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Yammacin Antarctic Ice Sheet

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Yammacin Antarctic Ice Sheet
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Bangare na Antarctic ice sheet (en) Fassara
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Yammacin Antarctica Ice Sheet (WAIS) shi ne ɓangaren kankara na nahiyar da ke rufe Yammacin Antárctica, ɓangaren Antarctica a gefen Dutsen Transantarctic wanda ke cikin Yammacin Hemisphere. An rarraba shi azaman kankara na ruwa, ma'ana cewa gadonsa yana ƙasa da matakin teku kuma gefensa suna gudana cikin ɗakunan kankara masu iyo. WAIS tana da iyaka da Ross Ice Shelf, Ronne Ice Shelf. [1]

A matsayin ƙaramin yanki na Antarctica, sauyin yanayi kuma ya fi shafar WAIS. An sami ɗumama kan takardar ƙanƙara tun daga shekarun 1950, [2] [3] da kuma koma bayan glaciers na bakin teku tun aƙalla shekarun 1990. [4] Ƙididdiga sun nuna an ƙara shi a kusa zuwa hawan tekun duniya tsakanin 1992 da 2017, [5] kuma yana asarar ƙanƙara a cikin 2010s a wani adadin daidai da 0.4 millimetres (0.016 in) na hawan teku na shekara-shekara. [6] Yayin da wasu hasarar da aka yi ke samu ta hanyar haɓakar kankara ta Gabashin Antarctica, Antarctica gaba ɗaya za ta iya rasa isasshen kankara ta 2100 don ƙara 11 centimetres (4.3 in) zuwa matakan teku. Bugu da ari, rashin kwanciyar hankali na kankara na ruwa na iya ƙara wannan adadin ta dubun santimita, musamman a ƙarƙashin ɗumamar girma. [7] Ruwan narkewar ruwa daga WAIS kuma yana ba da gudummawa ga matsewar teku kuma yana lalata samuwar ruwan ƙasan Antarctic mai gishiri, wanda ke haifar da rugujewar ruwan tekun Kudancin Tekun . [7] [8] [9]

dogon lokaci, Yammacin Antarctic Ice Sheet na iya ɓacewa saboda dumama wanda ya riga ya faru.1 metre (3 ft 3 in) Shaidar Paleoclimate ta nuna cewa wannan ya riga ya faru a lokacin Eemian, lokacin da yanayin zafi na duniya yayi kama da farkon karni na 21.[10] An yi imanin cewa asarar kankara zai faru tsakanin shekaru 2,000 da 13,000 a nan gaba, kodayake ƙarni da yawa na hayaki mai yawa na iya rage wannan zuwa shekaru 500.[11][12][13] 3.3 metres (10 ft 10 in) in) na hauhawar matakin teku zai faru idan kankara ta rushe amma ta bar kankara a kan duwatsu a baya. Jimlar hauhawar matakin teku daga Yammacin Antarctica yana ƙaruwa zuwa 4.3 metres (14 ft 1 in) ft 1 in) idan sun narke, amma wannan zai buƙaci matakin zafi mafi girma.[14][15] Isostatic rebound na ƙasar da ba ta da kankara na iya ƙara kusan 1 ft ) zuwa matakan teku na duniya a kan wasu shekaru 1,000.[13]

Adana WAIS na iya buƙatar ci gaba da rage yanayin zafi na duniya zuwa 2 °C (3.6 °F)" 1 ° C (1.8 ° F) ƙasa da matakin preindustrial, ko zuwa 2 ° C (3.6 ° F) a ƙasa da zafin jiki na 2020.[16] Saboda rushewar kankara za ta kasance ta hanyar asarar Thwaites Glacier da Pine Island Glacier, wasu sun ba da shawarar shiga tsakani don adana su. A ka'idar, ƙara dubban gigatonnes na dusar ƙanƙara da aka kirkira na ɗan adam zai iya tabbatar da su, amma zai zama da wahala sosai kuma bazai lissafa ci gaba da hanzarin dumamar teku a yankin ba.[17][18] Sauran sun ba da shawarar cewa gine-ginen da ke hana ruwan dumi a ƙarƙashin kankara zai iya jinkirta ɓacewar kankara ta ƙarni da yawa, amma har yanzu zai buƙaci ɗaya daga cikin manyan ayyukan injiniyan farar hula a tarihi.

Bayyanawa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Taswirar Yammacin Antarctica

The total volume of the entire Antarctic ice sheet is estimated at 26.92 million km3 (6.46 million cu mi),[14] while the WAIS contains about 2.1 million km3 (530,000 cu mi) in ice that is above the sea level, and ~1 million km3 (240,000 cu mi) in ice that is below it.[19] The weight of the ice has caused the underlying rock to sink by between 0.5 and 1 kilometre (0.31 and 0.62 mi) in a process known as isostatic depression.

