Yakin Independence na Angola

Yakin Independence na Angola
yaƙe-yaƙe na 'yanci na ƙasa
Bayanai
Bangare na	Yaƙin mulkin mallaka na Portugal
Ƙasa	Angola
Ta biyo baya	Angolan Civil War (en)
Kwanan wata	11 Nuwamba, 1975
Lokacin farawa	4 ga Faburairu, 1961
Lokacin gamawa	25 ga Afirilu, 1974
Wuri
12°21′S 17°21′E

Yaƙin Ƙwatar 'Yancin Angola (da ake kira Luta Armada de Libertação Nacional a harshen Portugal) ya kasance yaƙin neman 'yancin kai ne da kungiyoyin 'yan gwagwarmayar Angola suka yi (MPLA, UNITA da FNLA) da gwamnatin Portugal. Ya fara ne a matsayin tayar da ƙayar baya da Angolawa suka yi don ƙin amincewa da tilasta musu shuka auduga kawai. Da yaɗuwar adawa da mulkin mallaka, ƙungiyoyi daban-daban suka taso suna fafutuka, kowanne na son samun rinjaye a cikin Angola. An sami ƙungiyoyi uku na ‘yan gwagwarmaya da kuma wata ƙungiya masu neman ballewa (separatist group). Yaƙin ya ƙare ne bayan juyin juya hali mai lumana da ya faru a Lisbon, Portugal a Afrilu 1974, wanda ya kifar da gwamnatin mulkin kama-karya ta Estado Novo. Sabuwar gwamnati ta dakatar da duk wata fafatawar soja a Afirka tare da bayyana shirinta na ba dukkan mulkinta na Afirka ‘yancin kai ba tare da bata lokaci ba. Ana ɗaukar wannan rikici a matsayin wani reshe na babban Yaƙin Mulkin Mallaka na Portugal wanda ya shafi yaƙin neman ‘yanci a Guinea-Bissau da Mozambique. ‘Yan Angola sun yi amfani da dabarar gwagwarmayar guerrilla, yayin da Portugal ke kai farmaki da dabarun yaƙin yaki da ‘yan tawaye. An yi munanan laifuka daga bangarori da dama a lokacin yaƙin. Bayan Portugal ta janye, yaƙin basasa ya barke tsakanin kungiyoyin ‘yan gwagwarmaya. Yaƙin ya ƙare a hukumance ne a Janairu 1975 bayan rattaba hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Alvor tsakanin Portugal, UNITA, MPLA, da FNLA. Amma da zuwa watan Mayu 1975, an koma rikici, ciki har da faɗa a tituna na Luanda da kauyukan kewaye. Yaƙin Ƙwatar 'Yancin Angola (da ake kira Luta Armada de Libertação Nacional a harshen Portugal) ya kasance yaƙin neman 'yancin kai ne da kungiyoyin 'yan gwagwarmayar Angola suka yi (MPLA, UNITA da FNLA) da gwamnatin Portugal. Ya fara ne a matsayin tayar da ƙayar baya da Angolawa suka yi don ƙin amincewa da tilasta musu shuka auduga kawai.

Tarihin yankin

Yaƙin ya ƙare lokacin da juyin mulki na zaman lafiya a Lisbon a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1974 ya hambarar da mulkin kama-karya na Portugal. Sabon gwamnatin nan da nan ta dakatar da duk wani aikin soja a cikin mulkin mallaka na Afirka, ta bayyana niyyarta ta ba su 'yancin kai ba tare da bata lokaci ba.

Sau da yawa ana kusantar rikici a matsayin reshe ko gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Yaƙin mulkin mallaka na Portugal. Wannan ya hada da yaƙe-yaƙe na 'yancin kai na Guinea-Bissau da Mozambique .

Mutanen Angola sun yi yakin basasa, wanda sojojin Portugal da jami'an tsaro suka gudanar da yakin neman tawaye a kan kungiyoyin da ke dauke da makamai, wadanda galibi sun warwatse a yankunan da ba su da yawa a cikin manyan yankunan Angola. Dukkanin dakarun da ke cikin rikici sun aikata ta'addanci da yawa.

Bayan Portuguese sun janye, rikici ya ɓarke a Angola tsakanin ƙungiyoyin 'yan kasa. Yaƙin ya ƙare a hukumance a watan Janairun 1975 lokacin da gwamnatin Portugal, Ƙungiyar Ƙasa don Cikakken Independence na Angola (UNITA), Ƙungiyar Jama'a don 'Yanci na Angola (MPLA) , da Ƙungiyar 'Yanci ta Ƙasa ta Angola (FNLA) suka sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Alvor . Ba bisa ka'ida ba, yakin basasa ya sake dawowa a watan Mayu na shekara ta 1975, gami da fada a kan titi a Luanda da yankunan da ke kewaye da shi.

Tarihin yankin

A cikin shekara ta 1482, Masarautar Portugal, karkashin umarnin mai ba da hanya Diogo Cão, ta isa Masarautar Kongo. Sauran tafiye-tafiye sun biyo baya, kuma ba da daɗewa ba aka kafa dangantaka ta kusa tsakanin mulkoki biyu. Portuguese sun kawo ci gaba da fasaha da yawa ciki har da bindigogi, da sabon addini, Kiristanci. A sakamakon haka, Sarkin Kongo ya ba da bayi, hauren giwa da ma'adanai.

Paulo Dias de Novais ya kafa Luanda a cikin 1575 a matsayin São Paulo da Assunção de Loanda . Novais ya mamaye wani yanki na ƙasa tare da iyalai ɗari na masu mulkin mallaka da sojoji ɗari huɗu, kuma ya kafa wani yanki mai garu. Gidan sarauta na Portugal ya ba Luanda matsayin birni a shekara ta 1605. Portuguese sun kafa kuma sun kula da wasu ƙauyuka da yawa, sansanoni da tashar jiragen ruwa, kamar su Benguela, sansanin Portuguese daga 1587, da kuma wani gari daga 1617 .

Lokacin farko na mamayewar Portuguese ya kasance tare da jerin yaƙe-yaƙe, yarjejeniyoyi da rikice-rikice tare da sarakunan Afirka na gida, musamman Nzinga Mbandi, waɗanda suka yi tsayayya da Portugal da babban ƙuduri. Cin nasarar yankin Angola ta zamani ta fara ne kawai a karni na 19 kuma ba a kammala shi ba kafin shekarun 1920.

A cikin 1834, Angola da sauran yankunan kasashen waje na Portugal sun sami matsayin lardunan kasashen waje. Tun daga wannan lokacin, matsayin hukuma na hukumomin Portugal koyaushe shine cewa Angola wani bangare ne na Portugal kamar yadda lardunan Metropole (Portugal na Turai) suke. An katse matsayin lardin a takaice daga 1926 zuwa 1951, lokacin da aka mallaki Angola a matsayin "mallaka" (shi kansa ya raba cikin larduna da yawa), amma an dawo da shi a ranar 11 ga Yuni 1951. Binciken kundin tsarin mulki na Portugal na 1971 ya kara ikon cin gashin kansa na lardin, wanda ya zama Jihar Angola.

Angola koyaushe tana da ƙarancin yawan jama'a. Duk da cewa suna da yankin da ya fi Faransa da Jamus girma, yawan mutanen Angola sun kai miliyan 5 ne kawai a shekarar 1960, daga cikinsu kimanin 180,000 fari ne, 55,000 sun kasance launin fata kuma sauran baƙi ne. A cikin shekarun 1970s, yawan jama'a ya karu zuwa miliyan 5.65, daga cikinsu 450,000 fari ne, 65,000 sun kasance launin fata kuma sauran baƙi ne. Masanin kimiyyar siyasa Gerald Bender ya rubuta "a ƙarshen shekara ta 1974 yawan fararen Angola zai kasance kusan 335,000, ko dan kadan fiye da rabin adadin da aka ruwaito.

