Yahuza Halevi

Yahuza Halevi
Rayuwa
Haihuwa	Tudela (en) , 1075
Mutuwa	Jerusalem, 1141
Karatu
Harsuna	Yaren Sifen Ibrananci Larabci Yahudanci da Larabci
Malamai	Isaac Alfasi
Sana'a
Sana'a	maiwaƙe, Malamin akida, mai falsafa, likita, marubuci da Rabbi
Muhimman ayyuka	Kuzari (en)
Mamba	historic jewish community of Tudela (en)
Imani
Addini	Yahudanci

Yahuza haLevi (kuma Yehuda Halev ko ha-Lawi ; Hebrew  ; Arabic  ; c. 1075 ) mawaƙin Bayahude Sephardic ne, likita kuma masanin falsafa . Ana ɗaukar HaLevi ɗaya daga cikin manyan mawaƙa na yaren Ibrananci kuma ana yin bikinsa don waƙoƙinsa na duniya da na addini, waɗanda yawancinsu suna bayyana a cikin liturjin Yahudawa na yau.

An haifi Judah haLevi a Tudela ko Toledo [1] a Al-Andalus, sannan a ƙarƙashin mulkin Almoravid . [1] Duk da cewa ba a san komai game da rayuwarsa ta farko ko iliminsa ba, a bayyane yake cewa ya ƙware a fannin kimiyyar Larabci, Ibrananci, da na gargajiya, gami da likitanci da falsafa . [1] A lokacin ƙuruciyarsa, ya fara rubuta waƙoƙin Ibrananci, kuma daga ƙarshe sunansa ya kai ga Musa ibn Ezra a Granada . [1] Bayan wahalhalun farko na tafiya saboda sauye-sauyen siyasa, haLevi ya sami damar kafa alaƙar adabi a manyan cibiyoyin Yahudawa a al-Andalus. [1]

Littafin waƙoƙin HaLevi ya ƙunshi nau'ikan waƙoƙi iri-iri, waɗanda suka haɗa da waƙoƙin panegyric, waƙoƙin abota, waƙoƙin giya, tatsuniyoyi, baitocin koyarwa, da waƙoƙin aure. Duk da haka, an fi tunawa da shi da waƙoƙin Zionist ( צִיוֹנִים )— piyyutim da ke bayyana begen ƙasar Isra’ila da ƙarfi. Daga cikin mafi jurewa akwai Tziyyon ha-lo tishali ( צִיּוֹן הֲלֹוא תִשְׁאֲלִי ), wanda ya zama wani ɓangare na ibadar majami'a kuma an yi koyi da shi sosai. Wata shahararriyar waƙa, Libi b'Mizraḥ ( לִבִּי בְּמִזְרָח ), ya bayyana rikicin cikin gida tsakanin jin daɗin Spain da alaƙarsa ta ruhaniya da Sihiyona, yana kwatanta "Yamma" (Spain) da "Gabas" (Ƙasar Isra'ila). Baya ga waƙa, haLevi ya rubuta wani littafi na falsafa wanda aka fi sani da Kuzari, wanda ke gabatar da kariyar Yahudawa . Mai magana ya tabbatar da gaskiyar addinin da aka bayyana kuma ya yi jayayya game da tsakiyar ruhaniya na mutanen Yahudawa da alaƙarsu ta musamman da Ƙasar Isra'ila.

A ƙarshen rayuwarsa, Judah halevi ya yanke shawarar barin Spain ya zauna a Ƙasa Mai Tsarki . Ya isa Masar a shekara ta 1140, inda aka yi masa maraba mai kyau kuma ya zauna a Alexandria na tsawon shekara guda bisa buƙatar masu sha'awarsa. A shekara ta 1141, ya yi tafiya zuwa Ƙasar Isra'ila (a lokacin Masarautar Kudus ), kodayake wataƙila ya mutu jim kaɗan bayan haka, wataƙila a teku ko kusa da ƙofofin Urushalima .

