Yakin Daji na Rhodesia
 | |
| Iri |
civil war (en)  |
|---|---|
| Bangare na | Decolonization na Afirka |
| Kwanan watan | 4 ga Yuli, 1964 – 12 Disamba 1979 |
| Wuri | Rhodesia |
| Participant (en) | |
Yakin Bush na Rhodesia, wanda aka fi sani da Yaƙin basasar Rhodesia, Chimurenga na biyu da kuma Yakin Independence na Zimbabwe, ya kasance rikici ne na basasa daga Yuli 1964 zuwa Disamba 1979 a cikin Kasar da ba a san ta ba ta Rhodesia (daga baya Zimbabwe-Rhodesia kuma yanzu Zimbabwe).[1][n 2][2]
Rikicin ya sanya dakarun uku a kan juna: gwamnatin 'yan tsiraru ta Rhodesia da ke karkashin jagorancin Ian Smith (daga baya gwamnatin Zimbabwe-Rhodesia ta Bishop Abel Muzorewa); da kuma kungiyoyin' yan tawaye na Afirka masu fafutuka kamar Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army, reshen soja na Robert Mugabe na Zimbabwe African National Union; da Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army of Joshua Nkomo's Zimbabwe People'
Yaƙin da kuma Sadarwar Cikin Gida ta gaba, wanda Smith da Muzorewa suka sanya hannu a shekarar 1978, ya haifar da aiwatar da Zaɓin duniya a watan Yunin 1979 da kuma ƙarshen mulkin 'yan tsiraru a Rhodesia, wanda aka sake masa suna Zimbabwe Rhodesia a karkashin gwamnatin baƙar fata. Koyaya, wannan sabon tsari ya kasa samun karbuwa ta duniya kuma yaƙin ya ci gaba. Babu wani bangare da ya sami nasarar soja kuma daga baya aka cimma matsaya.
Tattaunawar tsakanin gwamnatin Zimbabwe-Rhodesia, gwamnatin Ingila, da Mugabe da "Patriotic Front" na Nkomo sun faru a Lancaster House, London a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1979, kuma an sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Lancaster House. Kasar ta koma hannun Burtaniya na ɗan lokaci kuma an gudanar da Sabon zabe a ƙarƙashin kulawar Burtaniya da Commonwealth a watan Maris na shekara ta 1980. ZANU ta lashe zaben kuma Mugabe ya zama Firayim Minista na farko na Zimbabwe a ranar 18 ga Afrilu 1980, lokacin da kasar ta sami 'yancin kai a duniya.
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Asalin yaƙin a Rhodesia za a iya gano shi ne nasarar da Kamfanin Afirka ta Kudu na Burtaniya ya yi a yankin a ƙarshen karni na 19, da kuma rashin amincewar shugabannin 'yan asalin da suka yi adawa da mulkin kasashen waje.[3] Turawan Burtaniya sun fara zama a Kudancin Rhodesia a cikin shekarun 1890, kuma yayin da ba a taɓa ba da cikakken matsayi ba, waɗannan mazauna sun mallaki ƙasar yadda ya kamata bayan 1923.
A cikin shahararren jawabinsa na " Iskar Canji ", Fira Ministan Burtaniya Harold Macmillan ya bayyana sabuwar manufar Birtaniyya ta ba da yancin kai kawai ga kasashen Afirka da ta yi wa mulkin mallaka. mulki. [4] Amma yawancin mutanen Rhodesia farar fata sun damu cewa irin wannan canjin nan take zai haifar da hargitsi kamar yadda ya haifar da tsohuwar Kongo Belgian
Rashin son yin sulhu na Burtaniya ya haifar da Sanarwar 'yancin kai (UDI) a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba 1965. Kodayake Rhodesia tana da goyon baya na makwabta Afirka ta Kudu da Portugal, wanda har yanzu ya mallaki Mozambique, ba ta taɓa samun amincewar diflomasiyya daga kowace ƙasa ba.[5][6]
Kodayake kuri'un a Rhodesia sun kasance a buɗe bisa tsarin mulki ba tare da la'akari da launin fata ba, bukatun dukiya sun bar yawancin 'yan Afirka ba su iya shiga ba.[7] Sabon kundin tsarin mulki na 1969 ya tanadi kujeru takwas a cikin kujeru 66 na Majalisa 66 "Babu Turawa" kawai, tare da ƙarin takwas da aka tanada ga shugabannin kabilanci.