Gwamnatin lardin Angola ta kasance karkashin jagorancin Gwamna Janar, wanda ke da ikon zartarwa da na majalisa, yana ba da rahoto ga Gwamnatin Portugal, ta hanyar Ministan Kasashen Waje. Ministocin da suka hada da Sakatare Janar (wanda kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakinsa) da kuma sakataren larduna da yawa sun taimaka masa, kowannensu yana gudanar da fayil ɗin da aka ba shi. Akwai Majalisar Dokoki - gami da duka mambobin da aka nada da zaɓaɓɓu - tare da nauyin majalisa wanda aka kara a hankali a cikin shekarun 1960 da 1970. A shekara ta 1972, an canza shi a Majalisar Dokoki ta Angola . Har ila yau, akwai Majalisar Gwamnati, wacce ke da alhakin ba da shawara ga Gwamna-Janar a cikin ayyukansa na majalisa da na zartarwa, wanda ya haɗa da manyan jami'an gwamnati na lardin.

Duk da cewa yana da alhakin 'yan sanda da sauran jami'an tsaro na cikin gida, Gwamna Janar ba shi da alhakinsa na soja, wanda aka ba shi Babban Kwamandan Sojojin Angola. Babban Kwamandan ya ba da rahoto kai tsaye ga Ministan Tsaro na Kasa da Babban Jami'in Sojoji. A wasu lokuta duk da haka, an nada mutum ɗaya don cika matsayin Gwamna-Janar da Babban Kwamandan, don haka yana ɗaukar nauyin farar hula da na soja.

A cikin 1961, karamar hukumar Angola ta haɗa da gundumomi masu zuwa: Cabinda, Kongo, Luanda, Cuanza Norte, Cuança Sul, Malanje, Lunda, Benguela, Huambo, Bié-Cuando-Cubango, Moxico, Moçâmedes da Huíla. A shekara ta 1962, an raba Gundumar Kongo a cikin gundumomin Zaire da Uige da na Bié-Cuando-Cubando a cikin gundumar Bié da Cuando-Cubango. A cikin 1970, an kuma kirkiro Gundumar Cunene daga kudancin Gundumar Huíla . Kowane mutum yana karkashin jagorancin gwamnan gundumar, tare da taimakon kwamitin gundumar. Biye da tsarin Portuguese na karamar hukuma, an yi gundumomin da kananan hukumomi (concelhos) kuma an raba su cikin majami'u na farar hula (freguesias), kowannensu ana gudanar da shi ta hanyar karamar hukuka (kamar câmara municipal da junta de freguesia). A cikin yankunan da ba a riga an cimma ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki ba, an maye gurbin kananan hukumomi da majami'u na farar hula na ɗan lokaci, bi da bi, da bangarorin gudanarwa (circunscrições) da kuma mukamai (postos). Kowane ɗayan waɗannan yana ƙarƙashin jagorancin jami'in da gwamnati ta nada wanda ke da iko mai yawa na gudanarwa, yana yin karamar hukuma, 'yan sanda, tsabta, tattalin arziki, haraji har ma da matsayi na shari'a. Masu gudanarwa da'irar da shugabannin mukamai na gudanarwa sun ba da umarni ga jami'an 'yan sanda na gida da aka sani da cipaios. A cikin waɗannan yankuna, hukumomin gargajiya - gami da sarakuna na asali, sarakuna da shugabannin kabilun - an kiyaye su kuma an haɗa su cikin tsarin gudanarwa, suna aiki a matsayin matsakaici tsakanin hukumomin lardin da mutanen yankin.

Masu fafatawa

Sojojin Portugal

Sojojin Portuguese a cikin gandun daji na arewacin Angola

Sojoji Fotigal da suka shiga cikin rikici sun hada da Sojojin Sojoji, amma kuma da tsaro da sojoji. An yi amfani da man fetur da aka samo a bakin tekun Cabinda a cikin 1966 don tallafawa yakin da Portuguese suka yi, da kuma sauran yaƙe-yaƙe da ƙungiyoyin 'yancin kai a yankunansu.

Tseren da kabilanci a cikin Sojojin Portugal

Sojojin Portugal a Angola sun hada da sojojin ƙasa, na ruwa da na sama, waɗanda suka zo ƙarƙashin umarnin hadin gwiwa na Babban Kwamandan Sojojin Angola. Har zuwa 17 ga Yuni 1961, babu wani kwamandan da aka nada, tare da hadin gwiwa a farkon matakan rikici da kwamandojin sojojin ƙasa, Janar Monteiro Libório [pt] (har zuwa Yuni 1961) da Silva Freire (daga Yuni zuwa Satumba 1961). Tun daga wannan lokacin, Janar Venâncio Deslandes (1961-1962, kuma yana aiki a matsayin Gwamna-Janar), Holbeche Fino (1962-1963), Andrade e Silva (1963-1965), Soares Pereira (1965-1970), Costa Gomes (1970-1972), Luz Cunha (1972-1974) da Franco Pinheiro (1974), dukansu daga Sojoji, sai dai Libório daga Sojojin Sama.[pt] Babban Kwamandan ya yi aiki a matsayin kwamandan gidan wasan kwaikwayo kuma ya daidaita sojojin rassa uku da aka ajiye a lardin, tare da kwamandojin reshe da ke aiki a matsayin mataimakin kwamandan-babban. A lokacin rikici, aikin Babban Kwamandan da ma'aikatansa ya kara karfafawa a kan kudin kwamandojin reshe. A shekara ta 1968, an kafa Yankin Soja na 1 - wanda ke da alhakin yankin 'yan tawaye na Dembos - a karkashin ikon kai tsaye na Babban Kwamandan kuma, daga 1970, an sanya yankunan soja a ƙarƙashin ikonsa kai tsaye, tare da Yankin Sojojin Gabas ya zama kwamandan hadin gwiwa. Lokacin da rikici ya ɓarke, Sojojin Fotigal a Angola sun haɗa da mutane 6500 kawai, daga cikinsu 1500 'yan Turai ne da sauran mazauna yankin. A ƙarshen rikici, adadin ya karu zuwa sama da 65,000, daga cikinsu 57.6% mazauna birni ne kuma sauran mazauna.

M5 Stuart na Fotigal a Museum do Combatante a Lisbon, ya ga iyakantaccen aiki a Angola.

