [9]  Bamberg Albrecht Pfister, Johann Sensenschmid (daga 1480) Pfister: hoton littafi na farko na katako c. 1461
1460[9] Strassburg Johannes Mentelin, Johann Grüninger (1482) [10] A cikin 1605, Johann Carolus ya buga Jamusanci Relation aller Fuernemmen und gedenckwuerdigen Historien (Tarin dukkan labarai masu ban sha'awa da tunawa), wanda Ƙungiyar Jaridu ta Duniya ta amince da shi a matsayin jarida ta farko.
c. 1465 [9]  Cologne Ulrich Zell, Busaus, Gymnici, Mylij, Quentell[11]
1468[9] Augsburg Günther Zainer
Ba daga baya ba 1469 [9] Nuremberg Johann Sensenschmidt, Johannes Regiomontanus (1472-1475), Anton Koberger (1473-1513) Johann Endter (1625-1670) [11] Tarihin Nuremberg
c. 1471 [9]  Mai tsinkaye[11]
c. 1472 [9]  Lauingen
1473[9] Esslingen da Neckar
1473[9] Merseburg[12]
1473[9] Ulm[12]
c. 1473-1474 [9]  Erfurt
c. 1474 [9]  Lübeck[12] 1488, Missale Aboense da sauran juzu'i, littattafai na farko don kasuwannin Scandinavia da Finnish, na Bartholomeus Ghotan
1475[13] Breslau (yanzu Wrocław) Kasper Elyan na Glogau [14] Shagon bugawa na Kasper ya ci gaba da aiki har zuwa 1483 tare da fitarwa gaba ɗaya na lakabi 11.[13]
1475[9] Trento
c. 1475 [9]  Blaubeuren[12]
c. 1475 [9]  Rostock[12]
1476[9] Reutlingen
c. 1478-1479 [9]  Memmingen Albrecht Kunne [de]
1479[9] Würzburg[12] Georg Reyser
1479[9] Magdeburg
1480[9] Fitarwa
1480[9] Leipzig daga]-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Interlanguage link multi","href":"./Template:Interlanguage_link_multi"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Konrad Kachelofen"},"2":{"wt":"de"}},"i":0}}]}' data-mw-i18n='{"title":{"lang":"x-page","key":"red-link-title","params":["Konrad Kachelofen"]}}' data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" href="./Konrad_Kachelofen?action=edit&redlink=1" id="mwAes" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Konrad Kachelofen" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:LocalizedAttrs">Konrad Kachelofen [de], Andreas Friesner
c. 1480 [9]  Eichstätt
1482[9] Vienna Johann Winterburger [12]
1482[9] Munich Johann Schauer
c. 1482 [9]  Heidelberg[12]
1484[9] Ingolstadt
1485[9] Münster
c. 1485 [9]  Regensburg
1486[15] Schleswig Stephan Arndes
c. 1486 [9]  Stuttgart
c. 1488 [9]  Hamburg
1489[9] Hagenau
1491[9] Freiburg
1492[9] Marienburg Jakob Karweyse An buga bugu biyu kawai [16]

Dubi kuma

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  • Editio princeps

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ Meggs, Philip B. (1998). A History of Graphic Design. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp. 58–69. ISBN 0-471-29198-6
  2. ↑ Febvre, Lucien; Martin, Henri-Jean (1976): "The Coming of the Book: The Impact of Printing 1450–1800", London: New Left Books, quoted in: Anderson, Benedict: "Comunidades Imaginadas. Reflexiones sobre el origen y la difusión del nacionalismo", Fondo de cultura económica, Mexico 1993, ISBN 978-968-16-3867-2, pp. 58f.
  3. ↑ Meggs, Philip B. (1998). A History of Graphic Design. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp. 58–69. ISBN 0-471-29198-6
  4. ↑ Meggs, Philip B. (1998). A History of Graphic Design. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp. 58–69. ISBN 0-471-29198-6
  5. ↑ Feodorov, Ioana (2013). "Beginnings of Arabic printing in Ottoman Syria (1706–1711). The Romanians' part in Athanasius Dabbas's achievements". ARAM Periodical. 25:1&2: 231–260.
  6. ↑ Meggs, Philip B. (1998). A History of Graphic Design. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp. 58–69. ISBN 0-471-29198-6
  7. ↑ Meggs, Philip B. (1998). A History of Graphic Design. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp. 58–69. ISBN 0-471-29198-6
  8. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Maddison2005
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 "Incunabula Short Title Catalogue". British Library. Archived from the original on 12 March 2011. Retrieved 27 August 2011.
  10. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Hessels1911
  11. 1 2 3 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Hawkins1884
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named De Vinne1877
  13. 1 2 Wydra 1987
  14. ↑ Meggs, Philip B. (1998). A History of Graphic Design. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp. 58–69. ISBN 0-471-29198-6
  15. ↑ Dal 1987
  16. ↑ Wydra 1987
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