Tarihin Rayuwa

An haifi Judah ben Samuel haLevi ko dai a Toledo, Spain, ko kuma Tudela, Navarre, dukkansu a lokacin daular Almoravid ce ke mulki, tsakanin 1075 da 1080. [1] Rudani da ya dabaibaye wurin haihuwarsa ya samo asali ne daga rubutu mara tabbas a cikin wani rubutu. [2] Duk biranen suna ƙarƙashin ikon Musulmai lokacin da ya girma amma sarakunan Kirista sun ci su a lokacin rayuwarsa; Toledo ta Alfonso VI na León da Castile a 1085, da Tudela ta Alfonso the Battler a 1118.

Wataƙila HaLevi ya sami cikakken ilimi a rubuce-rubucen Yahudawa (gami da Littafi Mai Tsarki na Ibrananci da Talmud ), harshen Larabci, da kuma kimiyya, gami da likitanci, lissafi, da falsafa. A lokacin ƙuruciya, ya yi tafiya zuwa Granada, babban cibiyar rayuwar adabi da ilimi ta Yahudawa a lokacin. A can, ya yi koyi da Musa Ibn Ezra don yin gasa, wanda hakan ya haifar da yabo ga ƙwarewar haLevi a matsayin mawaƙi da kuma abota ta kud da kud da Ibrahim ibn Ezra . A lokacin da yake babba, likita ne kuma mai shiga tsakani a harkokin kasuwanci da al'amuran al'umma na Yahudawa. Yana hulɗa da manyan Yahudawa da waɗanda ba Yahudawa ba a Spain da kuma ko'ina cikin duniya. Yayin da yake Toledo, ya tallafa wa kansa ta hanyar yin aikin likitanci. Shi da ibn Ezra sun saba da juna sosai, kuma na ƙarshe ya ambaci haLevi sau da yawa a cikin sharhinsa kan Tanakh.

Kamar sauran mawakan Yahudawa a lokacin zamanin zinare na al'adun Yahudawa a Spain na ƙarni na 10 zuwa 12, ya yi amfani da tsare-tsare da jigogi na waƙoƙin Larabci a cikin aikinsa. Jigoginsa sun haɗa da duk waɗanda suka kasance a zamanin yau tsakanin mawakan Ibrananci: yabon abokai da fitattun mutane, tunani kan ƙaddara, ƙuruciya da tsufa, bayyana abota da ƙauna, giya da biki, baitin koyarwa, waƙoƙin aure, tatsuniyoyi, da waƙoƙin da suka mai da hankali kan sha'awar Ƙasar Isra'ila. Waƙarsa tana da fifiko ta hanyar kulawa ta musamman ga tasirin sauti da hikima. Ha-Levi yana da aƙalla 'ya mace ɗaya, kamar yadda aka ruwaito mawaki ne da kansa, wanda ya auri Ishaku ibn Ezra, ɗan Ibrahim ibn Ezra.

Tafiya zuwa Ƙasa Mai Tsarki

Mutum-mutumi a Caesarea, Isra'ila.

Duk da cewa ya riƙe muƙami mai daraja a matsayin likita, malami, da kuma shugaban al'umma a al-Andalus, halevi ya yi sha'awar tafiya zuwa ƙasar Isra'ila don ya yi kwanakinsa na ƙarshe a can. A cikin rubutun falsafarsa na Kuzari, ya yi jayayya cewa kasancewar Allahn Isra'ila ya fi bayyana a ƙasar Isra'ila, saboda haka ya fi dacewa kuma ya fi gamsar da Yahudawa su zauna a can. Ya ƙare tattaunawar da halin rabbin ya yanke shawarar tafiya zuwa Urushalima, kamar yadda halevi da kansa zai yi.