Sojojin ƙasa a Angola sun zama Yankin Sojoji na 3 na Sojojin Portugal (wanda aka sake masa suna "Yankin Sojojin Angola, RMA" a cikin 1962). Yankin Sojoji an hango shi ya hada da kwamandojin yanki guda biyar, amma ba a kunna su ba tukuna. An kafa tsarin rundunonin sojoji a lardin a farkon rikici a 1953, a wannan lokacin da ba a sa ran rikice-rikicen cikin gida a Angola, kuma babbar damuwa ta soja ta Portugal ita ce yakin da ake tsammani a Turai da Yarjejeniyar Warsaw. Don haka, kungiyar da ta gabata ta tsoffin Sojojin mulkin mallaka da ke cikin manyan kamfanoni da suka warwatse a duk faɗin Angola, kuma suna yin ayyukan tsaro na cikin gida, sun sauya zuwa ɗaya tare da layin al'ada, wanda ke cikin ƙungiyoyin sojoji guda uku da kuma manyan rukunin makamai da yawa [yanawa] da aka mayar da hankali a cikin manyan cibiyoyin birane, da nufin samun damar tada wani yanki na balaguro don a tura su daga Angola don ƙarfafa Sojojin Portugal a Turai idan yaƙi na al'ada ya faru. Wadannan gwamnatoci da sauran raka'a sun kasance, duk da haka, galibi a cikin Ƙarfin ma'aikata, suna aiki a matsayin cibiyoyin horo ga masu shiga da aka tsara a lardin. A lokacin rikici, suna da alhakin tayar da rukunin filin da aka dauka a cikin gida. Baya ga rukunin da aka tashe a cikin gida, sojojin Sojoji a Angola sun haɗa da rukunin ƙarfafawa da aka tasha kuma aka aika daga Portugal ta Turai. Wadannan sun kasance raka'a na wucin gadi, galibi an yi su ne da masu shiga tsakani (ciki har da mafi yawan ƙananan jami'ai da jami'an da ba su da kwamishina), waɗanda suka wanzu ne kawai a lokacin shekaru biyu na yawon shakatawa na membobinsu, kuma an rushe su daga baya. Yawancin waɗannan raka'a sun kasance battalions na sojan ƙasa da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da aka sanya caçadores. Wadannan battalions da kamfanoni an tsara su ne don aiki da kansu kuma da kansu, ba tare da goyon baya mai yawa daga manyan matakan ba, don haka suna da karfi na tallafin sabis. An tura su a cikin tsarin grid (quadrícula) tare da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na ayyukan, tare da kowannensu yana da alhakin wani yanki na alhakin. Yawancin lokaci, rukuni mai girman rukuni (battlegroup) ya umarci wani bangare, ya kasu kashi da yawa, kowannensu ya zama yankin da ke da alhakin battalion caçadores. Kowace rukuni, bi da bi, yana da kamfanonin filin da aka warwatsa ta hanyar sashi, kowannensu yana da wani ɓangare na shi a matsayin yankin alhakinsa. Daga 1962, an kafa yankuna huɗu na shiga tsakani (Arewa, Tsakiya, Kudancin da Gabas) - an sake masa suna "yanki na soja" a cikin 1967 - kowannensu yana da bangarori da yawa. Saboda yanayin 'yan tawaye na rikici, kamfanin caçadores ya zama babban sashi na dabarun, tare da daidaitattun ƙungiyoyi a cikin bindigogi uku da ƙungiyoyi ɗaya na tallafi, ana maye gurbinsa da ɗaya da ke cikin ƙungiyoyi huɗu iri ɗaya da aka sani da "ƙungiyoyin yaƙi". Har ila yau, Sojoji sun samar da raka'a na yau da kullun na bindigogi, bincike mai dauke da makamai, injiniya, sadarwa, bayanan sigina, 'yan sanda na soja da tallafin sabis. Baya ga raka'a na yau da kullun, Sojoji sun kuma samar da raka'a ta musamman. Da farko, waɗannan sun haɗa da kamfanoni na caçadores na musamman, waɗanda aka horar da su a cikin 'yan tawaye da yaƙi na' yan tawaye. Sojoji sun yi ƙoƙari su ba da horo na caçadores na musamman ga duk rukunin sojan ƙasa masu sauƙi, suna rushe waɗannan kamfanoni a cikin 1962. Wannan ya zama ba zai yiwu ba kuma nan da nan an halicci wasu dakarun musamman a cikin nau'in Commandos. Commandos da wasu 'yan caçadores da aka zaɓa musamman ba a tura su cikin grid ba, amma sun yi aiki a maimakon haka a matsayin ƙungiyoyin shiga tsakani na hannu a ƙarƙashin ikon kai tsaye na manyan matakan umarni.

Wani karfi mai ban sha'awa wanda Sojoji suka yi shi ne Dragons na Angola, ƙungiyar doki ta musamman da aka tashe a tsakiyar shekarun 1960.

Sojojin Ruwa na Portugal suna karkashin umurnin Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Angola. Wadannan dakarun sun hada da Zaire Flotilla (wanda ke aiki a kan kogin Zaire), kayan sojan ruwa (ciki har da frigates da corvettes da aka tura zuwa Angola a juyawa), kamfanonin Marines da kuma Marines na Musamman. Duk da yake kamfanonin Marines sun yi aiki a matsayin sojan ruwa na yau da kullun tare da rawar da ke takawa na kare kayan aikin Sojan Ruwa da jiragen ruwa, Sojojin Ruwa na Musamman sun kasance dakarun musamman, suna aiki a matsayin ƙungiyoyin shiga tsakani, na musamman a hare-haren amphibious. Farkon mayar da hankali ga Sojojin Ruwa yafi kogin Zaire, tare da manufar hana shiga cikin 'yan tawaye a Arewacin Angola daga Jamhuriyar Zaire mai iyaka. Daga baya, Sojojin Ruwa sun yi aiki a cikin koguna na Gabashin Angola, duk da cewa yanki ne mai nisa a kusa da kilomita 1000 daga Tekun.

Wani SA-330 Puma na Sojojin Sama na Portugal.

Wani F-84 na Fotigal da aka ɗora tare da kayan aiki a cikin shekarun 1960, a Luanda Air Base, a lokacin Yakin mulkin mallaka na Fotigals .

Sojojin Sama na Fotigal F-84 Thunderjet .

Kayan jirgin sama na Fotigal a Angola suna karkashin umurnin Yankin Jirgin Sama na 2 na Sojojin Sama na Fotigal, tare da hedkwatar a Luanda. Sun hada da sansanin jirgin sama na tsakiya (Air Base 9 a Luanda) da kuma sansanonin jiragen sama guda biyu (Base-Aerodrome 3 a Negage, Uíge da Base-Aerotrome 4 a Henrique de Carvalho, Lunda). Ana gina sansanin iska na huɗu (Base-Aerodrome 10 a Serpa Pinto, Cuando-Cubando), amma ba a kammala shi ba kafin ƙarshen rikici. Wadannan sansanonin suna sarrafa filayen iska da yawa na tauraron dan adam, gami da motsa jiki da kuma madadin filin jirgin sama. Baya ga waɗannan, Sojojin Sama na iya ƙidaya tare da ƙarin filayen jirgin sama da yawa, gami da na wasu daga cikin garuruwan Sojoji, a wasu daga cikinsu an tura dakarun iska har abada. Har ila yau, Sojojin Sama sun ci gaba a Angola, Paratrooper Battalion 21, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin ƙungiyar shiga tsakani ta hannu, tare da dakarunta da farko ana tura su ta hanyar parachute, amma daga baya ana amfani da su galibi a cikin hare-haren iska ta helikofta. Rundunar Sojan Sama ta sami goyon baya daga ƙungiyoyin jiragen sama na son rai, waɗanda suka haɗa da matukan jirgi na farar hula, galibi daga kungiyoyin jirgin sama na gida, waɗanda ke aiki da jirgin sama mai sauƙi galibi a cikin ayyukan tallafin iska. A farkon rikici, Sojojin Sama suna da 'yan jirgin sama kaɗan da aka ajiye a Angola, gami da 25 F-84G jet fighter-bombers, shida PV-2 Harpoon bom, shida Nord Noratlas transport aircraft, shida Alouette II helicopters, takwas T-6 light attack jirgin sama da takwas Auster light observation aircraft. A farkon shekarun 1970s, yana da F-84G guda huɗu, PV-2 Harpoon guda shida, 13 Nord Noratlas, C-47 da C-57 jirgin sama, 30 Alouette III da Puma helicopters, 18 T-6 da 26 Dornier Do 27 jirgin sama na kallo. Duk da karuwar, yawan jiragen sama koyaushe kaɗan ne don rufe babban yankin Angola, ban da yawancin tsoffin jiragen sama da ke da wuyar kiyayewa a yanayin tashi. Daga ƙarshen shekarun 1960, sojojin Fotigal a kudancin Angola sun sami damar dogaro da goyon bayan jirage masu saukar ungulu da wasu kayan iska na Sojojin Sama na Afirka ta Kudu, tare da kafa cibiyoyin tallafin iska na Portuguese-Afirka ta Kudu guda biyu.

