Yahudanci da Larabci

Yahudanci da Larabci
Dangin harshen	Harsunan Afirka da Asiya Semitic (en) Larabci Yahudanci da Larabci
Baƙaƙen rubutu	Hebrew-script-based alphabet (en) da Hebrew alphabet (en)
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-2	jrb
ISO 639-3	jrb
Glottolog	value no value

Judeo-Larabci ( Judeo-Arabic ; Arabic (listen) ⓘ ; Hebrew (listen) ⓘ ), wani lokaci ana kiranta da Sharh a cikin babban fassarar calque, ƙungiya ce ta ƙabilun ƙabilu ko addinai masu alaƙa a cikin rassan harshen Larabci waɗanda al'ummomin Yahudawa ke amfani da su. Judeo-Larabci wani nau'i ne na Larabci gauraye, a cikin nau'ikansa na yau da kullun da na harshe, kamar yadda yahudawa suka yi amfani da shi, kuma yana nufin duka rubuce-rubucen rubuce-rubuce da yarukan magana. [1] [2] [3] Ko da yake nau'ikan yare na yahudawa na Larabci, waɗanda suka riga muslunci, sun bambanta da na sauran al'ummomin addinai, ba su kasance mahaɗan harshe iri ɗaya ba. [1]

Iri-iri na Larabci da Yahudawa ke magana a ko'ina cikin ƙasashen Larabawa, a zamanin yau, an rarraba su a matsayin ƙabilu daban-daban. [1] A ƙarƙashin ƙa'idar ISO 639 na kasa da kasa don lambobin harshe, Judeo-Larabci an rarraba shi azaman macrolanguage ƙarƙashin lambar jrb, wanda ya ƙunshi harsuna huɗu: Judeo-Moroccan Larabci (aju), Judeo-Yemeni Larabci (jye), Judeo-Masar Larabci (yhd), da Larabci Judeo-Tripolid . [2] [1]

Judeo-Larabci gauraya ce ta Larabci, yaruka na Larabci, Ibrananci, da Aramaic. Daga baya nau'ikan Yahudanci-Larabci suna bayyana abubuwan Ibrananci da Aramaic.

Yawancin manyan ayyukan Yahudawa, gami da adadin rubuce-rubucen addini na Saadia Gaon, Maimonides da Juda Halevi, an fara rubuta su cikin Yahudanci-Larabci, saboda wannan shine babban yaren harshe na marubutansu.

Tarihi

Amfani da Larabci na Yahudawa a Larabawa ya kasance kafin Musulunci . Akwai shaidar yaren Larabci na Bayahude, mai kama da Larabci na gabaɗaya amma ya haɗa da wasu ƙamus na Ibrananci da Aramaic, wanda ake kira al-Yahūdiyya, tun kafin Musulunci. Wataƙila wasu daga cikin waɗannan kalmomin Ibrananci da Aramaic sun shiga cikin amfani na gabaɗaya, musamman a cikin addini da al'ada, kodayake wannan Judeo-Larabci kafin zuwan Musulunci ba shine tushen adabi ba.

Akwai mawakan Larabci na Yahudawa kafin Musulunci, irin su al-Samaw’al ibn ‘Adiyā, duk da cewa rubuce-rubucen da aka rubuta na irin waɗannan mawaƙan Yahudawa ba su nuna wani abu da ya bambanta amfani da Larabci da waɗanda ba Yahudawa ba, kuma aikinsu a cewar Geoffrey Khan gabaɗaya ba a kiransa Yahudiya-Larabci. Wannan aikin yana kama da kuma yana kula da bin Larabci na gargajiya, kuma Benjamin Hary, wanda ya kira shi Classical Judeo-Larabci, ya lura cewa har yanzu ya ƙunshi wasu fasalolin yare, kamar a fassarar Sadiya Gaon na Pentateuch. Wannan lokacin ya ƙunshi ayyuka masu faɗi da yawa na adabi. Malamai sun dauka cewa al’ummar Yahudawa a Larabawa suna magana da Larabci a matsayin yarensu, wasu kuma sun rubuta cewa akwai shaidar kasancewar kalmomin Ibrananci da Aramaic a cikin maganganunsu, kamar yadda irin waɗannan kalmomi suka zo a cikin Alƙur’ani kuma wataƙila sun samo asali ne daga cuɗanya da waɗannan al’ummomin Yahudawa masu jin Larabci.

