Yakin Yankin Jinin
 Yakin Yankin Jinin | |
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| Bayanai | |
| Iri | ma'aikata |
| projectbloodbricks.org | |
Kamfen ɗin Blood Bricks kamfen ne na kasa da kasa wanda ke mai da hankali kan yaki da amfani da Bautar zamani a cikin masana'antar tubali ta Indiya, yayin da yake fallasa kamfanonin da ke amfani da tubalin da aka samar da su a cikin jerin kayan su. An ƙaddamar da shi a cikin 2014 ta ƙungiyoyi daban-daban da suka haɗa da Union Solidarity International (USi), Prayas, Action Aid Association, War on Want, da Thompsons Solicitors. Manufofin wannan kamfen ɗin sun haɗa da tallafawa ƙoƙarin haɗin gwiwar ma'aikata, yin matsin lamba ga gwamnatocin jihohi da tarayya don aiwatar da ko gyara dokoki, gano kamfanonin da ke amfani da tubali daga aiki mai ɗaure ko tilasta, da kuma jawo hankali ga yanayin aiki a masana'antar tubali a Indiya, da sauran sassan duniya.
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Bautar zamani a cikin masana'antar tubali ta Indiya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A Indiya, masana'antar tukunyar tubali tana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin bangaren gine-gine na kasar, kuma an kiyasta bayar da gudummawar dala biliyan hudu ga tattalin arzikin Indiya a kowace shekara.[1][2] A cewar Anti-Slavery International, akwai kimanin raka'a 12,500 na samar da tubali a Indiya kadai, wanda ke daukar ma'aikata kusan miliyan 10-13.[3]
Saboda tsananin gasa na masana'antar tukunyar tubali, masu daukar ma'aikata, ba su iya rage farashin kayan aiki ba, suna ƙoƙari su rage farashin samarwa ta hanyar amfani da bashi da aikin yara.[4] Yayinda wannan masana'antar ke aiki a yanayi, masu daukar ma'aikata suna cinye bakin haure da 'yan tsiraru daga ƙananan matsayi na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki kuma suna daukar ma'aikaci ta hanyar amfani da tsarin Biyan kuɗi na gaba. Wannan tsarin yana bawa ma'aikata damar, a zahiri, su tsira daga lokacin damina (marasa aiki) saboda ba su sami wani nau'in samun kudin shiga ba. Koyaya, ta hanyar yin kwangila da wannan bashin, ba tare da saninsu ba an tilasta su cikin Bautar.[4][5] Bugu da ƙari, saboda yanayin masana'antar tubali, ana yawan biyan albashi na ma'aikata har zuwa ƙarshen kakar. Wadannan suna nufin cewa ma'aikata galibi ba sa karɓar albashi na kimanin watanni takwas zuwa goma, kuma a sakamakon haka, galibi suna da ƙasa da yadda aka amince da su.[3] Wadannan nau'ikan cin hanci da rashawa na tsarin biyan kuɗi sun rage ikon da ma'aikatan tukunyar tubali ke da shi a kan yanayin aikinsu, da kuma iyakance ikon su na barin.[3][6]
Wannan tsarin rashin daidaito tsakanin ma'aikata da ma'aikata a cikin masana'antar tukunyar tubali ya kara tsanantawa da gaskiyar cewa ma'aikata ba sa karɓar albashi na yau da kullun, amma ana biyan su ta hanyar tsarin aiki. Wannan yana nufin cewa ma'aikata suna karɓar diyya ga kowane tubali 1,500 da aka yi.[7] Wannan tsarin yana haifar da manya, ma'aikatan maza da ke dogaro da taimakon iyalansu don biyan bukatun ma'aikatansu, kuma ta haka ne, su sami isasshen diyya.[8] An soki wannan samfurin saboda dalilai da yawa. Da farko, tunda ana biyan albashi ga shugaban iyali na namiji, ma'aikatan mata galibi ba sa karɓar diyya, kuma saboda haka suna dogara ga danginsu na maza.[9] Bugu da ƙari, wannan tsarin yana ƙarfafa aikin yara, kamar yadda gidaje da ke da mambobi da yawa za su buƙaci samar da ƙarin tubali don tallafa wa iyalansu yadda ya kamata.[3][5] Ana kuma amfani da aikin yara a wasu lokuta a matsayin ikon ciniki ta ma'aikatan tukunyar tubali, saboda sau da yawa kayan aikin su ne kawai don karfafa ma'aikata su kara albashi ko samar da ƙarin fa'idodi.[5] Gabaɗaya, wannan yana rage halartar yara da ke zaune a kan tukunyar tubali zuwa makarantar firamare ko kula da yara, duk da cewa wannan wajibi ne na doka ga gwamnatin Indiya. Bugu da ƙari, wannan tsarin aiki yana inganta sa'o'i masu tsawo ta ma'aikatan da ke aiki a cikin masana'antar tukunyar tubali. An bayar da rahoton cewa ma'aikatan tukunyar tubali suna aiki kusan sa'o'i 12 a rana, tare da yara ma'aikata tsakanin shekaru biyar zuwa goma sha huɗu suna aiki sa'o-i bakwai zuwa tara a rana.[5] Wannan tsarin kuma yana iyakance ikon ma'aikata don samun mafi ƙarancin albashi, tare da mutane da yawa kawai suna karɓar dala biyu zuwa uku na Amurka a rana.[7][3]