A cikin wannan yanayin, 'Yan kasa na Afirka sun ba da shawarar gwagwarmaya da makamai don kawo mulkin baƙar fata, da farko suna sukar bambancin dukiya tsakanin kabilun. Kungiyoyin 'yan kasa guda biyu sun fito ne a watan Agustan shekara ta 1963: Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU) da Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU), bayan rashin jituwa game da dabarun, da kuma kabilanci da rikice-rikicen mutum.[8] ZANU da bangaren soja na ZANLA sun kasance karkashin jagorancin Robert Mugabe kuma sun kunshi da farko kabilun Shona. ZAPU da reshen soja ZIPRA sun kunshi Ndebele a karkashin Joshua Nkomo . [3]
Siyasa ta Yakin Cold
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Siyasa ta Yaƙin Cold ta shiga cikin rikici. Tarayyar Soviet ta goyi bayan ZIPRA kuma China ta goyi bayansa ZANLA. Kowace kungiya ta yi yaƙi daban da dakarun tsaro na Rhodesia, kuma kungiyoyin biyu wani lokacin sukan yi yaƙi da juna.[9] A watan Yunin 1979, gwamnatocin Cuba da Mozambique sun ba da taimakon soja kai tsaye ga Patriotic Front, amma Mugabe da Nkomo sun ki.[10] Sauran gudummawar kasashen waje sun hada da jami'an soja daga Koriya ta Arewa, wadanda suka koya wa mayakan Zimbabwe yin amfani da fashewa da makamai a sansanin da ke kusa da Pyongyang.[4] A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1979, 'yan tawaye 12,000 na ZANLA suna horo a Tanzania, Habasha, da Libya yayin da 9,500 daga cikin' yan ta 13,500 ke aiki a Rhodesia.[10] Afirka ta Kudu ta ba da kayan aiki da goyon bayan soja ga gwamnatin Rhodesia.[5]
Rhodesian Front (RF) - jam'iyyar da ke mulki - ta dauki matsayi mara kyau game da akidar kwaminisanci ta ZIPRA da ZANLA. Ian Smith ya ci gaba da bayyana wannan ta hanyar nuna rikici a matsayin mai adawa da kwaminisanci a yanayi.[11] Fararen mutanen Rhodesia sun kalli bukatar Burtaniya don mulkin mafi rinjaye a matsayin kai tsaye hari kan hanyar rayuwarsu.[12] Bayan sun shaida a baya Mau Mau Rebellion, Rhodesians sun ki ba da izinin manufofin rinjaye su fara aiki. Yawancin tattalin arzikin Rhodesia da ƙasar sun kasance ƙarƙashin ikon fararen Rhodesians, kuma, saboda tsoron cikakken kwace ko dai ZIPRA ko ZANLA, RF ta zaba don riƙe mulkin 'yan tsiraru ba bisa ka'ida ba. A cikin watsi da wasu abubuwan da suka ba da gudummawa ga rikici, Smith da RF sun sami damar ƙarfafa alaƙa da Yamma, amma Burtaniya ta kasance tsaka tsaki. Rarraba tsakanin kwaminisanci da masu adawa da kwaminisancin ya haifar da fada a kan iyakokin Rhodesia. Kasashen Afirka makwabta, da Koriya ta Arewa, China, da Tarayyar Soviet suka goyi bayan su, sun yi amfani da tallafin kwaminisanci don fara kaddamar da hare-haren 'yan tawaye a kan RSF da kuma fararen hula da kayan aikin Rhodesia.
Amurka ta dauki matsayin hukuma cewa ba za ta amince da Rhodesia a matsayin ƙasa mai zaman kanta ba, amma wasu sojojin Amurka da suka ga yaƙi a Vietnam sun shiga Sojojin Tsaro na Rhodesia. Gwamnatin Rhodesia ta kirkiro kamfen ɗin talla don jawo hankalin sojoji daga ƙasashen Yamma, kuma jami'an tsaro sun tara kusan sojoji 1,400 waɗanda aka horar da su sosai a cikin sojoji na musamman da yaƙin 'yan tawaye, wanda ya kawo jimlar sojojin Rhodesia zuwa sama da mutane 10,000.[13]
Tarayyar Soviet ta shiga cikin Yakin Bush na Rhodesia don yaki da turawa daga Yammacin masu adawa da kwaminisanci da kuma kalubalanci kasancewar kasar Sin a yankin.[1] Fasahar soja ta Soviet da sauri ta bayyana a cikin ƙauyen Zimbabwe kuma a shekara ta 1979 ZIPRA tana amfani da makamai na SAM don yin niyya ga kadarorin farar hula na Rhodesia da jirgin sama na Viscount.[2] Kamar yadda suka yi a wasu ƙasashe da rikice-rikice na Afirka, Soviets sun goyi bayan sojojin adawa da makamai da horo. Moscow kuma ta kaddamar da kamfen ɗin farfaganda wanda ke fadada shigar Burtaniya cikin rikici don haɓaka goyon baya ga shiga tsakani. Soviets sun kasance manyan masu samar da makamai da horo, amma sun ki shiga rikici kai tsaye. A gefe guda, Sinawa sun iyakance a cikin iyawarsu don ba da taimako ga ZANLA. Tasirin kasar Sin a duk lokacin rikici ya fi mayar da hankali kan kokarin karamin sabuntawa da farfaganda na adawa da yamma.