Kafin yaɗuwar addinin Islama, al'ummar Yahudawa a Mesopotamiya da Siriya suna magana da harshen Aramaic, yayin da na Yamma ke magana da Romance da Berber . Tare da mamayar Musulmai na farko, yankunan da suka hada da Mesofotamiya da gabas da kudancin Bahar Rum sun fuskanci Larabawa, mafi sauri a cikin birane. Wasu al'ummomin yahudawa keɓe sun ci gaba da magana da Aramaic har zuwa ƙarni na 10, kuma wasu al'ummomin ba su taɓa ɗaukar Larabci a matsayin yaren yare ko kaɗan ba. Ko da yake al'ummomin Yahudawa na birane suna amfani da Larabci a matsayin harshensu, Yahudawa sun rike Ibrananci da Aramaic, harsunan rabbin gargajiya, a matsayin harsunansu na rubuce-rubuce a cikin ƙarni uku na farko na mulkin Musulmi, watakila saboda kasancewar Sura da Pumbedita yeshivas a yankunan karkara inda mutane ke magana da Aramaic.

Yahudawa a cikin Larabci, yawancin ƙasashen musulmi sun rubuta-wani lokaci a cikin yarukan su, wani lokaci a cikin salon da ya fi dacewa - a cikin haruffan Ibrananci mai sauƙi maimakon yin amfani da rubutun Larabci, sau da yawa sun haɗa da ɗigon baƙar fata daga haruffan Larabci don ɗaukar sautin wayar da babu su a cikin haruffan Ibrananci.

Shekaru aru-aru, Yahudawa da ke zama a kasashen Musulunci suna amfani da Yahudanci-Larabci don sadarwa ta yau da kullun da rubuce-rubucen rubuce-rubuce, wanda ya haifar da gagarumin fitowar adabi. Wannan nau'in harshe ya fito tare da cin nasara na Larabawa a ƙarni na bakwai, yana haɗa fasalin al'ada, na zamani, da yare na Larabci, a matsayin iri-iri a cikin gungu na Larabci ta Tsakiya . Ya zama ruwan dare a tsakanin al'ummomin birane da suka fara da ƙananan matakan. Yayin da wasu malamai ke nuna amfani da shi yana nuna sha'awar daukaka al'adun da ba na Larabawa ba, Shu'ubiyya, kan Pan-Arabization, Arabiyya, wasu suna kallon shi a matsayin zabi mai dacewa. Ƙungiyoyin Yahudawa, waɗanda ba su da buƙatun tauhidi iri ɗaya don Larabci na gargajiya, sun ɗauki nau'ikan yare cikin sauri, kuma sun baje kolin hanyoyi daban-daban ga taron adabin Larabci.

A kusan shekara ta 800 AZ, yawancin Yahudawa a cikin daular Musulunci (kashi 90% na Yahudawan duniya a lokacin) sun kasance masu jin harshen Larabci kamar mutanen da ke kewaye da su. Wannan ya haifar da ci gaban Judeo-Larabci na farko. Harshen da sauri ya zama harshen tsakiya na malaman yahudawa da sadarwa, yana ba da damar Yahudawa su shiga cikin babbar cibiyar ilmantarwa a lokacin, wanda ke nufin cewa za su iya zama masu shiga tsakani a cikin ilimin kimiyya da wayewa. Yawan amfani da Larabci ba kawai ya haɗa al'ummar Yahudawa da ke cikin daular Musulunci ba, har ma ya taimaka wajen sadarwa tare da sauran kabilu da addinai, wanda ya haifar da rubuce-rubucen rubuce-rubuce kamar Toledot Yeshu, ana rubuta ko buga su cikin Larabci ko Yahudanci-Larabci. A karni na 10 Judeo-Larabci zai canza daga Farko zuwa Judeo-Larabci na gargajiya.

