Yakin Cabinda

Yakin Cabinda

5°33′17″S 12°24′06″E
Iri	asymmetric warfare (en) rikici
Bangare na	Angolan Civil War (en)
Kwanan watan	8 Nuwamba, 1975
Wuri	Cabinda Province (en)
Ƙasa	Angola
Participant (en)	Angola Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda Forças Armadas de Cabinda (en)

Yakin Cabinda ya kasance mai ci gaba da tayar da kayar baya, wanda Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda (FLEC) ya yi a kan gwamnatin Angola. FLEC tana da niyyar maido da Jamhuriyar Cabinda mai zaman kanta, wanda ke cikin iyakokin Lardin Cabinda na Angola.

Tarihi

Binciken Yammacin farko na yankin Cabinda na zamani ya fara ne daga mai ba da hanya Diogo Cão a cikin 1483, daga baya ya fada ƙarƙashin tasirin Portuguese. A shekara ta 1853 wata tawagar shugabannin Cabindan ba tare da nasara ba ta nemi tsawaita gwamnatin Portugal daga mulkin mallaka na Angola zuwa Cabinda. Shugabannin yankin sun ci gaba da yunkurin su na hadin kai tare da Portugal har zuwa Taron Berlin na 1884 da Yarjejeniyar Simulambuco ta 1885, bayan haka yankin Cabindan ya zama mai kare Portuguese. Duk da gaskiyar cewa Cabinda tana da matsayi mai zaman kanta, sabuwar gwamnatin Portugal da aka zaba a 1956 ta sauya gwamnatin yankin zuwa Angola ba tare da yarjejeniya ta baya tare da jagorancin yankin Cabinda ba.

An kafa ƙungiyar 'yan tawaye ta Cabindan ta farko da aka sani da Associação dos Indígenas do Enclave de Cabinda (AlEC) a cikin 1956, AIEC ta ba da shawarar ƙirƙirar ƙungiyar tsakanin Cabinda da Belgian Congo ko French Congo. Associação dos Ressortissants do Enclave de Cabinda (AREC) an kafa ta ne a shekarar 1959 a matsayin kungiyar jin kai, an sake sunan AREC zuwa Freedom Movement for the State of Cabinda (MLEC), yana canza rawar sa zuwa ƙungiyar siyasa da ke inganta 'yancin kai. Kwamitin Ayyuka na Kasa na Jama'ar Cabindan (CAUNC) da Mayombé Alliance (ALLIAMA) sun shiga cikin yanayin siyasa mai girma a wannan shekarar. A cikin 1963, MLEC, ALLIAMA da CAUNC sun haɗu cikin Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda (FLEC), wanda tun daga lokacin ya kasance babbar ƙungiya ta ƙaddamar da kai a yankin.

A wannan shekarar, Kungiyar hadin kan Afirka ta bayyana cewa Cabinda jiha ce mai zaman kanta tare da ƙungiyar 'yancin kanta. A ranar 10 ga watan Janairun 1967, FLEC ta kafa gwamnati a gudun hijira da ke garin Tshela, Zaire. A watan Agustan shekara ta 1974, FLEC ta shawo kan Jam'iyyar Democrat Union of Cabindan Peoples da Jam'iyyar Democratic Party of Cabinda, ta zama kungiyar siyasa guda daya a Cabinda.

A watan Janairun 1975 a karkashin matsin lamba daga ƙungiyoyin 'yanci na Angola, Portugal ta yarda da Cabinda a matsayin wani ɓangare na Angola a cikin Yarjejeniyar Alvor inda ƙungiyoyin' yancin kai na Angola 3 (MPLA, UNITA da FNLA) suka kasance, suna ƙin Cabinda haƙƙin ƙaddamar da kai da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ba shi a baya. A ranar 1 ga watan Agustan 1975, shugaban FLEC Luis Ranque Franque ya ba da sanarwar kafa Jamhuriyar Cabinda, wata jiha mai zaman kanta. Sojojin MPLA da ke kula da yankin a lokacin sun yi watsi da sanarwar. A watan Nuwamba 1975, Angola ta sami 'yancin kai daga Portugal, tana da'awar Cabinda a matsayin wani ɓangare na yankinta. An soke gwamnatin Cabindan ta wucin gadi, karkashin jagorancin FLEC. A ranar 8 ga Nuwamba 1975, FLEC ta amsa ta hanyar fara gwagwarmayar makamai, da nufin ƙirƙirar jihar Cabindan ta daban.