A cikin masana'antar tukunyar tubali, babu kula da rikodin da ya dace kamar yadda ake yin kwangila da yawa ta baki tsakanin masu daukar ma'aikata da ma'aikata.[3] A sakamakon haka, akwai ƙarancin lissafi ga ma'aikata, yana iyakance ikon ma'aikatan tukunyar tubali na ɗaukar matakin shari'a lokacin da diyya ta fi ƙasa da yarjejeniya ko kuma lokacin da ake keta haƙƙin ma'aikatan su.[2][3]
Kafa kamfen ɗin
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A mayar da martani ga matsanancin keta haƙƙin ɗan adam da kuma amfani da Bautar zamani a cikin masana'antar tubali ta Indiya, an kaddamar da Kamfen ɗin Blood Bricks a ranar 13 ga Janairun 2014 ta ƙungiyoyin duniya da yaro.[2] An ƙaddamar da shi don tattara masu fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu don taimakawa wajen kara yawan ayyukan jama'a da aka bayar ga ma'adinan tubali, yaki da amfani da yara da ma'aikata masu haɗin gwiwa, da kuma taimakawa tare da shirya da ilimi na ma'aikatan ma'adinin tubali.[10]
An kirkiro taken wannan kamfen ɗin ne saboda mummunar yaduwar cututtukan jiki da ke faruwa a masana'antar tukunyar tubali saboda yanayin aiki mara kyau, musamman hayaki da aka samar daga tukunyar.[11] Bugu da ƙari, taken kamfen ɗin ya kuma yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar sanannen neologism, lu'u-lu'u na jini. Masu shirya kamfen ɗin sun yi fatan cewa wannan nassi zai taimaka wajen kama irin wannan rashin adalci na siyasa game da batun Bautar zamani a masana'antar tubali ta Indiya[12]
Kodayake akwai fatan fadada wannan kamfen ɗin zuwa wasu ƙasashe, a yau, ƙoƙarinsa ya fi mayar da hankali ne a Indiya. Koyaya, kawai aikin ƙirƙirar harshe na kowa game da wannan batun da yawancin ayyukansu, ba tare da saninsu ba, suna da tasiri mai kyau akan inganta yanayin aiki na tukunyar tubali a wasu ƙasashe, musamman Pakistan, Bangladesh, da Kambodiya.[7]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ "India's booming cities built from 'blood bricks' of bonded laborers". Reuters. 2016.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Wainwright, Oliver (8 January 2014). "Blood bricks: how India's urban boom is built on slave labour". the Guardian (in Turanci).
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 "Slavery in India's Brick Kilns & the Payment System" (PDF).
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Bhukuth, Augendra; Ballet, Jérôme (August 2006). "Is child labour a substitute for adult labour?". International Journal of Social Economics. 33 (8): 594–600. doi:10.1108/03068290610678734.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Bhukuth, Augendra (1 August 2005). "Child Labour and Debt Bondage: A Case Study of Brick Kiln Workers in Southeast India". Journal of Asian and African Studies. 40 (4): 287–302. doi:10.1177/0021909605055776. S2CID 153515012.
- ↑ Gupta, Jayoti (2003). "Informal Labour in Brick Kilns: Need for Regulation". Economic and Political Weekly. 38 (31): 3282–3292. JSTOR 4413859.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Brady, Andrew (28 January 2014). "Blood Bricks: Ending Modern Day Slavery". International Business Times UK (in Turanci).
- ↑ Singh, Kainth, Gursharan (January 2010). "Push and Pull Factors of Migration: A Case Study of Brick Kiln Migrant Workers in Punjab". Mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de (in Turanci).
- ↑ Singh, D.P. (1 February 2005). "Women Workers in the Brick Kiln Industry in Haryana, India". Indian Journal of Gender Studies. 12: 83–97. doi:10.1177/097152150401200104. S2CID 220719831.
- ↑ "BloodBricks campaign officially launches". War On Want (in Turanci). 16 June 2015. Archived from the original on 9 July 2018. Retrieved 29 July 2025.
- ↑ "India's trade in 'blood bricks'". BBC News (in Turanci).
- ↑ "From blood diamonds to blood bricks". Blood Bricks (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2018-04-04. Retrieved 2018-03-25.