Sojojin tsaro

Sojojin tsaro a Angola suna karkashin ikon hukumomin farar hula, karkashin jagorancin Gwamna Janar na lardin. Sojojin da suka shiga yakin sune 'yan sanda na tsaron jama'a (PSP) da PIDE (wanda aka sake masa suna DGS a shekarar 1969). A tsakiyar shekarun 1960, waɗannan dakarun sun haɗa da 'yan sanda 10,000 na PSP da jami'an PIDE 1,100.

PSP ita ce 'Yan sanda masu kariya na Angola. An tsara shi ne bayan PSP na Portuguese na Turai, amma ya rufe duk yankin lardin, gami da yankunan karkara kuma ba kawai manyan birane ba kamar yadda yake a Portugal ta Turai. PSP na Angola ya haɗa da babban kwamandan a Luanda da kwamandojin gundumar a kowane babban birnin gundumar, tare da cibiyar sadarwa ta ofisoshin 'yan sanda da wuraren da aka warwatsa a yankin. An karfafa PSP na Angola tare da kamfanonin 'yan sanda masu tafi-da-gidanka da PSP na Portugal na Turai ta tura. PSP kuma ta haɗa da Tsaron Karkara, wanda ke da alhakin kare gonaki da sauran kamfanonin noma. Baya ga wannan, PSP tana da alhakin tsara 'yan bindiga na gundumar, waɗanda aka yi amfani da su galibi don kare kansu na ƙauyuka da sauran ƙauyuka.

PIDE (Sandan Tsaro na Duniya da na Jiha) shi ne 'yan sanda na sirri da na kan iyaka na Portugal. Wakilan PIDE na Angola sun hada da wasu wakilan da yawa, wuraren kan iyaka da wuraren sa ido. A cikin yaƙin ya yi aiki a matsayin sabis na leken asiri. PIDE ta kirkiro kuma ta mallaki Flechas, ƙungiyar sojoji ta musamman da ta kunshi 'yan asalin ƙasar. Da farko an yi niyyar Flechas don yin aiki mafi yawa a matsayin masu bin diddigin, amma saboda tasirin su ana amfani da su a cikin ayyukan da suka fi dacewa, gami da ayyukan ta'addanci.

Sojoji da dakarun da ba su dace ba

Baya ga sojoji da dakarun tsaro na yau da kullun, akwai sojoji da yawa da ba bisa ka'ida ba, wasu daga cikinsu a karkashin ikon sojoji da wasu kuma hukumomin farar hula ke sarrafawa.

OPVDCA (Landarin Kungiyar Masu Sa kai da Tsaron Jama'a na Angola) ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta da ke da alhakin tsaro na cikin gida da matsayin Tsaron farar hula, tare da irin waɗannan halaye ga waɗanda ke cikin rundunar Portuguese na Turai ta Portugal . Yana karkashin ikon kai tsaye na Gwamna-Janar na lardin. Asalinsa shine Corps of Volunteers da aka shirya a farkon rikici, wanda ya zama Kungiyar Masu Sa kai ta Lardin a 1962, kuma ya ɗauki matsayin kare farar hula a 1964, lokacin da ya zama OPVDCA. Ya ƙunshi masu sa kai waɗanda suka yi aiki a ɗan lokaci, yawancin waɗannan da farko fari ne, amma daga baya sun zama masu launin fata da yawa. A cikin rikici, OPVDCA galibi an yi amfani da ita wajen kare mutane, layin sadarwa da shigarwa masu mahimmanci. Ya haɗa da umurnin lardin tsakiya da umurnin gundumar a kowane gundumomin Angola. An kiyasta cewa a ƙarshen rikici akwai masu sa kai na OPVDCA 20,000.

Sojojin da ba su dace ba, sun haɗa da nau'ikan raka'a daban-daban, tare da halaye daban-daban. A karkashin ikon soja, akwai kungiyoyi na musamman (GE) da Sojoji na Musamman (TE). GE ƙungiyoyin yaƙi ne masu girman rukuni na dakarun musamman waɗanda suka ƙunshi masu sa kai na asali, waɗanda ke aiki a Gabashin Angola, yawanci suna haɗe da rukunin Sojoji. TE tana da irin wannan halaye, amma sun hada da masu sauya sheka daga FNLA, suna aiki a Cabinda da Arewacin Angola. A karkashin ikon hukumomin farar hula sune Fieis (masu aminci) da Leais (masu biyayya). Fieis runduna ce da ta kunshi mafi yawan 'Yan sanda na Katangese da aka yi gudun hijira daga Front for Congolese National Liberation, wanda ke adawa da mulkin Mobutu, an shirya shi cikin battalions uku. Leais runduna ce da ta kunshi 'yan gudun hijira na siyasa daga Zambia.

Tseren da kabilanci a cikin Sojojin Portugal

Taswirar kabilanci ta Angola a shekarar 1970.

Daga 1900 zuwa farkon shekarun 1950, Portuguese sun ci gaba da mulkin mallaka daban a cikin mallakar su na Afirka, wanda ya kunshi mafi yawan kamfanoni (kamfanoni na asali). Jami'ai da manyan NCOs sun kasance daga rundunar sojojin birni, yayin da ƙananan NCOs galibi sun fito ne daga mazauna Portuguese na yankunan kasashen waje. Matsayi da fayil sun kasance cakuda na baƙar fata na Afirka masu sa kai da fararen masu shiga daga al'ummar mazauna suna yin aikin soja na tilas. Black assimilados a ka'idar kuma suna da alhakin yin aiki amma a aikace an kira adadi kaɗan ne kawai don yin aiki. Tare da canjin matsayin hukuma na yankunan Afirka daga yankuna zuwa larduna na kasashen waje a cikin 1951, sojojin mulkin mallaka sun rasa matsayinsu na daban kuma an haɗa su cikin sojojin Portugal kanta. Tushen daukar ma'aikata ga rukunin kasashen waje ya kasance ba a canza shi ba.

A cewar masanin tarihin Mozambican João Paulo Borges Coelho, [1] sojojin mulkin mallaka na Portugal sun rabu tare da kabilanci da kabilun. Har zuwa shekara ta 1960, akwai nau'o'i uku na sojoji: sojoji masu ba da izini (fararen Turai da Afirka), sojoji na kasashen waje (baƙar fata na Afirka ko civilizados), da sojoji na asali (Afirkawa waɗanda suka kasance wani ɓangare na mulkin 'yan asalin ƙasar). Wadannan rukunoni an sake suna zuwa aji na 1, na 2 da na 3 a cikin 1960 - wanda ya dace da wannan rarrabuwa. Daga baya, kodayake launi na fata ya daina zama mai nuna bambanci na hukuma, a aikace tsarin ya canza kadan - kodayake daga ƙarshen shekarun 1960 zuwa gaba, an shigar da baƙi a matsayin alamomi (alferes), mafi ƙasƙanci a cikin matsayi na jami'an kwamishinan.

Yawanci, baƙar fata sojoji ba su taɓa kaiwa sama da 41% na sojojin mulkin mallaka ba, ƙaruwa daga kawai 18% a lokacin barkewar yaƙin. Coelho ya lura cewa ra'ayoyin sojojin Afirka sun bambanta sosai tsakanin manyan kwamandojin Portugal a lokacin rikici a Angola, Guinea da Mozambique. Janar Costa Gomes, watakila kwamandan yaki da tawaye mafi nasara, ya nemi kyakkyawar dangantaka da fararen hula na yankin kuma ya yi amfani da raka'a na Afirka a cikin tsarin shirin yaki da ta'addanci. Janar Spínola akasin haka, ya yi kira ga ƙarin amfani da siyasa da zamantakewar jama'a na sojojin Afirka. Janar Kaúlza, wanda ya fi ra'ayin mazan jiya daga cikin uku, ya ji tsoron sojojin Afirka a waje da ikonsa mai tsauri kuma da alama bai ci gaba ba fiye da ra'ayinsa na farko na wariyar launin fata game da 'yan Afirka a matsayin mutane marasa kyau.