HaLevi ya yi niyyar yin aliyah . Daga ƙarshe sha'awarsa ga Isra'ila ta fi ƙarfin shakku da damuwarsa game da barin abokansa, iyalinsa, da matsayinsa don rayuwa a ƙarƙashin mulkin 'yan Salibiyya. Bugu da ƙari, rashin tabbas na matsayin al'umma na Yahudawa da kuma tagomashin da ke cikin gwamnati a lokacin Reconquista na iya sa shi ya yi la'akari da makomar tsaron Yahudawa a ƙasashen waje .

Ana ɗaukar tafiyar HaLevi a matsayin aikin hajji na addini ko kuma kira ga al'ummomin da ke zaune a ƙasashen waje da su ƙi haɗa al'adun Graeco-Larabci-Iberian, inda na farko ke wakiltar ra'ayoyin diaspora, na biyu kuma yana nuna ra'ayoyin Sihiyona.

A ranar 8 ga Satumba, 1140, haLevi ya isa Alexandria, inda abokai da masoya suka tarbe shi da farin ciki. Daga nan ya tafi Alkahira, inda ya ziyarci manyan mutane da abokai da dama. Da ya dawo Alexandria a lokacin bazara, an ruwaito cewa wani mai ridda ya yi Allah wadai da haLevi kuma ya kai ƙararsa, wanda ya yi iƙirarin cewa haLevi yana neman tilasta masa komawa addinin Yahudanci ta hanyar hana shi kuɗi. Duk da haka, an ruwaito cewa an wanke shi ta hanyar alaƙarsa da kuma yaudarar shari'a. Jirgin HaLevi ya tashi daga Masar a ranar 14 ga Mayu, 1141; Ba a san ko ya isa Urushalima lafiya ba ko kuma an jinkirta tafiyarsa kuma ya mutu a Masar, amma ana iya ɗauka cewa ya sami damar isa Falasɗinu a wannan lokacin.

Tatsuniya kuma ta nuna cewa wani mai doki na Larabawa ya tattake haLevi yayin da ya isa Urushalima, inda labarin farko da aka samu a cikin wani nau'in Ibrananci da aka buga kimanin shekaru 450 bayan mutuwar da ake kyautata zaton haLevi ne. A cewar wani tatsuniya na ƙarni na sha shida, ya mutu a matsayin shahidi yayin da yake karanta waƙarsa " Ode to Sihiyona " a gaban ƙofofin Urushalima . Wasiƙar 1141 ga wani fitaccen malamin addini a Damascus kuma tana iya nufin mutuwar haLevi a ƙofofin Urushalima. Ganin cewa gutsuttsuran wannan wasiƙar ne kawai ake adanawa, ba a san ko marubucin yana magana ne game da haLevi ko wani Bayahude ba. Raymond P. Scheindlin ya lura cewa "tatsuniya ta shahadarsa, tare da shaharar Ƙasar Isra'ila a rayuwarsa da ayyukansa, ya saka hotonsa da wani sirri wanda ke da muhimmiyar rayuwa bayan mutuwa a cikin adabin Yahudawa."

Takardu da suka tsira daga shekarun ƙarshe na haLevi sun haɗa da tarihin rayuwar wasu masu masaukinsa a Masar da kuma binciken dalilansa na addini ga aliyah, waɗanda aka adana a cikin birnin Alkahira . Wasu sun ƙunshi cikakkun bayanai na tafiya, kamar bayanin teku mai cike da rudani wanda ke nuna fargaba ga tafiyar amma yana fatan samun haske na ruhaniya da zai biyo baya. An fassara waƙoƙi da wasiƙun da ke ɗauke da tafiyar haLevi kuma an bayyana su a cikin Waƙar Soyayya Mai Nisa ta Scheindlin.

Jana'iza

Al'adar tana sanya kaburburan Yahuda haLewi da Ibrahim ibn Ezra a Kabul, ƙauye a ƙasar Galili .

