Yakin Rif

Yakin Rif

Iri	yaƙi
Bangare na	interwar period (en) da Spanish–Moroccan conflicts (en)
Kwanan watan	8 ga Yuni, 1911 –  1927
Wuri	Rif (en)
Participant (en)	Ispaniya Faransa Republic of the Rif (en)
Has part(s) (en)
Battle of Annual (en) Kisan kiyashi na Monte Arruit Kert campaign Siege of Igueriben Alhucemas landing (en) Jbala campaign (en)

Yakin Rif Rif War wani rikici ne na makami da aka gwabza tsakanin shekarar 1921 zuwa 1926 tsakanin kasar Spain da Faransa ta hade a shekarar 1924 da kuma kabilun Berber na yankin Rif mai tsaunuka na arewacin Maroko.

Karkashin jagorancin Abd el-Krim, da farko Riffian sun yi wa sojojin kasar Spain kashi da dama ta hanyar amfani da dabarun yaki da kuma taimakon makaman turawa da aka kama. Bayan da Faransa ta shiga tsakani na soja a kan sojojin Abd el-Krim da kuma manyan saukowar sojojin Spain a Al Hoceima, wanda aka yi la'akari da saukowa na farko a tarihi wanda ya shafi amfani da tankuna da jiragen sama, Abd el-Krim ya mika wuya ga Faransanci kuma aka kai shi gudun hijira.

A cikin watan Yuli 1909, ma'aikatan Mutanen Espanya da ke gina gadar dogo da ke samar da hanyar hako ma'adinan ƙarfe kusa da Melilla sun kai wa 'yan kabilar Riffian hari. Wannan lamarin ya haifar da kiraye-kirayen karfafawa daga Spain da kanta. Rikicin da aka yi cikin makonnin da suka biyo baya ya janyo asarar rayukan Mutanen Espanya sama da dubu. Ya zuwa watan Satumba, Sojojin Spain na da dakaru 40,000 a arewacin Maroko kuma sun mamaye yankunan tsaunuka da ke kudu da kudu maso gabashin Melilla. A shekarar 1911 ne aka fara kai hare-hare a Jebala da ke yammacin kasar Moroko tare da saukar Larache. Spain ta yi aiki don kwantar da babban yanki na mafi yawan tashin hankali har zuwa 1914, tsarin jinkiri na ƙarfafa iyakokin da ya kasance har zuwa 1919. A shekara ta gaba, bayan rattaba hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Fez, an yanke yankin arewacin Moroccan zuwa Spain a matsayin mai karewa. Al'ummar Riffian sun yi tsayayya da Mutanen Espanya da karfi, suna haifar da rikici wanda zai dauki shekaru da yawa.

A cikin 1921, a wani yunƙuri na ƙarfafa ikon yankin, sojojin Spain sun fuskanci bala'in bala'i na shekara-shekara baya ga tawayen da shugaban Riffian Abd el-Krim ya jagoranta. Sakamakon haka, Mutanen Espanya sun ja da baya zuwa wasu kakkarfan mukamai yayin da Abd el-Krim a ƙarshe ya samar da wata ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta: Jamhuriyar Rif.

Ci gaban rikice-rikicen da ƙarshensa ya zo daidai da mulkin kama-karya na Primo de Rivera, wanda ya dauki nauyin yakin daga 1924 zuwa 1927. Bugu da ƙari, kuma bayan yakin Uarga a 1925, Faransanci ya shiga cikin rikici kuma ya kafa haɗin gwiwa tare da Spain wanda ya ƙare a Alhucemas saukowa, wanda ya tabbatar da sauyi. Mutanen Espanya sun kuma yi amfani da makamai masu guba a lokacin rikicin. A shekara ta 1926, an daidaita yankin; Abd-el-Krim ya mika wuya ga Faransawa a waccan shekarar, kuma Spain ta sami iko mai inganci na yankin kariyar daga karshe.

Yakin Rif har yanzu yana haifar da rashin jituwa tsakanin masana tarihi. Wasu na ganin a cikinta wata alama ce da ke nuna yadda ake shirin kawar da mulkin mallaka a Arewacin Afirka. Wasu suna la'akari da shi daya daga cikin yaƙe-yaƙe na mulkin mallaka na ƙarshe, kamar yadda shi ne shawarar Mutanen Espanya don cin nasara da Rif - wanda aka fi sani da wani ɓangare na kariya ta Moroccan amma mai zaman kanta - wanda ya haifar da shigar Faransa a 1924. Rif War ya bar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya mai zurfi a Spain da Maroko. Ana iya fassara tada kayar bayan Riffian na shekarun 1920 a matsayin mafarin yakin neman 'yancin kai na Aljeriya, wanda ya faru bayan shekaru talatin.