Ba za a iya gujewa ba, Yakin Bush ya faru ne a cikin yanayin Yakin Cold na yankin a Afirka, kuma ya shiga cikin rikice-rikice a kasashe makwabta da yawa. Irin waɗannan rikice-rikicen sun haɗa da Yakin Independence na Angola (1961-1975) da Yaƙin basasar Angola (1975-2002), Yakin Independencia na Mozambican (1964-1974) da Yakin Basasar Mozambican (-1977-1992), Yakin Yankin Afirka ta Kudu (1966-1989), da Shaba I (1977) da Shaba II (1978).[14]
Ra'ayoyi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kungiyoyin masu kishin kasa da gwamnatin Burtaniya na lokacin sun ga rikici a matsayin yakin 'yanci na kasa da launin fata. Gwamnatin Rhodesia ta ga rikici a matsayin gwagwarmaya tsakanin wani ɓangare na yawan jama'ar ƙasar (White) a madadin dukan jama'a (ciki har da mafi yawan baƙar fata) a kan jam'iyyun da ke da tallafin kuɗi na waje da suka hada da yawancin baƙar fata da kwaminisanci. 'Yan kasa sun yi la'akari da kasarsu da ikon kasashen waje ya mamaye kuma ya mamaye ta, wato Burtaniya, tun daga 1890.[14]
gwamna Burtaniya, a cikin mutumin gwamnan, ta yi mulki a kai tsaye a kasar daga 1923, lokacin da ta karɓi mulki daga Kamfanin Afirka ta Kudu na Burtaniya kuma ta ba da matsayin mai cin gashin kansa ga gwamnatin da aka zaba a cikin gida, wanda ya ƙunshi mafi yawan fararen fata. An zabi jam'iyyar Rhodesian Front ta Ian Smith zuwa mulki a shekarar 1962 kuma ta ayyana 'yancin kai a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba 1965 don adana abin da ta gani a matsayin mulkin mallaka da ta mallaka tun 1923.[14]
Gwamnatin Rhodesia ta yi jayayya cewa tana kare dabi'un Yamma, Kristanci, mulkin doka, da dimokuradiyya ta hanyar yaki da Kwaminisanci, amma ba ta son yin sulhu a kan mafi yawan rashin daidaito na siyasa, tattalin arziki da zamantakewa. White Rhodesians yawanci sun yi imanin cewa korafin baƙar fata ba na halitta ba ne kuma na asali amma masu tayar da hankali na kasashen waje ne suka karfafa su.[15] Gwamnatin Smith ta yi iƙirarin cewa muryar halattacciyar baƙar fata Shona da Ndebele sune shugabannin gargajiya, ba 'yan kasa na ZANU da ZAPU ba, waɗanda ta ɗauka a matsayin masu haɗari, masu cin zarafi.[5]
A cikin 1978-1979, gwamnatin Smith ta yi ƙoƙari ta rage ikon dalilin kasa ta hanyar shiga cikin "Sakamako na ciki" wanda ya kawo ƙarshen mulkin 'yan tsiraru, ya canza sunan ƙasar zuwa Zimbabwe-Rhodesia, kuma ya shirya zaɓen launin fata, wanda aka gudanar a 1979 kuma Bishop Abel Muzorewa ya lashe, wanda ya zama shugaban baƙar fata na farko na ƙasar. Ba su gamsu da wannan ba kuma sun ci gaba da ƙin amincewa da sabon tsari na Burtaniya, sojojin masu kishin ƙasa sun ci gaba.
Yaƙin ya ƙare lokacin da, a kan umarnin Afirka ta Kudu (babban mai goyon bayanta) da Amurka, gwamnatin Zimbabwe-Rhodesia ta ba da iko ga Burtaniya a cikin Yarjejeniyar Lancaster House a watan Disamba 1979. Gwamnatin Burtaniya ta gudanar da wani zabe a 1980 don kafa sabuwar gwamnati. ZANU ce ta lashe zaben. Sabuwar gwamnatin, karkashin jagorancin Robert Mugabe, an amince da ita a duniya, kuma an sake sunan kasar Zimbabwe.
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Kriger 1988.
- ↑ Stearns 2002.
- 1 2 Rogers 1998.
- 1 2 Wessels 2010.
- 1 2 3 Wood 2008.
- ↑ Smith 1997.
- ↑ Harris 1969.
- ↑ Sibanda 2005.
- ↑ Bennett 1990.
- 1 2 Preston 2004.
- ↑ Evans, Michael (June 2007). "The Wretched of the Empire: Politics, Ideology and Counterinsurgency in Rhodesia, 1965–80". Small Wars & Insurgencies (in Turanci). 18 (2): 175–195. doi:10.1080/09574040701400601. ISSN 0959-2318. S2CID 144153887.
- ↑ Central Intelligence Agency (1 October 1965). "Rhodesian independence background and consequence" (PDF). CIA Reading Room. Retrieved 11 Apr 2024.
- ↑ "The VVA Veteran, a publication of Vietnam Veterans of America". vvaveteran.org. Retrieved 30 November 2019.
- 1 2 3 Binda 2008.
- ↑ Lowry, Donal (18 May 2007). "The Impact of Anti-communism on White Rhodesian Political Culture, ca. 1920s–1980". Cold War History. 7 (2): 169–194. doi:10.1080/14682740701284108. S2CID 154338880. Retrieved 7 March 2023.