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Yaduwar cututtuka a cikin Caribbean

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Yaduwar cututtuka a cikin Caribbean

Yaduwar cututtuka a cikin Caribbean Daga Wikipedia, encyclopedia na kyauta Tuntuɓar Turai ta farko a cikin 1492 ta fara kwararar cututtuka masu yaɗuwa zuwa cikin Caribbean[1] cututukan da suka samo asali daga Tsohuwar Duniya (Afro-Eurasia) sun zo cikin Sabuwar Duniya (Amurka) a karon farko, wanda ya haifar da sauye-sauyen al'umma da zamantakewar al'umma saboda musayar Colombian daga ƙarshen karni na 15 zuwa gaba.[2] Yayin da wasu daga cikin 'yan asalin suka mutu da cututtuka, wasu kuma sun mutu saboda mummunan yanayin aiki. An aiwatar da waɗannan sharuɗɗan aiki saboda raƙuman sukari a yankin. Masu mulkin mallaka sun fahimci cewa adadin mutanen da ke aiki yana raguwa da sauri, don haka suka kawo bayi na Afirka suyi aiki a can. Wadannan 'yan Afirka sun kawo karin cututtuka ga 'yan asalin, suna kashe yawancin su. ‘Yan asalin nahiyar Amurka ba su da wani kariya daga cututtukan da suka fi yawa a duniya, wanda ya haifar da hasarar rayuka da dama da kuma taimakawa wajen bautar da su da cin zarafin da Turawan mulkin mallaka suka yi,[3] kawo raƙuman bayi na ’yan Afirka don maye gurbin ƴan asalin ƙasar da ke raguwa, wanda ya ƙarfafa matsayin cuta a cikin kasuwancin triangular.[4] [5]


Cututtuka masu yaduwa

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Manyan labarai: Shekarun Ganowa, Turawan mulkin mallaka na Amurka, da tarihin yawan jama'ar ƴan asali na Amurka Ƙarin bayani: Mulkin mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya na Amurka, mulkin mallaka na Holland na Amurka, mulkin mallaka na Faransanci na Amurka, mulkin mallaka na Portugal na Amurka, da kuma mulkin mallaka na Spain na Amurka. Kafin guguwar farko ta mulkin mallaka na Turawa, ana tunanin ’yan asalin Amurka da Caribbean sun rayu da cututtuka marasa yawa, wanda ke haifar da ƙarancin hulɗa tsakanin kabilu[6] Wannan ya sa ba su da shiri a cikin zamantakewa da ilimin halitta lokacin da ɗan ƙasar Italiya mai binciken Christopher Columbus tare da ma’aikatansa suka gabatar da wasu cututtuka masu yaduwa, da suka haɗa da taifu, ƙanƙara, mura, tari, da kyanda bayan balaguron da ya yi zuwa ƙasar Amurka a shekara ta 1492.[7] ][8] cututukan tsohuwar duniya sun yadu daga masu ɗaukar hoto zuwa ƴan asalin ƙasar, waɗanda ba su da rigakafi, wanda ke haifar da mafi muni da mutuwa.[[9] [10] Saboda ba a yi amfani da al'ummomin 'yan asalin Amurka ba da cututtuka kamar yadda ƙasashen Turai suke a lokacin, babu wani tsarin da za a yi don kula da marasa lafiya.[11] Alade da ke cikin jiragen ruwa na Columbus a cikin 1493 nan da nan suka yada cutar murar alade, wanda ya cutar da Columbus da sauran Turawa kuma ya tabbatar da mutuwa ga 'yan asalin Taino a kan Hispaniola, wanda ba shi da wata hanya ta farko da ta kamu da kwayar cutar ta Jamhuriyar Dominiti, Jamhuriyar Dominican ta Jamaica. Rico, da Ƙananan Antilles, 90% na ƴan ƙasar na iya mutuwa a cikin rabin karni. A tafiya ta biyu zuwa tsibirin Hispaniola na Caribbean, rundunar Christopher Columbus na ɗauke da shanun gida da suka kamu da cutar mura da ke ratsa cikin Taíno. Annoba ta kashe adadi da yawa kuma ta bazu zuwa Cuba da Florida tare da hanyoyin kasuwanci na Taíno.[12] [13] Sankarau na daga cikin fitattun cututtuka a cikin Canjin Colombian saboda yawan mace-mace da tasiri ga rayuwa ga al'ummomin Yan Asalin.[14] [15] An fara bullar cutar sankarau a Amurka a tsibirin Hispaniola a shekara ta 1518.[10] An dauke cutar daga Turai, inda ta shafe sama da shekaru dari bakwai.[16] Kamar sauran cututtuka da aka gabatar a lokacin, Turawa sun san maganin cutar kuma suna da wasu rigakafi na halitta, wanda ya rage yawan mace-mace kuma ya sauƙaƙa saurin farfadowa.[17] Mutanen Taíno, waɗanda ke zaune a cikin Hispaniola, ba su da rigakafi na ƙanƙara na halitta kuma ba su da masaniya game da magance cutar.