Sojojin Afirka na asali, kodayake an tura su ko'ina, an fara amfani da su ne kawai a matsayin ƙananan matsayi a matsayin sojoji ko jami'an da ba a ba su izini ba. Yayin da yakin ya ci gaba, yawan 'yan asalin Angola sun hau zuwa matsayi na kwamandan, kodayake na ƙarami. Bayan shekaru 500 na mulkin mallaka, Portugal ta kasa nada duk wani gwamnan baƙar fata na asali, shugabanni, masu binciken 'yan sanda, ko farfesa, ko kwamandan daya na babban kwamandan kwamishinan a cikin Sojojin kasashen waje.

A nan masu mulkin mallaka na Portugal sun sha wahala daga gadon nasu nuna bambanci da iyakantaccen manufofi a ilimi, wanda ya fi hana 'yan asalin Angola daga ilimi daidai da isasshen ilimi har sai bayan barkewar tawaye. A farkon shekarun 1970s, hukumomin Fotigal sun fahimci waɗannan kuskuren ba daidai ba ne kuma sun saba wa burinsu na kasashen waje a Afirka ta Fotigal, kuma da yardar rai sun yarda da manufofin makanta na launi na gaskiya tare da ƙarin kashewa a ilimi da damar horo, wanda ya fara samar da yawancin masu sana'a masu baƙar fata, gami da ma'aikatan soja.

Sojojin 'yan kasa da masu rabuwa

UPA/FNLA

Holden Roberto a cikin 1973.

An kirkiro UPA a ranar 7 ga Yulin 1954, a matsayin Union of the Peoples of Northern Angola, ta Holden Roberto, zuriyar tsohuwar Gidan Sarauta na Kongo, wanda aka haife shi a arewacin Angola amma ya rayu tun yana yaro a Belgian Congo, inda ya zo aiki ga hukumomin mulkin mallaka na gida. A shekara ta 1958, ƙungiyar ta karɓi sunan da ya fi dacewa, ya zama Union of the Peoples of Angola (UPA). A cikin 1960, Holden Roberto ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya tare da MPLA don ƙungiyoyi biyu su yi yaƙi tare da sojojin Portugal, amma ya ƙare ya yi yaƙi shi kaɗai. A shekara ta 1962, UPA ta haɗu da Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Angola, ta zama National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA), ta ɗauki kanta a matsayin ƙungiyar Amurka da ke adawa da Soviet. A cikin wannan shekarar, ta kirkiro Gwamnatin Juyin Juya Halin Angola a Baƙo (GRAE). UPA kuma daga baya FNLA galibi sun sami goyon baya daga kabilun Bakongo na tsohuwar Masarautar Kongo, gami da Arewa maso Yamma da Arewacin Angola, da kuma wasu sassan Faransa da Belgian Congos. Kullum yana da alaƙa mai ƙarfi da tsohuwar Belgian Congo (mai suna Zaire daga 1971 zuwa gaba), a tsakanin wasu dalilai saboda Holden Roberto aboki ne kuma surukin Mobutu Sese Seko.

Ofishin makamai na FNLA shine Sojojin 'Yanci na Angola (ELNA). Congo / Zaire ne suka fi tallafawa - inda aka kafa dakarunta kuma aka horar da su - da kuma Aljeriya. Amurka ce ta ba su kuɗi kuma - duk da la'akari da kansu masu adawa da kwaminisanci - sun karɓi makamai daga ƙasashen Gabashin Turai.

MPLA

Agostinho Neto (a shekara ta 1975).

An kafa Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Jama'a ta Angola (MPLA) a cikin 1956, ta hanyar haɗuwa da Jam'iyyar United Struggle for Africans in Angola (PLUAA) da Jam'ummar Kwaminisanci ta Angola (PCA). MPLA kungiya ce ta Siyasa ta hagu, wacce ta hada da kabilanci da fararen mambobi na masu basira na Angola da manyan birane, wadanda Ambundu da sauran kabilun Luanda, Bengo, Cuanza Norte, Cuanz Sul da Mallange suka goyi bayan. Agostinho Neto (shugaban kasa) da Viriato da Cruz (Sakatare Janar) ne suka jagoranci, dukansu masu ilimi ne na birane na Portuguese. Tarayyar Soviet da Cuba sun fi tallafawa ta waje, tare da yunkurin karɓar tallafi daga Amurka ya gaza, saboda waɗannan sun riga sun goyi bayan UPA / FNLA.

Rundunar soji ta MPLA ita ce Sojojin 'Yancin Jama'ar Angola (EPLA). A mafi girma, EPLA ta haɗa da kusan mayakan 4500, ana shirya su a yankunan soja. An fi sanye shi da makamai na Soviet, galibi ana karɓa ta hanyar Zambia, wanda ya haɗa da bindigar Tokarev, bindigogin PPS, bindigogi na Simonov, bindigdigogi na Kalashnikov, bindigori, bindigar bindigogi, grenades, ma'adanai masu linzami da ma'adinai masu linzamibam din kashe mutane.

UNITA

Jonas Savimbi

Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) an kirkireshi ne a shekarar 1966 ta hanyar Jonas Savimbi, mai adawa da FNLA. Jonas Savimbi shi ne Ministan Harkokin Waje na GRAE amma a cikin lokaci ya yi karo da Holden Roberto, yana zarginsa da kasancewa tare da Amurka da bin manufofin mulkin mallaka. Savimbi memba ne na kabilar Ovimbundu ta Tsakiya da Kudancin Angola, ɗan fasto na Bishara, wanda ya tafi karatun likitanci a Turai Portugal, kodayake bai taɓa kammala karatu ba. Kungiyar ta bi akidar Maoist da farko kuma ta sami goyon baya daga Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin, kodayake sun sauya zuwa dandalin adawa da kwaminisanci bayan 1975.

Sojojin 'Yanci na Angola (FALA) sun kafa reshe mai dauke da makamai na UNITA. Suna da mayakan kaɗan kuma ba su da kayan aiki sosai. Matsalolin da ke tattare da su sun sa Savimbi ya yi yarjejeniya da hukumomin Portugal, yana mai da hankali kan yaki da MPLA.

Lokacin da yaƙin ya ƙare, UNITA ita ce kawai ƙungiyoyin 'yan kasa waɗanda suka sami damar kula da sojojin da ke aiki a cikin yankin Angola, yayin da sojojin Portugal suka kawar da su ko kuma suka kore su.

FLEC

An kafa Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda (FLEC) a cikin 1963, ta hanyar haɗuwa da Movement for the Liberated of the EnClave of Cabind (MLEC), Kwamitin Ayyuka na Cabinda National Union (CAUNC) da Mayombe National Alliance (ALLIAMA) . Sabanin sauran ƙungiyoyi uku, FLEC ba ta yi yaƙi don 'yancin kai na dukan Angola ba, amma kawai don' yancin kai na Cabinda, wanda ta ɗauki ƙasa daban. Kodayake ayyukanta sun fara ne har yanzu kafin janyewar Portugal daga Angola, ayyukan soja na FLEC sun faru ne galibi bayan haka, ana nufin su ne a kan sojojin Angola da jami'an tsaro. FLEC ita ce kawai daga cikin ƙungiyoyin 'yan kasa da masu rabuwa waɗanda har yanzu suna ci gaba da yaƙin' yan tawaye har zuwa yau.

RDL

Gabashin Gabas (RDL) reshe ne mai adawa da MPLA, wanda aka kirkira a 1973, a karkashin jagorancin Daniel Chipenda, a adawa da layin Agostinho Neto . Wani bangare na biyu mai adawa shine Active Revolt, wanda aka kirkira a lokaci guda.

