Yakin Bindiga na Basuto
 | |
| Iri | yaƙi |
|---|---|
| Bangare na | Yaƙe-yaƙe na Afirka ta Kudu (1879-1915) |
| Kwanan watan | 1880 |
| Wuri | Afirka ta kudu |
Yakin Bindiga na Basuto, wanda kuma aka fi sani da Tawayen Basutoland, rikici ne tsakanin Basuto da Turawan mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya. Ya kasance daga ranar 13 ga watan Satumba 1880 zuwa 29 ga watan Afrilu 1881 kuma ya ƙare Basuto sunyi nasara.
Bayan da Basutoland ya rikiɗe zuwa yankin Biritaniya a ranar 12 ga watan Maris 1868, ya zama abin da gwamnatin Cape Colony ta yi niyyar mayar da shi cikin gaggawa. A shekara ta 1879, majalisar dokokin Cape ta tsawaita dokar kiyaye zaman lafiya zuwa Basutoland, da nufin kwance damarar mutanen Basuto. Babban mahimmancin bindigogi a cikin al'ummar Basuto, tare da koke-koke na baya, ya haifar da tawaye ƙarƙashin jagorancin sarakuna Lerotholi da Masopha, wanda ya ɓarke a ranar 13 ga watan Satumba 1880. Da yawa sun fi yawa kuma sun miƙe ta hanyar fashewar wasu tawaye a lokaci guda, Sojojin mulkin mallaka na Cape sun ƙasa cimma gaggarumar nasarar soji.
Rikicin soji da ya biyo baya da kuma kuɗin da ake kashewa wajen gudanar da yakin, ya sa ya zama bashi da farin jini a tsakanin 'yan siyasar Cape. A ranar 29 ga watan Afrilu 1881, Babban Kwamishinan Kudancin Afirka, Sir Hercules Robinson ya ba da sanarwar sasanta rikicin cikin lumana. Yunkurin da Cape ta yi a baya na tabbatar da kwance ɗamara da sake tabbatar da doka a Basutoland ya fuskanci turjiya daga Masopha da magoya bayansa. Ba za a iya sarrafa Basuto ba, Majalisar Cape Cape ta zartar da Dokar Dissannexation a watan Satumba 1883. Yakin Bindiga na Basuto yana wakiltar wani misali da ba kasafai ba na nasarar da sojojin ƙasar Afirka suka samu a kan 'yan mulkin mallaka, inda Basuto suka sami damar riƙe bindigoginsu. Ƙarƙashin sharuɗɗan Dokar Kashe Basutoland, ta rikiɗe zuwa Babban Babban Hukumar Biritaniya, don haka daga baya ba a haɗa shi cikin Tarayyar Afirka ta Kudu ba.