A karkashin ƙarfin nauyin kansa, kankara yana lalacewa kuma yana gudana a hankali a kan dutse mai laushi. Yankunan kankara sune wuraren da motsi na kankara yake da jinkiri saboda an daskare shi zuwa gado, yayin da kogunan kankara ke gudana da sauri saboda akwai ruwa mai ruwa a cikin turɓaya a ƙarƙashin su. Wadannan ko dai ruwan da ke cikin ruwa wanda aka yi amfani da shi don rufe ƙasa ta teku kafin kankara ta daskare a sama da su, ko kuma an halicce su ne saboda rushewa daga rikici-rikice na kankara a kan dutse. Ruwa a cikin waɗannan turɓaya yana kasancewa ruwa saboda ɓawon duniya a ƙarƙashin kogunan kankara yana da ƙanƙara kuma yana gudanar da zafi daga aikin geothermal, kuma saboda friction kuma yana haifar da zafi, musamman a gefen tsakanin kogunan kansar da kankara.[20]

Lokacin da kankara ta kai ga bakin teku, ko dai tana haifar da maraƙi ko ci gaba da gudana a waje zuwa cikin ruwa. Sakamakon shi ne babban, mai iyo kankara da aka sanya a nahiyar. Wadannan kankara suna hana kwararar kankara zuwa cikin teku muddin suna nan.[21]