Siyasa ta Duniya

Siyasa ta kasa da kasa ta ƙarshen 1940s da 1950s ta kasance alama ce ta Yaƙin Cold da iska na canji a cikin mulkin mallaka na Turai a Asiya da Afirka.

A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1954, an fara Yaƙin Aljeriya ta hanyar jerin fashewa a Algiers. Wannan rikici zai haifar da kasancewar sama da sojoji 400,000 na Faransa a Aljeriya har zuwa karshen ta a shekarar 1962. Da yake ganin irin wannan rikici a yankunanta na Afirka, sojojin Portugal sun mai da hankali sosai ga wannan yaƙin, suna aika masu kallo da ma'aikata don a horar da su a cikin dabarun yaki da masu tayar da kayar baya da Faransanci suka yi amfani da su.

A shekara ta 1955, an gudanar da Taron Bandung a Indonesia, tare da halartar kasashe 29 na Asiya da Afirka, mafi yawansu sabbin 'yanci ne. Taron ya inganta hadin gwiwar tattalin arziki da al'adu na Afirka da Asiya kuma ya yi adawa da mulkin mallaka ko mulkin mallaka. Ya kasance muhimmiyar mataki ga Non-Aligned Movement.

A shekara ta 1957, Ghana (tsohuwar Gold Coast ta Burtaniya) ta zama mulkin mallaka na farko na Turai a Afirka don samun 'yancin kai, a karkashin jagorancin Kwame Nkrumah . A shekara ta 1958, ya shirya Taron Kasashen Afirka masu zaman kansu, wanda ke da niyyar zama Bandung na Afirka.

An rantsar da John F. Kennedy a matsayin Shugaban Amurka a ranar 20 ga Janairun 1961. Gwamnatinsa ta fara tallafawa ƙungiyoyin 'yan kasa na Afirka, tare da manufar kawar da karuwar tasirin Soviet a Afirka. Game da Angola, Amurka ta fara ba da goyon baya kai tsaye ga UPA kuma ta ɗauki halin ƙiyayya ga Portugal, ta hana ta yin amfani da makaman Amurka a Afirka.

A shekara ta 1964, Arewacin Rhodesia ya sami 'yanci a matsayin Zambia, a karkashin jagorancin Kenneth Kaunda . Tun daga wannan lokacin, Angola kusan dukkanin kasashe masu adawa da Portugal sun kewaye ta, ban da Kudu maso Yammacin Afirka.

Siyasa ta ciki da haɓakar kishin ƙasa na Angola

Angola da aka nuna a taswirar Afirka ta zamani

Dokar mulkin mallaka ta Portugal - ta wuce a ranar 13 ga Yuni 1933 - ta bayyana dangantakar da ke tsakanin yankunan kasashen waje na Portugal da babban birni, har sai an sake duba shi a 1951. Dokar mulkin mallaka ta nuna ra'ayi na mulkin mallaka game da yankunan kasashen waje wanda ya dace da ikon mulkin mallaka na Turai na ƙarshen 1920s da 1930s. A lokacin da yake aiki, yankunan kasashen waje na Portugal sun rasa matsayin "gundumomi" da suke da su tun 1834, sun zama "mallaka", tare da dukkan yankunan kasashen duniya na Portugal sun zama "Mulkin mulkin mallaka na Portugal". Dokar mulkin mallaka ta amince da girman Portuguese a kan 'yan asalin ƙasar, kuma ko da 'yan asalin za su iya bin duk karatun ciki har da jami'a, halin da ake ciki na zahiri ya kasance da rashin amfani saboda zurfin bambancin al'adu da zamantakewa tsakanin yawancin al'ummomin gargajiya da kabilun Portuguese da ke zaune a Angola.

Saboda tsarin mulkin mallaka, an fara kiran Dokar mulkin mallaka cikin tambaya. A cikin 1944, José Ferreira Bossa, tsohon Ministan Koloni, ya ba da shawarar sake fasalin Dokar, gami da ƙarshen sunan "koloni" da kuma ci gaba da sunan gargajiya "gundumomin kasashen waje". A ranar 11 ga Yuni 1951, sabuwar doka da aka zartar a Majalisar Dokokin Portugal ta sake duba Kundin Tsarin Mulki, a ƙarshe ta karyata Dokar mulkin mallaka. A matsayin wani ɓangare na waɗannan, an mayar da matsayin lardin ga duk yankunan kasashen waje na Portugal. Ta hanyar wannan dokar, yankin Portuguese na Angola ya daina kiranta Colónia de Angola (Colony of Angola) kuma ya sake fara kiranta Província de Angola (Lardin Angola).

A cikin 1948, Viriato da Cruz da sauransu sun kafa Movement of Young Intellectuals, ƙungiyar da ke inganta al'adun Angola. 'Yan kasa sun aika da wasika ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya suna kira ga a ba Angola matsayin mai kariya a karkashin kulawar Majalisar Dinkinobho.

A cikin shekarun 1950, gwamnatin António de Oliveira Salazar ta karfafa sabon yunkurin zama na Portuguese a duk Afirka ta Portugal, gami da lardin Angola.

A shekara ta 1953, 'yan tawaye na Angola sun kafa jam'iyyar United Struggle for Africans in Angola (PLUAA), Jam'iyyar siyasa ta farko da ta ba da shawarar' yancin Angola daga Portugal. A shekara ta 1954, 'yan kabilar Bakongo a cikin Belgian Congo da Angola sun kafa Union of Peoples of Northern Angola (UPA), wanda ya ba da shawarar' yancin kai na Masarautar Kongo ta tarihi, wanda ya haɗa da wasu yankuna a waje da lardin Angola na Portugal.

A cikin 1955, Mário Pinto de Andrade da ɗan'uwansa Joaquim sun kafa Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Angola (PCA). A watan Disamba na shekara ta 1956 PLUAA ta haɗu da PCA don kafa Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA). MPLA, karkashin jagorancin da Cruz, Mário Andrade, Ilidio Machado, da Lúcio Lara, sun sami goyon baya daga Ambundu da Luanda.

A watan Maris na shekara ta 1959, lokacin da ya kaddamar da sabon filin harbi na Luanda, Gwamna Janar na Angola, Sá Viana Rebelo, ya yi sanannen jawabin harbi, inda ya yi hasashen yiwuwar rikici a Angola.

Janar Monteiro Libório ya ɗauki kwamandan sojojin ƙasar Angola, tare da ikon babban kwamandan, a watan Satumbar 1959. Zai zama kwamandan sojojin Portugal a ofis lokacin da rikici ya ɓarke.

Álvaro Silva Tavares ya hau ofishin Gwamna-Janar na Angola a watan Janairun 1960, kasancewar shi ne mai rike da ofishin lokacin da rikici ya ɓarke.

A watan Janairun 1961, Henrique Galvão, wanda ke jagorantar ƙungiyar 'yan adawa na DRIL, ya sace jirgin ruwa na Portugal. Manufar Galvão ita ce ta tashi zuwa Angola, inda zai sauka ya kafa gwamnatin 'yan tawaye ta Portugal don adawa da Salazar, amma an tilasta masa zuwa Brazil, inda ya 'yantar da ma'aikatan da fasinjoji don musayar mafaka ta siyasa.

Da yake jin bukatar samun dakarun da aka horar da su a ayyukan yaki da ta'addanci, Sojojin Portugal sun kirkiro Cibiyar Sojojin Ayyuka ta Musamman a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1960, inda kamfanonin dakarun musamman (baptized special caçadores) suka fara shirye-shirye. Kamfanoni uku na farko na caçadores na musamman (CCE) an aika su zuwa Angola a watan Yunin 1960, galibi saboda rikicin Kongo. Babban aikin su shine kare yankunan Angola da ke kan iyaka da tsohuwar Kongo ta Belgium, kowannensu yana zaune a Cabinda (1st CCE), a Toto, Uíge (2nd CCE) da Malanje (3rd CCE).