Rikici

A lokacin Yaƙin basasar Angola, FLEC ta rabu zuwa ƙungiyoyi biyar masu zaman kansu. FLEC-Posição Militar (FLEC-PM) daga baya aka sake masa suna zuwa FLEC-Renovada (FLEC -R), FLEC-N'Zita, FLEC-Lubota, União Nacional de Libertação de Cabinda (UNLC) da Kwamitin Kwaminisanci na Cabinda. Yayin da yakin ya ci gaba da jagorancin MPLA ya yi ƙoƙari ya sami goyon baya daga bangarorin FLEC daban-daban kuma ya shiga tattaunawa. A gefe guda, 'yan tawaye na UNITA sun hada kai tsaye da FLEC-FAC, yayin da suke neman fadada kawancen su da kungiyar. Abubuwan da ke sama ba su dakatar da UNITA daga yin aiki tare da MPLA a wasu lokuta a cikin ayyukan adawa da FLEC ba. A shekara ta 2002, gwamnatin Angola ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya tare da UNITA a hukumance don kawo karshen yakin basasa.

Cuba, Gabashin Jamus da Tarayyar Soviet sun shiga yakin basasa a gefen MPLA a 1975, ba da daɗewa ba suka mamaye Cabinda.A cewar jami'an leken asiri na Amurka, Faransa da Belgium sun goyi bayan FLEC ta hanyar samar da horo da taimakon kudi, duk da cewa Zaire ya kasance babban mai goyon bayan FLEC na kasashen waje. FLEC-Renovada ta sami tallafi daga kungiyoyin dama na Amurka, Afirka ta Kudu da Japan da kuma World League for Freedom and Democracy . A shekara ta 1956, an fara gano man fetur a yankin; a shekara ta 1966, Kamfanin Man Fetur na Gulf ya fara amfani da kasuwanci. Babban kudaden shiga da aka samu ta hanyar mallakar mai ya ba da gudummawa ga hauhawar muhimmancin siyasar Cabinda. A shekara ta 1970, kudaden shiga na mai sun kai dala miliyan 16 kuma ana sa ran za su tashi zuwa dala miliyan 32-50 a shekarar 1972. Man ya ci gaba da taka muhimmiyar rawa; a shekara ta 2011 ya wakilci kusan kashi 86% na jimlar kuɗin da jihar Angola ta samu. Rashin amincewa da yawan jama'ar yankin don goyon bayan Portuguese da kuma daga baya bukatun Angola sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen bunkasa yakin basasa a yankin.  

A ranar 18 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2006, kungiyar Cabinda Forum for Dialogue (FCD) da FLEC-Renovada karkashin jagorancin António Bento Bembe sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar tsagaita wuta ta biyu tare da gwamnatin Angola da aka sani da Memorandum of Understanding for Peace a Cabinda . Wannan taron ya faru ne a Macabi, Cabinda . Yarjejeniyar ta tabbatar da matsayin Cabinda a matsayin wani ɓangare na Angola, ta ba da matsayin tattalin arziki na musamman da ikon gudanarwa na gida ga Cabinda, kuma ta yi Allah wadai da ayyukan tawaye da rarrabewa. Yarjejeniyar ta sami zargi daga abokan adawar Bembe a cikin motsi. Yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta nuna raguwar tsananin rikici.  

A cewar Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization, Cabinda tana ƙarƙashin mamayar soja, wanda sojojin Angola suka ƙarfafa a cikin 'yan kwanakin nan. Wannan gaskiya ne musamman bayan da FLEC ta kai hari kan tawagar kwallon kafa ta Togo, lokacin da Angola ke karbar bakuncin gasar cin Kofin Kasashen Afirka na 2010. Sojojin 'yan tawaye sun yi iƙirarin cewa kuskure ne. A cikin 2012, FLEC-FAC ta ba da sanarwar shirye-shiryen ta don ayyana tsagaita wuta da neman shawarwari game da rikici.