Asali

Spain, mai tazarar kilomita 13 daga mashigar Gibraltar daga Afirka, ta yi iƙirarin tasiri a yankin Maroko a taron Berlin (1884-1885). A farkon karni na 20, an raba Maroko zuwa kariyar da Faransa da Spain suka yi. An ba da yankin Rif zuwa Spain, amma idan aka ba da cewa Sarakunan Maroko sun kasa yin iko da yankin, ikon mallakar Spain a kan Rif ya kasance mai tsauri, wanda kawai yake a cikin rubutun Babban Dokar Babban Taron Berlin kan Yammacin Afirka, wanda Riffian, waɗanda ke da ikon mallakar ƙasar ba su da wata ƙungiya. Tsawon shekaru aru-aru, kabilun Berber na Rif sun yi yaki da duk wani yunƙuri na ƙetare na tilasta musu iko. Yayin da Turawa ke ganin tsaunukan Rif daga jiragen ruwa a Tekun Bahar Rum, da wuya Turawa suka shiga yankin. Walter Burton Harris, wakilin Maroko na The Times, wanda ya ba da labarin yakin, ya rubuta cewa a ƙarshen 1912 "Bature ɗaya ko biyu ne kawai suka iya ziyartar gandun daji na itacen al'ul da ke kudancin Fez. Wasu kaɗan sun yi tafiya a kudancin Atlas kuma suka shiga cikin Sus ... kuma wannan shi ne kusan duka". Kamar yadda Harris ya rubuta, Berbers “suna yawan zama maras kyau ga Larabawa kamar yadda suke ga baƙo”, kuma gabaɗaya suna kashe duk wani baƙon da ya shiga cikin yankinsu.

Vincent Sheean, wanda ya rufe yakin don The New York Times, ya rubuta cewa Rif ya kasance kyakkyawan kyakkyawan filin karkara na "[c] tsaunin rimson da ke jujjuyawa a kan sararin samaniya mai launin shuɗi, kwazazzabo masu ban mamaki da ban tsoro, ƙoƙon koren lumana tsakanin kiyaye tsaunuka", wurin da ya tunatar da shi ƙasarsa ta Colorado. Rif ɗin ya kuma kasance mai wadatar taman ƙarfe mai daraja, wanda za'a iya hakowa cikin sauƙi ta hanyar haƙar ma'adinai. Alkawarin da gwamnatin kasar Sipaniya ta yi na karbar kudaden shiga ta hanyar haraji da kuma kudaden masarautu daga hako ma'adinan karfe a nan wani kwarin guiwa ne a gare ta wajen sanya Rif karkashin ikonta.

Masarautar ta ba da izinin hakar baƙin ƙarfe a cikin Rif ga attajirin Don Horacio Echevarrieta. A shekara ta 1920 ya fitar da tan 800,000 na ƙarfe mai daraja mai daraja ta hanyar hakar ma'adinan rami mara tsada. Ko da yake yana da fa'ida, hakar baƙin ƙarfe ya haifar da lalacewar muhalli da yawa kuma yana buƙatar ƙaura daga ƴan ƙasar. Da yake ba su sami wani kaso na ribar da aka samu ba, nan da nan Rifian suka fara adawa da hakar ma’adinai a yankinsu.

Lokacin da Alfonso XIII ya hau kan karagar mulki a shekara ta 1886, an dauki Spain a matsayin mai karfin duniya, wacce ke da mulkin mallaka a kasashen Amurka, Afirka, Asiya da Pacific. Amma a yakin Mutanen Espanya da Amurka, Spain ta yi asarar Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam da Philippines a 1898, kuma ta sayar da tsibirin Mariana da Caroline ga Jamus a shekara mai zuwa; rage daular Spain mai girma a baya zuwa ƴan ƙafafu kaɗan a gabar tekun Maroko da Sipaniya Guinea. Don rama asarar da aka yi a nahiyar Amirka da Asiya, an sami wata ƙungiya mai ƙarfi ta 'yan Afirka a Spain karkashin jagorancin Alfonso, wanda ke son sabon daula a Afirka. A ƙarshe, da yawa a cikin Cocin Katolika mai ƙarfi na siyasa, sun yi wa'azin buƙatar sabon yaƙin neman zaɓe don ci gaba da Reconquista ta hanyar cin nasara a Maroko, suna ƙara muryoyinsu ga ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta Afirka. Saboda waɗannan dalilai, Spain ta fara turawa cikin Rif a cikin 1909.