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ Davies, Bethan (21 October 2020). "West Antarctic Ice Sheet". AntarcticGlaciers.org.
  2. ↑ Steig, E. J.; Schneider, D. P.; Rutherford, S. D.; Mann, M. E.; Comiso, J. C.; Shindell, D. T. (2009). "Warming of the Antarctic ice-sheet surface since the 1957 International Geophysical Year". Nature. 457 (7228): 459–462. Bibcode:2009Natur.457..459S. doi:10.1038/nature07669. PMID 19158794. S2CID 4410477.
  3. ↑ Dalaiden, Quentin; Schurer, Andrew P.; Kirchmeier-Young, Megan C.; Goosse, Hugues; Hegerl, Gabriele C. (24 August 2022). "West Antarctic Surface Climate Changes Since the Mid-20th Century Driven by Anthropogenic Forcing" (PDF). Geophysical Research Letters (in Turanci). 49 (16). Bibcode:2022GeoRL..4999543D. doi:10.1029/2022GL099543. S2CID 251854055 Check |s2cid= value (help). |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  4. ↑ Rignot, Eric (2001). "Evidence for rapid retreat and mass loss of Thwaites Glacier, West Antarctica". Journal of Glaciology (in Turanci). 47 (157): 213–222. Bibcode:2001JGlac..47..213R. doi:10.3189/172756501781832340. S2CID 128683798.
  5. ↑ The IMBIE Team (13 June 2018). "Mass balance of the Antarctic Ice Sheet from 1992 to 2017". Nature Geoscience. 558 (7709): 219–222. Bibcode:2018Natur.558..219I. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0179-y. PMID 29899482. S2CID 49188002. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  6. ↑ NASA (7 July 2023). "Antarctic Ice Mass Loss 2002–2023".
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Fox-Kemper, B.; Hewitt, H. T.; Xiao, C.; Aðalgeirsdóttir, G.; Drijfhout, S. S.; Edwards, T. L.; Golledge, N. R.; Hemer, M.; Kopp, R. E.; Krinner, G.; Mix, A. (2021). Masson-Delmotte, V.; Zhai, P.; Pirani, A.; Connors, S. L.; Péan, C.; Berger, S.; Caud, N.; Chen, Y.; Goldfarb, L. (eds.). "Chapter 9: Ocean, Cryosphere and Sea Level Change" (PDF). Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, New York, USA: 1270–1272.
  8. ↑ Silvano, Alessandro; Rintoul, Stephen Rich; Peña-Molino, Beatriz; Hobbs, William Richard; van Wijk, Esmee; Aoki, Shigeru; Tamura, Takeshi; Williams, Guy Darvall (18 April 2018). "Freshening by glacial meltwater enhances the melting of ice shelves and reduces the formation of Antarctic Bottom Water". Science Advances. 4 (4): eaap9467. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aap9467. PMC 5906079. PMID 29675467.
  9. ↑ Li, Qian; England, Matthew H.; Hogg, Andrew McC.; Rintoul, Stephen R.; Morrison, Adele K. (29 March 2023). "Abyssal ocean overturning slowdown and warming driven by Antarctic meltwater". Nature. 615 (7954): 841–847. Bibcode:2023Natur.615..841L. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-05762-w. PMID 36991191 Check |pmid= value (help). S2CID 257807573 Check |s2cid= value (help).
  10. ↑ Lau, Sally C. Y.; Wilson, Nerida G.; Golledge, Nicholas R.; Naish, Tim R.; Watts, Phillip C.; Silva, Catarina N. S.; Cooke, Ira R.; Allcock, A. Louise; Mark, Felix C.; Linse, Katrin (21 December 2023). "Genomic evidence for West Antarctic Ice Sheet collapse during the Last Interglacial". Science (in Turanci). 382 (6677): 1384–1389. Bibcode:2023Sci...382.1384L. doi:10.1126/science.ade0664. PMID 38127761 Check |pmid= value (help). S2CID 266436146 Check |s2cid= value (help).
  11. ↑ Armstrong McKay, David; Abrams, Jesse; Winkelmann, Ricarda; Sakschewski, Boris; Loriani, Sina; Fetzer, Ingo; Cornell, Sarah; Rockström, Johan; Staal, Arie; Lenton, Timothy (9 September 2022). "Exceeding 1.5 °C global warming could trigger multiple climate tipping points". Science (in Turanci). 377 (6611): eabn7950. doi:10.1126/science.abn7950. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 36074831 Check |pmid= value (help). S2CID 252161375 Check |s2cid= value (help). |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  12. ↑ Armstrong McKay, David (9 September 2022). "Exceeding 1.5 °C global warming could trigger multiple climate tipping points – paper explainer". climatetippingpoints.info (in Turanci). Retrieved 2 October 2022.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Pan, Linda; Powell, Evelyn M.; Latychev, Konstantin; Mitrovica, Jerry X.; Creveling, Jessica R.; Gomez, Natalya; Hoggard, Mark J.; Clark, Peter U. (30 April 2021). "Rapid postglacial rebound amplifies global sea level rise following West Antarctic Ice Sheet collapse". Science Advances. 7 (18). Bibcode:2021SciA....7.7787P. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abf7787. PMC 8087405 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 33931453 Check |pmid= value (help).
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Fretwell, P.; et al. (28 February 2013). "Bedmap2: improved ice bed, surface and thickness datasets for Antarctica" (PDF). The Cryosphere. 7 (1): 390. Bibcode:2013TCry....7..375F. doi:10.5194/tc-7-375-2013. S2CID 13129041. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 February 2020. Retrieved 6 January 2014. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "BEDMAP2-2013" defined multiple times with different content
  15. ↑ Hein, Andrew S.; Woodward, John; Marrero, Shasta M.; Dunning, Stuart A.; Steig, Eric J.; Freeman, Stewart P. H. T.; Stuart, Finlay M.; Winter, Kate; Westoby, Matthew J.; Sugden, David E. (3 February 2016). "Evidence for the stability of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet divide for 1.4 million years". Nature Communications. 7: 10325. Bibcode:2016NatCo...710325H. doi:10.1038/ncomms10325. PMC 4742792. PMID 26838462.
  16. ↑ Garbe, Julius; Albrecht, Torsten; Levermann, Anders; Donges, Jonathan F.; Winkelmann, Ricarda (2020). "The hysteresis of the Antarctic Ice Sheet". Nature. 585 (7826): 538–544. Bibcode:2020Natur.585..538G. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2727-5. PMID 32968257. S2CID 221885420.
  17. ↑ Feldmann, Johannes; Levermann, Anders; Mengel, Matthias (17 July 2019). "Stabilizing the West Antarctic Ice Sheet by surface mass deposition". Science Advances. 5 (7): eaaw4132. Bibcode:2019SciA....5.4132F. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aaw4132. PMC 6636986. PMID 31328165.
  18. ↑ Naughten, Kaitlin A.; Holland, Paul R.; De Rydt, Jan (23 October 2023). "Unavoidable future increase in West Antarctic ice-shelf melting over the twenty-first century". Nature Climate Change. 13 (11): 1222–1228. Bibcode:2023NatCC..13.1222N. doi:10.1038/s41558-023-01818-x. S2CID 264476246 Check |s2cid= value (help).
  19. ↑ Lythe, Matthew B.; Vaughan, David G. (10 June 2001). "BEDMAP: A new ice thickness and subglacial topographic model of Antarctica" (PDF). Journal of Geophysical Research. 106 (B6): 11335–11352. Bibcode:2001JGR...10611335L. doi:10.1029/2000JB900449.
  20. ↑ Bindschadler, Robert (25 May 2006). "The environment and evolution of the West Antarctic ice sheet: setting the stage". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A. 364 (1844). doi:10.1098/rsta.2006.1790.
  21. ↑ Miles, Bertie W. J.; Bingham, Robert G. (21 February 2024). "Progressive unanchoring of Antarctic ice shelves since 1973". Nature. 626: 785–791. doi:10.1038/s41586-024-07049-0. PMC 10881387 Check |pmc= value (help).
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