A cikin 1493, barkewar cutar mura ta farko da ta fara bullowa a cikin Amurka ta faru a tsibirin Hispaniola a yankin arewacin Spain na Isabela.[18] [[19] ] Cristóbal Cólon ne ya gabatar da kwayar cutar zuwa tsibirin Santo Domingo, wanda ya tashi a La Isabela a ranar 10 ga Disamba 1493, dauke da fasinjoji kusan 2,000 na Spain.[20]Duk da rashin lafiyar yankin gaba ɗaya, Columbus ya dawo a shekara ta 1494 kuma ya gano cewa ƴan asalin ƙasar Amirka sun kamu da cutar har ma da bala'i fiye da mazaunan farko na Isabela. A shekara ta 1506, kashi ɗaya bisa uku na al'ummar ƙasar ne kawai suka rage.[21] An kiyasta yawan mutanen Taíno kafin tuntuɓar Turai sun kasance tsakanin mutane 60,000 zuwa miliyan 8, kuma gaba ɗaya al'ummar ta kusan bacewa shekaru 50 bayan haɗuwa, wanda galibi ana danganta su da cututtuka masu yaduwa.[22]

Bayan tuntuɓar Turai ta farko, rushewar zamantakewa da cututtuka [23] sun haifar da raguwa a yawan jama'ar Amerindia.[24] domin al'ummomin 'yan asalin, ciki har da

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ Edinburgh
  2. ↑ Edinburgh
  3. ↑ Edinburgh
  4. ↑ Journal of Economic Perspectives
  5. ↑ Mann, Charles C. (2011). 1493. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p. 286. ISBN 9780307265722.
  6. ↑ "The Columbian Exchange: A History of Disease, Food, and Ideas"
  7. ↑ Encyclopædia Britannica
  8. ↑ "The Columbian Exchange: A History of Disease, Food, and Ideas"
  9. ↑ Encyclopædia Britannica
  10. ↑ ."Smallpox Devastates Indigenous Populations." Gale Encyclopedia of U.S. Economic History. Edited by Thomas Riggs. Gale, Farmington, MI, USA, 2015, https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/[permanent dead link]
  11. ↑ Schroeder, Michael. "Epidemics in the Americas, 1450–1750." World History: A Comprehensive Reference Set. Edited by Facts on File, Facts On File, New York, NY, USA, 2016, https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/fofworld/epidemics_in_the_americas_1450_1750/0
  12. ↑ Pruitt, Sarah. How the Columbian Exchange Brought Globalization—And Disease,2021
  13. ↑ https://www.nlm.nih.gov/nativevoices/timeline/173.html
  14. ↑ Encyclopædia Britannica
  15. ↑ mallpox Devastates Indigenous Populations." Gale Encyclopedia of U.S. Economic History. Edited by Thomas Riggs. Gale, Farmington, MI, USA, 2015, https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/galegue/
  16. ↑ mallpox Devastates Indigenous Populations." Gale Encyclopedia of U.S. Economic History. Edited by Thomas Riggs. Gale, Farmington, MI, USA, 2015, https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/galegue/
  17. ↑ mallpox Devastates Indigenous Populations." Gale Encyclopedia of U.S. Economic History. Edited by Thomas Riggs. Gale, Farmington, MI, USA, 2015, https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/galegue/
  18. ↑ Kipu (in Spanish). Ediciones ABYA-YALA. 1986. p. 85.
  19. ↑ American Epidemic: The Influenza of 1493". Social Science History. 12 (3): 303–325. doi:10.1017/S0145553200018599. JSTOR 1171451. PMID 11618144. S2CID 46540669.
  20. ↑ "La gripe, peor que la espada"
  21. ↑ Influenza Pandemics
  22. ↑ "The Columbian Exchange: A History of Disease, Food, and Ideas"
  23. ↑ Encyclopedia of Pestilence, Pandemics, and Plagues
  24. ↑ Engerman, p.
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