Waƙa

Aikin HaLevi ya ƙunshi batutuwa gama gari a cikin waƙoƙin Sifaniyanci da Yahudawa kuma ya yi amfani da siffofi da tsarin fasaha na waƙoƙin duniya da na addini. Wasu tsare-tsare sun haɗa da zajal, muwaššaḥ, da waƙoƙin da ke amfani da waƙar ciki, tsarin monorhyme na gargajiya, da kuma sigar strophic da aka ƙirƙira kwanan nan. Kimanin waƙoƙinsa 800 ne aka san su a yau. Masanin haLevi mai zaman kansa Jose de la Fuente Salvat ya ɗaukaka shi zuwa "mawaƙi mafi mahimmanci a cikin addinin Yahudanci na kowane lokaci". HaLevi ya rubuta muwaššaḥāt a cikin Ibrananci tare da kharjas wanda ke ɗauke da Larabci na Andalusi da Romance .

Diwan

Ba da daɗewa ba bayan mutuwarsa, an tattara waƙoƙinsa zuwa <i id="mwAT4">dīwān</i>, a bayyane yake a Masar kuma bisa ga ƙananan tarin waƙoƙinsa da suka riga suka yaɗu. Henrik Bródy ne ya gyara kuma ya buga diwan ɗinsa a cikin juzu'i huɗu daga 1895 zuwa 1904. Bugun Bródy ya raba ayyukan haLevi zuwa nau'ikan waƙoƙi bakwai.

• Waqoqin abota da waqoqin yabo ( שירי ידידות ושירי הכבוד ): Waƙoƙi 138
• Yankunan wasiku a cikin wasiƙun rubutu ( מכתבים ): Guda 7
• Wakokin soyayya ( שירי אהבה ): Waƙoƙi 66
• Elegies ( קול בוכים ) da makoki da yabo ( קינות והספדים ): Guda 43
• "Daukaka" na rai zuwa Sihiyona ( מסע נפש ציונה ) da waqoqin tafiya ( שירי ציון ושירי מסע ): Waƙoƙi 23
• Kacici-kacici wakoki ( חידות ): Waƙoƙi 49
• Akan ragowar Yahuda ( Hebrew ) da sauran wakokin ( שירים שונים ): Waƙoƙi 120

Waƙoƙin duniya

Waƙoƙin HaLevi na duniya sun ƙunshi waƙoƙin abota, soyayya, barkwanci, da kuma waƙoƙin yabo. An kuma kiyaye waƙoƙin shan giya na haLevi, da kuma ayoyi da suka shafi aikinsa na sana'a a matsayin likita. An fara fassara "addu'ar likitan" ta HaLevi zuwa Turanci a shekarar 1924:

Abota

Ko a lokacin kuruciyarsa, manya-manyan malaman adabi ne suka taru a wurinsa, ciki har da Lawi ibn al-Tabban na Zaragoza ; dattijon mawaki Juda ben Abbas ; Yahuza ibn Ghayyat na Granada; Musa bn Ezra, Yahuda bn Yusuf bn Ezra, Yusuf bn Ezra, da Ishaku bn Ezra ; Meïr ibn Kamnial; likita kuma mawaki Solomon ben Mu'allam na Seville ; abokan karatunsa Yusuf bn Migash da Baruch Albalia, dan Ishak Albalia ; da kuma Ibrahim ibn Ezra .

A Córdoba, Spain, haLevi ya yi wa Joseph ibn Tzaddik, masanin falsafa kuma mawaƙi wata waƙa mai ratsa zuciya. A Masar, mutane masu shahara sun yi ta fafutukar nishadantar da shi; tarbarsa ta kasance nasara ta gaske. A nan, abokansa na musamman sun haɗa da Aaron He-Haver ben Yeshuah Alamani na Alexandria, mai wauta Samuel ben Hananiah na Alkahira, Halfon Ha-Levi na Damietta, da wani mutum da ba a san shi ba a Taya. HaLevi ya raba baƙin cikinsu da farin cikinsu cikin tausayi, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin wata gajeriyar waƙa: "Zuciyata ta ku ce, ku mutane masu daraja, waɗanda ke jawo ni gare ku da ƙulla soyayya."