Wadanda ke da sa hannu a yakin

Sojojin Yakin Rif

’Yan kabilar Berber suna da al’adar daɗaɗɗen al’ada na ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwaƙƙwaran yaƙi, haɗe da manyan ma’auni na fage da ƙwazo. Abd el-Krim ne ya jagorance su, wanda ya nuna kwarewar soji da na siyasa. Duk da haka, sojojin Rifian na yau da kullun ba su da ƙarfi sosai. Manyan dakarun Rifian sun kafa runduna ta yau da kullun waɗanda a cewar Abd el-Krim, wanda Janar Manuel Goded na Spain ya nakalto, adadinsu ya kai 6,000 zuwa 7,000. Wasu kafofin sun sanya shi ƙasa da ƙasa, kusan 2,000 zuwa 3,000.

Ragowar 'yan Rifiyan sojojin kabilanci ne da Caids suka zaba; Ba a yi musu hidima ba daga gidajensu da gonakinsu sama da kwanaki 15 a jere. Janar Goded ya yi kiyasin cewa a kololuwarsu, a watan Yunin 1924, sojojin Rifian sun kai kimanin mutane 80,000, duk da cewa Abd el-Krim bai taba samun makamai fiye da 20,000 a lokaci guda ba. Duk da haka, wannan runduna ta isa sosai a farkon yakin. A cikin kwanaki na ƙarshe na yakin, sojojin Rifian sun kai kimanin mutane 12,000. Bugu da kari, sojojin na Rifian ba su da makamai masu kyau, da makaman da ba a kula da su ba kuma ba su da kyau.

Sojojin Spain

Sojojin Spain a San Sebastián, kafin tashinsu zuwa yakin Sojojin Spain Da farko dai, sojojin Sipaniya a Maroko sun ƙunshi ƴan riƙon ƙuri'u da masu riko da su daga Spain da kanta. Wadannan sojojin "Peninsular" ba a samar da su da kuma shirye su ba, 'yan kadan ne ke da kwarewar kwarewa da kuma horon yaki da ya dace, kuma an ba da rahoton cin hanci da rashawa a tsakanin jami'an rundunar, tare da rage kayayyaki da halin kirki. Daga cikin sojojin Mutanen Espanya a Maroko a cikin 1921, fiye da rabin sun kasance jahilci gaba ɗaya daga cikin mafi talauci na al'ummar Spain waɗanda aka aika zuwa Maroko tare da ƙaramin horo.

Duk da tabbacin da Janar Manuel Fernández Silvestre ya yi na cewa kayan aikin sa sun isa su kayar da 'yan Rifian, a haƙiƙa kusan kashi uku cikin huɗu na bindigu a ma'ajiyar makamai ta Melilla suna cikin yanayi mara kyau saboda rashin kula da su, da kuma rahoto daga ƙarshen 1920, wanda kwamandojin Spain ba su taɓa damuwa da karantawa ba, ya yi gargaɗin cewa yawancin bindigogin da aka kama ko kuma wasu maƙiyan da ba za su iya kashe su ba.

Matsakaicin sojan Sipaniya a Maroko a cikin 1921 ana biyansa kwatankwacin cents 34 na Amurka a kowace rana, kuma yana rayuwa akan abinci mai sauƙi na kofi, burodi, wake, shinkafa da nama mara kyau. Sojoji da dama sun yi musayar bindigu da alburusai a kasuwannin yankin domin musanya kayan lambu. Barikin da sojojin ke zaune a ciki ba su da tsabta, kuma kula da lafiya a kananan asibitocin ba su da kyau. A cikin tsaunuka, sojojin Spain suna zaune a cikin ƙananan wuraren da aka fi sani da blocaos, wanda ɗan tarihin Ba'amurke Stanley Payne ya lura: "Da yawa daga cikin waɗannan ba su da kowane irin bandaki, kuma sojan da ya fita daga cikin ƙazantar ƙazantar ya yi kasadar fallasa ga wutar ƴan ƙabilar da ke ɓoye".

A ci gaba da al'adar da aka fara a Cuba, cin hanci da rashawa ya bunkasa a tsakanin manyan jami'an kasar Spain, tare da sayar da kayayyakin da aka tanadar wa sojojin a kasuwar bakar fata da kuma kudaden da aka yi niyyar gina tituna da layin dogo a kasar Maroko suna komawa cikin aljihun manyan hafsoshi. Yawancin jami'an Mutanen Espanya ba su iya karanta taswira ba, wanda ke bayyana dalilin da ya sa ƙungiyoyin Mutanen Espanya suka yi asara akai-akai a cikin tsaunukan Rif.