Tashin hankali na Baixa de Cassanje

Kodayake galibi ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin abin da ya faru kafin Yaƙin Independence na Angola, wasu marubuta suna la'akari da Baixa de Cassanje tawaye, wanda aka fi sani da "Yaƙin Maria", a matsayin farkon taron rikici. Ya kasance rikici na ma'aikata, ba shi da alaƙa kai tsaye da kiran neman 'yancin kai. Baixa do Cassanje yanki ne mai arziki na noma na Gundumar Malanje, wanda ke kan iyaka da tsohuwar Kongo ta Belgium, tare da kusan girman Mainland Portugal, wanda shine asalin mafi yawan samar da auduga na Angola. Yankunan auduga na yankin suna hannun Cotonang - Babban Kamfanin Cottons na Angola, kamfani mafi yawa wanda babban birnin Belgium ke gudanarwa kuma wanda ke daukar ma'aikata da yawa. Duk da gudummawar da ta bayar ga ci gaban yankin, an zargi Cotonang sau da yawa da rashin girmama dokar ma'aikata game da yanayin aiki na ma'aikatanta, wanda ya sa ya zama ƙarƙashin binciken hukumomin Portugal, amma ba tare da wani mataki mai dacewa da aka dauka ba.

Da yake jin rashin jin daɗi da Cotonang, a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1960, yawancin ma'aikatanta sun fara yajin aiki, suna neman yanayin aiki mafi kyau da albashi mafi girma. Masu koyar da jama'a na Congo PSA (African Solidarity Party) sun kwace rashin jin daɗi don tayar da tashin hankali na mutanen yankin. A wannan lokacin, rundunar Sojojin Fotigal da ke zaune a yankin ita ce Kamfanin Caçadores na Musamman na 3 (3rd CCE), wanda ke da alhakin sintiri da kare iyaka tare da tsohon Belgian Congo. Duk da karbar korafe-korafe daga fararen mutanen yankin da suka ji barazanar tsaron su, Gwamnan Gundumar Malanje, Júlio Monteiro - tseren Cape Verdean - bai ba da izini ga CCE na 3 don yin aiki a kan 'yan tawaye ba kuma ya hana samun makamai na kare kansu ta fararen jama'a. Daga 9 zuwa 11 ga Janairu 1961, halin da ake ciki ya kara muni, tare da kisan wani dan majalisa na Cotonang da ke kewaye da sintiri na CCE na 3 da daruruwan 'yan tawaye. A ƙarshe, a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu, rikice-rikice tsakanin 'yan tawaye da jami'an tsaro sun ɓarke, tare da harbe-harbe na farko, wanda ya haifar da mutuwar mutane 11. A wannan lokacin, tashin hankali ya bazu zuwa duk Gundumar Malanje kuma ya yi barazanar yaduwa zuwa gundumomin da ke makwabtaka. Shugabannin 'yan tawaye sun yi amfani da imani na camfi na yawancin mabiyan su don shawo kansu cewa harsasai na sojojin Portugal an yi su ne da ruwa don haka ba za su iya yin lahani ba. Wataƙila saboda wannan imani, 'yan tawaye, dauke da machetes da canhangulos (manyan bindigogi na gida), sun kai hari kan sojoji a cikin fili, ba tare da damuwa da kariya ta kansu ba, sun fada ƙarƙashin wuka ta sojoji.

Sojojin Sama na Portugal sun goyi bayan sojojin ƙasa, waɗanda suka yi amfani da sa ido mai sauƙi na Auster da jirgin sama na PV-2. Sojojin sun sami damar karɓar iko da yankin a ranar 11 ga Fabrairu. A ranar 16 ga watan, an karfafa rundunar ta wucin gadi tare da CCE ta 5 wacce aka gudanar a Luanda a matsayin rundunar ajiya bayan ta sauka a Angola. An yi la'akari da Baixa do Cassanje a hukumance a ranar 27 ga Fabrairu. Sojojin da ke adawa da Portuguese sun yi iƙirarin cewa, a lokacin da aka mamaye tashin hankali, sojojin Portuguese sun jefa bam a ƙauyuka a yankin, ta amfani da napalm kuma sun kashe tsakanin 'yan asalin 400 da 7,000. Koyaya, sojojin Fotigal sun ba da rahoton cewa ba a taɓa amfani da napalm a cikin ayyukan ba kuma yawan 'yan tawaye da suka mutu ya kasance ƙasa da 300, tare da 100 da suka ji rauni da aka yi rajista a asibitin Malanje. Sojojin sun sha wahala biyu da suka mutu kuma hudu sun ji rauni.

Bayan da aka mamaye tashin hankali, sojojin Portugal sun matsa wa Gwamnatin-Janar ta Angola da ta dauki matakai don inganta yanayin aiki na ma'aikatan Cotonang don warware halin da ake ciki. Gwamna-Janar Silva Tavares ya dauki matakai don kwantar da hankalin lamarin kuma a ranar 2 ga Mayu 1961, Gwamnati ta ba da umarnin sauya dokar aiki da ta shafi al'adun auduga. A bayyane yake, waɗannan matakan sun yi nasara wajen rage rashin jin daɗi tsakanin ma'aikatan Baixa de Cassanje, tare da yankin ya kasance cikin zaman lafiya har ma bayan hare-haren UPA na 15 Maris 1961.

Abubuwan da suka faru na 4 da 10 ga Fabrairu a Luanda

Gaskiya game da abubuwan da suka faru a ranar 4 da 10 ga Fabrairu 1961 har yanzu suna cike da farfaganda da bayanan da suka sabawa da jam'iyyun daban-daban suka bayar game da abin da ya faru da gaske.

A ƙarshen shekarun 1960s USSR ta shiga cikin yakin a Angola, duk da cewa kusan ta hanyar MPLA. Duk da yake FNLA ta karɓi iyakantaccen jigilar makamai daga Amurka, kuma UNITA tana samun kusan goyon baya daga waje na ƙasar, Marxist MPLA ta haɓaka dangantaka ta kusa da Moscow kuma nan da nan za ta fara karɓar manyan jigilar makami ta hanyar Tanzania da Zambia.

A shekara ta 1969 MPLA ta amince da USSR cewa a musayar makamai da kayayyaki da aka kawo mata Soviets za su - a kan 'yancin kai - a ba su hakkoki don kafa sansanonin soja a kasar. Sakamakon haka, a farkon shekarun 1970s, MPLA ta zama babbar ƙungiyar adawa da mulkin mallaka ta Angola da kuma jam'iyyar siyasa mafi iko.

Sakamakon haka

Yaƙin basasar Angola, Janairu-Maris 1976.

Da zaran yarjejeniyar tsakanin MPLA da Portugal don canja wurin iko ta zama sananne ga jama'a, an fara fitowar jama'a. Fiye da mutane 300,000 sun bar Angola a watan Nuwamba, mafi yawansu sun kwashe a cikin jirgin saman TAP Boeing 707. Har ila yau, Sojojin Sama na Burtaniya sun ba da hannu, sun aika da jiragen saman Vickers VC10 don kwashe kimanin karin 'yan gudun hijira 6,000. A wannan matakin, Yaƙin basasar Angola ya fara kuma ya bazu a duk faɗin sabuwar ƙasar mai zaman kanta. Yaƙin basasa mai banƙyama ya ɗauki shekaru da yawa kuma ya ɗauki rayuka da 'yan gudun hijira miliyan ɗaya a Angola mai zaman kanta.