Elegy

Musamman ma sautin haLevi a cikin halayensa yana da taushi da kuma damuwa. Sau da yawa yana amfani da siffar qasida kuma yana yin tunani game da mutuwa da ƙaddara. Da yawa daga cikinsu suna sadaukar da kansu ga abokai kamar 'yan'uwa Judah (Lambobi 19, 20), Isaac (Lambobi 21), da Moses ibn Ezra (Lambobi 16), R. Baruch (Lambobi 23, 28), Meïr ibn Migas (Lambobi 27), Isaac Alfasi, shugaban yeshiva a Lucena, Cordoba (Lambobi 14), da sauransu. A cikin lamarin Solomon ibn Farissol, wanda aka kashe a ranar 3 ga Mayu, 1108, Judah ya canza waƙar yabo (Lambobi 11, 22) zuwa ɗaya daga cikin makoki (Lambobi 12, 13, 93 da sauransu).

Mutuwar yara sakamakon annoba ta yi yawa a zamanin Judah, kuma tarihin ya ƙunshi abubuwa guda biyar da ke nuna baƙin ciki ga mutuwar yaro. Marubucin tarihin rayuwa Hillel Halkin ya yi hasashen cewa aƙalla ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan girmamawa an ba wa ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'yan Judah wanda bai kai girmansa ba kuma ya ɓace a tarihi.

Soyayya

Matasa masu farin ciki, rashin kulawa, da kuma farin ciki, da kuma jin daɗin rayuwa suna bayyana a cikin waƙoƙin soyayyarsa, waɗanda da yawa daga cikinsu epithalamia ne. A Masar, inda masanin ƙuruciyarsa ya sami wani kyakkyawan "bazara ta Indiya" a cikin da'irar abokansa, ya rubuta "waƙar swan": "Wannan ƙasa mai ban mamaki ce da za a gani, Da turare, filayenta cike suke da turare, Amma ya fi kyau a gare ni Shin yarinya ce mai siririya, mai tausayi. Ah, saurin gudu na Lokaci ina son in zauna, Ina mantawa cewa makullana launin toka ne."

Yawancin waƙoƙinsa an yi su ne ga barewa ko barewa bisa ga al'adar da ke cikin al-Andalus, kuma ayyukansa sun haɗa da waƙoƙin da suka yi kama da "That Day While I Have Him" da "To Ibn Al-Mu'allim ." Suna bin jigogi da aka kafa a cikin waƙoƙin Larabci da Ibrananci, kamar sha'awar mai ƙauna idan aka kwatanta da muguntar ƙaunataccen, wanda ke da fuska mai haske. Ba a sani ba ko wannan aikin yana nuna gogewa ta mutum ko al'adar fasaha.

Tatsuniyoyi

An san Judah a matsayin wanda ya fi kowa rubuta tatsuniyoyi na Ibrananci, tare da aƙalla tatsuniyoyi sittin da bakwai, wasu daga cikinsu sun tsira a hannunsa, har ma a cikin tsari na zane, kodayake kaɗan ne kawai aka fassara zuwa Turanci. Tatsuniyoyi na Judah galibi gajeru ne, waƙoƙin monorhyme akan batutuwa na zahiri kamar abubuwan yau da kullun, dabbobi da tsirrai, ko sunaye ko kalmomi. Misali ɗaya shine kamar haka: "Menene makaho da ido a kansa, amma amfanin ɗan adam ba zai iya kiyayewa ba; yana ciyar da rayuwarsa duka cikin tufafi ga matattu, amma koyaushe kansa tsirara ne kuma tsirara?"