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A farkon ƙarni na 19, gungun ƙabilu daban-daban na Sotho -, Nguni - da Tswana - masu magana sun zauna a yankin kogin Caledon. Na biyun na ƙarshe, waɗanda suka zama tsirarun jama'a, a hankali Sotho da ke da rinjaye a al'adu sun haɗa su. Sarki Moshoeshoe na I ya haɗa sarakunan Sotho daban-daban zuwa al'umma guda a lokacin rikicin siyasa da aka sani da Lifaqane. Ya canza sunan Sotho na wulakanci zuwa sunan al'ummar Basuto. [1] [2] A shekara ta 1833, masu wa’azi a ƙasashen waje daga ƙungiyar bishara ta Paris suka fara kafa sansaninsu a ƙasashen Basuto bayan gayyatar Moshoeshoe. Sun inganta haɗin gwiwar Kiristanci, wayewar Yammacin Turai, da kasuwanci. Suna ganin al’adar Basuto tana da nasaba da aikin dole da kuma dogaro da jama’a ga sarakunansu a matsayin sharri. Sun nemi su lalata su ta hanyar tallata kadarori masu zaman kansu, samar da kayayyaki da kuma kusancin tattalin arziki tare da mazauna Turai. [3]
A cikin shekarar 1820s, Basuto sun fuskanci hare-haren shanu daga Kur'ani kuma sun fara cin karo da dawakai da bindigogi a wani fagen fama. Sun sami dawakai da bindigogi na kansu, suka fara tara Bindigogi na foda. A shekara ta 1843, Moshoeshoe ya tara dawakai da bindigogi fiye da kowane jigo a Afirka ta Kudu, amma bindigogin sun kasance tsofaffin flintlocks, wanda ya mamaye kasuwar Afirka ta Kudu bayan gabatar da kide-kide na kisa. [4] A cikin shekarar 1852, Birtaniya sun sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Kogin Sand tare da Boers, tare da haramta sayar da bindigogi ga 'yan Afirka, yayin da suke ci gaba da kasuwanci a tsakanin juna a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar Bloemfontein na shekarar 1854. Boer Orange State Free State ta sami damar siyan bindigu na zamani masu ɗaukar kaya da ƙananan bindigogi. An tilastawa Basuto dogaro da fasa-kwauri da foda da ake samarwa a cikin gida, wanda ba shi da inganci. [4]
A cikin shekarar 1858, tashin hankali ya ɓarke tsakanin Basuto da Orange Free State. Basuto ya yi ƙasa a gwiwa ba a cikin ma'auni da kayan aiki, Basuto ta sha fama da rashin nasara a yakin da ya daɗe har zuwa shekara ta 1868. [4] A cikin shekarar 1866, ɓangarorin biyu sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar Thaba Bosiu, inda Moshoeshoe ya miƙa mafi yawan filayen noman masarautarsa ga Boers. Haƙiƙa ya sake komawa ba da daɗewa ba, kuma Boers sun fara amfani da manufofin duniya da suka ƙone, wanda ya haifar da yunwa a tsakanin Basuto. Basuto ta yi kira ga Babban Kwamishinan Biritaniya mai kula da Kudancin Afirka Sir Philip Wodehouse da Masarautar Natal don neman kariya. Ko da yake, da farko ya ƙi shiga tsakani, a ranar 12 ga watan Maris 1868 Wodehouse ya ayyana Basutoland a matsayin mulkin sarauta. [5]
Basuto, wacce ta zama wani ɓangare na daular Burtaniya saboda larura, yana kallon kowace irin mulkin mallaka a matsayin "macijiya a cikin gida". [6] Yayin da Birtaniyya, suka gan shi a matsayin alhakinsu na mayar da sabbin batutuwan da suka shafi yammacin duniya. [5] Don haka Wodehouse ya goyi bayan gabatar da dokokin mulkin mallaka a hankali, don kada ya haifar da koma baya daga Basuto. [3] Matsayin shari'a na Basutoland ya kasance ba a sani ba, tare da Ofishin Mulki a lokuta daban-daban yana kiransa mulkin mallaka da kariyar kambi. Letsie I, wanda ya gaji Moshoeshoe a shekarar 1870, ya kalli haɗewar a matsayin yarjejeniya kawai da kariya. Don haka sarakunan Basuto sun ƙalubalanci kokarin hukumomin Biritaniya na aiwatar da manyan gyare-gyare ba tare da tuntuɓar juna ba. [2] A ranar 31 ga watan Disamba 1870, an naɗa Sir Henry Barkly a matsayin sabon Babban Kwamishinan Kudancin Afirka. Turawan Ingila sun daɗe suna nishadantar da ra'ayin shigar da Basutoland cikin yankin Cape Colony, kuma nan da nan Barkly ya matsa kaimi kan batun kashe kuɗaɗe da 'yan sandan Basutoland suka yi. Majalisar dokokin Cape ta amince da lissafin da ke tabbatar da haɗin gwiwa a ranar 11 ga watan Agusta 1871. [2]