A sakamakon rikici, Angola ta fuskanci lalacewa a cikin Tsarin tsakiya, Ci gaban tattalin arziki da ci gaba, tsaro, ilimi da tsarin kiwon lafiya. Kamar sauran sabbin yankunan Afirka masu zaman kansu da ke cikin Yaƙin mulkin mallaka na Portugal. Bayan samun 'yancin kai, Angola ta fuskanci matsalolin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa, cin hanci da rashawa, talauci, rashin daidaito da rashin nasarar tsarawa. Duk da wannan Angola da sauri ta kai kuma ta wuce matsayin rayuwa kafin mulkin mallaka na Portugal a ƙarshen shekaru goma. Matsayin ci gaban tattalin arziki wanda ya dace da abin da ya kasance a ƙarƙashin mulkin Portugal ya zama babban burin gwamnatocin yankin mai zaman kansa. Duk da wannan Angola da sauri ta kai kuma ta wuce matsayin rayuwa kafin mulkin mallaka na Portugal a ƙarshen shekaru goma. A yau Angola tana ɗaya daga cikin mafi arziki a ƙasashe a Afirka.

Dubi kuma

{{Portal|Africa}

• Cuban shiga tsakani a Angola
• Portuguese Angola
• Yaƙin mulkin mallaka na Portugal

Background of the territory

A cikin shekara ta 1482, Masarautar Portugal, karkashin umarnin mai ba da hanya Diogo Cão, ta isa Masarautar Kongo. Sauran tafiye-tafiye sun biyo baya, kuma ba da daɗewa ba aka kafa dangantaka ta kusa tsakanin mulkoki biyu. Portuguese sun kawo ci gaba da fasaha da yawa ciki har da bindigogi, da sabon addini, Kiristanci. A sakamakon haka, Sarkin Kongo ya ba da bayi, hauren giwa da ma'adanai.

Paulo Dias de Novais ya kafa Luanda a cikin 1575 a matsayin São Paulo da Assunção de Loanda . Novais ya mamaye wani yanki na ƙasa tare da iyalai ɗari na masu mulkin mallaka da sojoji ɗari huɗu, kuma ya kafa wani yanki mai garu. Gidan sarauta na Portugal ya ba Luanda matsayin birni a shekara ta 1605. Portuguese sun kafa kuma sun kula da wasu ƙauyuka da yawa, sansanoni da tashar jiragen ruwa, kamar su Benguela, sansanin Portuguese daga 1587, da kuma wani gari daga 1617 .

Lokacin farko na mamayewar Portuguese ya kasance tare da jerin yaƙe-yaƙe, yarjejeniyoyi da rikice-rikice tare da sarakunan Afirka na gida, musamman Nzinga Mbandi, waɗanda suka yi tsayayya da Portugal da babban ƙuduri. Cin nasarar yankin Angola ta zamani ta fara ne kawai a karni na 19 kuma ba a kammala shi ba kafin shekarun 1920.

A cikin 1834, Angola da sauran yankunan kasashen waje na Portugal sun sami matsayin lardunan kasashen waje. Tun daga wannan lokacin, matsayin hukuma na hukumomin Portugal koyaushe shine cewa Angola wani bangare ne na Portugal kamar yadda lardunan Metropole (Portugal na Turai) suke. An katse matsayin lardin a takaice daga 1926 zuwa 1951, lokacin da aka mallaki Angola a matsayin "mallaka" (shi kansa ya raba cikin larduna da yawa), amma an dawo da shi a ranar 11 ga Yuni 1951. Binciken kundin tsarin mulki na Portugal na 1971 ya kara ikon cin gashin kansa na lardin, wanda ya zama Jihar Angola.

Angola koyaushe tana da ƙarancin yawan jama'a.  Duk da cewa suna da yankin da ya fi Faransa da Jamus girma, yawan mutanen Angola sun kai miliyan 5 ne kawai a shekarar 1960, daga cikinsu kimanin 180,000 fari ne, 55,000 sun kasance launin fata kuma sauran baƙi ne. A cikin shekarun 1970s, yawan jama'a ya karu zuwa miliyan 5.65, daga cikinsu 450,000 fari ne, 65,000 sun kasance launin fata kuma sauran baƙi ne. Masanin kimiyyar siyasa Gerald Bender ya rubuta "... a ƙarshen shekara ta 1974 yawan fararen Angola zai kasance kusan 335,000, ko dan kadan fiye da rabin adadin da aka ruwaito. "

Gwamnatin lardin Angola ta kasance karkashin jagorancin Gwamna Janar, wanda ke da ikon zartarwa da na majalisa, yana ba da rahoto ga Gwamnatin Portugal, ta hanyar Ministan Kasashen Waje. Ministocin da suka hada da Sakatare Janar (wanda kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakinsa) da kuma sakataren larduna da yawa sun taimaka masa, kowannensu yana gudanar da fayil ɗin da aka ba shi. Akwai Majalisar Dokoki - gami da duka mambobin da aka nada da zaɓaɓɓu - tare da nauyin majalisa wanda aka kara a hankali a cikin shekarun 1960 da 1970. A shekara ta 1972, an canza shi a Majalisar Dokoki ta Angola . Har ila yau, akwai Majalisar Gwamnati, wacce ke da alhakin ba da shawara ga Gwamna-Janar a cikin ayyukansa na majalisa da na zartarwa, wanda ya haɗa da manyan jami'an gwamnati na lardin.

Duk da cewa yana da alhakin 'yan sanda da sauran jami'an tsaro na cikin gida, Gwamna Janar ba shi da alhakinsa na soja, wanda aka ba shi Babban Kwamandan Sojojin Angola. Babban Kwamandan ya ba da rahoto kai tsaye ga Ministan Tsaro na Kasa da Babban Jami'in Sojoji. A wasu lokuta duk da haka, an nada mutum ɗaya don cika matsayin Gwamna-Janar da Babban Kwamandan, don haka yana ɗaukar nauyin farar hula da na soja.

A cikin 1961, karamar hukumar Angola ta haɗa da gundumomi masu zuwa: Cabinda, Kongo, Luanda, Cuanza Norte, Cuança Sul, Malanje, Lunda, Benguela, Huambo, Bié-Cuando-Cubango, Moxico, Moçâmedes da Huíla. A shekara ta 1962, an raba Gundumar Kongo a cikin gundumomin Zaire da Uige da na Bié-Cuando-Cubando a cikin gundumar Bié da Cuando-Cubango. A cikin 1970, an kuma kirkiro Gundumar Cunene daga kudancin Gundumar Huíla . Kowane mutum yana karkashin jagorancin gwamnan gundumar, tare da taimakon kwamitin gundumar. Biye da tsarin Portuguese na karamar hukuma, an yi gundumomin da kananan hukumomi (concelhos) kuma an raba su cikin majami'u na farar hula (freguesias), kowannensu ana gudanar da shi ta hanyar karamar hukuka (kamar câmara municipal da junta de freguesia). A cikin yankunan da ba a riga an cimma ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki ba, an maye gurbin kananan hukumomi da majami'u na farar hula na ɗan lokaci, bi da bi, da bangarorin gudanarwa (circunscrições) da kuma mukamai (postos). Kowane ɗayan waɗannan yana ƙarƙashin jagorancin jami'in da gwamnati ta nada wanda ke da iko mai yawa na gudanarwa, yana yin karamar hukuma, 'yan sanda, tsabta, tattalin arziki, haraji har ma da matsayi na shari'a. Masu gudanarwa da'irar da shugabannin mukamai na gudanarwa sun ba da umarni ga jami'an 'yan sanda na gida da aka sani da cipaios. A cikin waɗannan yankuna, hukumomin gargajiya - gami da sarakuna na asali, sarakuna da shugabannin kabilun - an kiyaye su kuma an haɗa su cikin tsarin gudanarwa, suna aiki a matsayin matsakaici tsakanin hukumomin lardin da mutanen yankin.