Wasiƙa a cikin Larabci Andalusi wanda Juda ha-Levi ya rubuta da hannu (1075-1141) a cikin Alkahira Geniza . Yayin da Musulmai ba su rubuta a cikin litattafan harshen Larabci ba, wasu lokuta Yahudawa sukan rubuta a cikin harsunan Larabci ta amfani da rubutun Ibrananci .

A cikin al-Andalus, mawakan Yahudawa masu alaƙa da zamanin zinare na al'adun Yahudawa a Spain, irin su Juda Halevi, sun haɗa waƙa da Larabci. Muwaššaḥ, nau'in nau'in Andalusi na wakokin strophic, yawanci sun haɗa da kharjas, ko layin rufewa sau da yawa a cikin wani harshe dabam. Kusan rabin ƙungiyar muwaššaḥāt fiye da 250 a cikin Ibrananci suna da kharjas a cikin Larabci, idan aka kwatanta da kusan 50 tare da kharjas na Ibrananci, kuma kusan 25 tare da Romance.  : 185 Akwai kuma ƴan kharjas ɗin da suka haɗa da Ibrananci da Larabci.  : 185 

A cikin ƙarni na 15, yayin da Yahudawa, musamman a Arewacin Afirka, a hankali suka fara fahimtar Larabawa kaɗan, Yahudanci-Larabci za su sami sauye-sauye masu mahimmanci kuma su zama Bayahude-Larabci. Wannan ya zo daidai da ƙara warewa al'ummomin Yahudawa kuma ya ƙunshi babban tasiri na fasalin Ibrananci da Aramaic.

Wasu daga cikin muhimman litattafai na tunanin Yahudawa na zamanin da, an rubuta su ne a cikin Yahudanci-Larabci na na da, kamar yadda wasu ayyukan halak da sharhin Littafi Mai-Tsarki suke. Daga baya aka fassara su zuwa Ibrananci na dā domin mutanen zamani su karanta su a wasu wurare a duniyar Yahudawa, da kuma wasu waɗanda suka yi karatu cikin Ibrananci. Waɗannan sun haɗa da:

• Fassarar Sadiya Gaon na Pentateuch, Emunoth ve-Deoth (asali كتاب الأمانات والاعتقادات ), tafsirinsa (tafsirin Littafi Mai-Tsarki da fassararsa) da siddur (abin da ke cikin bayani, ba sallar da kansu ba).
• Dauda ibn Merwan al-Mukkamas
• Solomon ibn Gabirol Tikkun Middot ha-Nefesh
• Littafin Bahya ibn Paquda 's Kitab al-Hidāya ilā Fara'id al-Qulub, Juda ben Saul ibn Tibbon ya fassara a matsayin Chovot HaLevavot.
• Juda Halevi 's Kuzari
• Sharhin Maimonides akan Mishnah, Sefer Hamitzvot, Jagoran Masu Rushewa, da yawancin wasiƙunsa da gajerun kasidunsa.

Rubutun fassarar Sadiya Gaon na Pentateuch .

Sharch ( šarḥ, pl. šurūḥ, šarḥanim ) nau’in adabi ne wanda ya ƙunshi fassarar ayoyi masu tsarki, irin su fassarar Littafi Mai Tsarki zuwa Larabci, Talmud ko siddurim, waɗanda aka haɗa cikin Ibrananci da Aramaic, zuwa cikin Yahudanci-Larabci, wanda ya fara girma a ƙarni na 1 da gauraye. Kalmar sharḥ wani lokaci tana zuwa tana nufin "Judeo-Larabci" kamar yadda ake amfani da "Targum" a wani lokaci yana nufin harshen Aramaic . dogara ne akan Ibrananci.

Na yanzu

Muhimmin ƙaura na masu magana da Yahudanci-Larabci a cikin 1940s da 1950s zuwa Isra'ila, Faransa, da Arewacin Amirka ya haifar da haɗari ko kuma kusan ƙarewar ƙabilun.  : 63 Ana kallon Yahudanci-Larabci mara kyau a Isra'ila saboda ana kallon duk Larabci a matsayin "harshen maƙiyi". Bambance-bambancen yarukansu na Larabci ba su bunƙasa ba, kuma yawancin zuriyarsu yanzu suna jin Faransanci ko Ibrananci na zamani kusan keɓantacce; don haka ya sa dukan rukunin yarukan Yahudanci da Larabci ake ɗaukar harsunan da ke cikin haɗari .  : 44  Akwai sauran ƙananan masu magana a Maroko, Aljeriya, Tunisia, Lebanon, Yemen, Amurka, da kuma Isra'ila.

Tarihi

Ƙarni na 19 da aka sake gano Alkahira Geniza ya ba da nazarin shaharar Yahudanci-Larabci a cikin Nazarin Yahudanci, wanda ya haifar da wallafe-wallafe irin su Shelomo Dov Goitein's jerin A Rukunin Rum: Ƙungiyoyin Yahudawa na Ƙasar Larabawa kamar yadda aka kwatanta a cikin Takardun Cairo Geniza .

Mai sukar al'adu Ella Shohat ta lura cewa Yahudawan zamani masu jin harshen Larabci ba su kira yarensu da 'Judeo-Larabci' ba kawai a matsayin 'Larabci'. A cikin lokacin da aka yi babban tarwatsewa daga ƙarshen 1940s zuwa 1960s, Yahudawa masu jin Larabci a ƙasashen waje da zuriyarsu sannu a hankali sun karɓi kalmar 'Judeo-Larabci' da makamancinta a cikin Faransanci da Ibrananci. Sukar Shohat wani tsoma baki ne na baya-bayan nan wanda ke kalubalantar hikimar al'ada, ko da yake ta bayyana cewa ta keɓance mahallin tsakiyar zamanai daga tattaunawarta.

Shohat ta bayyana Yehoshua Blau masanin harshe a matsayin babban jigo a cikin ci gaban ra'ayin Yahudanci-Larabci, a cikin abin da ta bayyana a matsayin aikin yaren sahyoniyawan da aka saka hannun jari wajen ba da fifiko ga keɓantacce da keɓantacce na '' Harsunan Yahudawa '. Shohat ya buga fitowar farko ta mujallar Isra’ila Pe’amim, wadda ta ƙunshi “Zauren Malamai” ( בימת חוקרים ) akan " Harsunan Yahudawa הלשונות היהודיות – המשותף, המיוחד והבעייתי Matsala " ) with articles from Chaim Menachem Rabin " מה מייחד את הלשונות היהודיות "('Abin da Ya bambanta Harsunan Yahudawa') da Yehoshua Blau " הערבית-היהודית הקלאסית "('Classical Judeo-Arabic'). aikin ya ya nemi bayyana Larabci na Yahudawa a matsayin dabam, yaren Yahudawa, yana daidaita shi da Yiddish .

Halaye

Folio daga rubutun falsafa akan ma'anar kalmomin Ibrananci da aka samu a Alkahira Geniza, 10-12 c.

Ana iya ganin Judeo-Larabci azaman nau'ikan gauraye daban-daban waɗanda suka haɗa bangarori daban-daban na Larabci na gargajiya, yarukan Larabci, Ibrananci da Aramaic. Judeo-Larabci, musamman a cikin sifofinsa na baya, ya ƙunshi siffofi na musamman da abubuwa na Ibrananci da Aramaic.  : 125  : 35 

Larabcin da al'ummar Yahudawa a kasashen Larabawa ke magana ya sha bamban da Larabci na makwabtansu da ba Yahudawa ba. Musamman a cikin sifofinsa na baya, Yahudanci-Larabci yana ƙunshe da siffofi na musamman da abubuwa na Ibrananci da Aramaic, kamar nahawu, ƙamus, rubutun rubutu, da salo.