Yammacin Somali Liberation Front

Yammacin Somali Liberation Front
Bayanai
Iri	jam'iyyar siyasa
Ƙasa	Habasha

Yammacin Somali Liberation Front (Somali: Jabhadda Xoreynta Somali Galbeed; ta rage WSLF) ƙungiya ce ta 'yan kasa ta Somaliya wacce ta yi tawaye don samun' 'yancin kai na Ogaden da ke zaune a Somaliya daga Habasha da kuma haɗa kai da Somaliya .

Ya samo asali ne daga cibiyoyin mai tayar da kayar baya na Somaliya da ke tsayayya da mulkin Daular Habasha a farkon shekarun 1960, WSLF ya zama babban karfi a bayan gwagwarmayar makamai don tabbatar da kai da 'yancin kai a cikin Ogaden a cikin shekarun 1970. Kodayake ƙungiya ce ta Somaliya, ƙungiyar ta haɗa da mambobi da yawa na mutanen Harari da Oromo na yawan Musulmi na Habasha waɗanda suka goyi bayan batun Somaliya.

WSLF daga ƙarshe ta sami goyon baya daga Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Somaliya karkashin jagorancin Siad Barre, kuma ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Yakin Ogaden na 1977-78, ta yi yaƙi tare da Sojojin Kasa na Somaliya (SNA) bayan ta kaddamar da babban mamayewa da aka nufa don samun nasara a kan nasarar nasarar da tawaye na WSLF. Duk da nasarorin da aka samu a farkon, yakin ya ƙare a cikin cin nasara bayan babbar shiga tsakani ta Soviet da Cuban a madadin Habasha.

WSLF ta ci gaba da ayyukanta na 'yan tawaye a cikin shekarun 1980, amma a hankali ta ƙi saboda rarrabuwar cikin gida da kuma karfafa kamfen ɗin yaki da tawaye na Habasha, wanda Sojojin Cuba da ƙungiyoyin wakilai Somaliya suka goyi bayan su waɗanda suka haɗa kai da gwamnatin Habasha. Duk da raguwar ta, WSLF ta kafa harsashin ga ƙungiyoyin 'yan tawaye na Somaliya a yankin, musamman Ogaden National Liberation Front (ONLF).

Tarihi

  Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II, shugabannin Somaliya a Ogaden (yanzu Yankin Somaliya) sun ci gaba da ba da shawara don cin gashin kansu daga Daular Habasha, duk da haka hukumomin mulkin mallaka da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun yi watsi da roƙonsu. A lokacin bayan yakin, Birtaniya ta mika Ogaden ga gwamnatin Sarkin sarakuna Haile Selassie's. Sassan yankin sun kasance a ƙarƙashin mulkin Daular Habasha tun lokacin da Menelik ya faɗaɗa a ƙarshen shekarun 1880. Bugu da ƙari, Turawan Burtaniya sun ba da ƙasashe a gabashin birnin Jigjiga wanda Daular Habasha ba ta taɓa gudanar da shi ba.

Tashin hankali na shekarun 1960

A ƙarshen shekarun 1940 da 1950, ƙungiyoyin ɓoye na Somaliya a cikin Ogaden sun kafa tare da manufar 'yantar da yankin daga mulkin Habasha. A shekara ta 1963, babban tawaye na farko a yankin ya ɓarke. An san shi da 'Nasrallah' ko Ogaden Liberation Front, kungiyar ta fara ne da mutane 300 kuma nan da nan ta karu zuwa 3,000. Sojojin Daular Habasha sun kaddamar da babban kamfen na yaki da masu tayar da kayar baya a lokacin rani da fall of 1963. Gwamnatocin daular ramuwar gayya a lokacin yakin neman tawaye, wanda ya kunshi manyan bama-bamai na biranen Somaliya a cikin Ogaden, ya haifar da saurin lalacewar dangantaka tsakanin Daular Habasha da Jamhuriyar Somaliya, a ƙarshe ya haifar da Yakin Yankin 1964. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, aikin tayar da kayar baya ya ci gaba amma ya ragu a ƙarshen shekarun 1960 saboda matsin lamba daga gwamnatocin Habasha da Somaliya. Masu tayar da kayar baya na Nasrallah sun kafa tushe na gaba na Yammacin Somali Liberation Front . Sarkin sarakuna Selassie ya nemi taimakon Amurka da Isra'ila don murkushe Somalis da ke yaƙi don samun 'yancin yankin Ogaden.

Tsakanin 1965 da 1975, Nasrallah ya fara jaddada gina tushen siyasa da diflomasiyya don wani gwagwarmayar 'yanci. Kungiyar ta bude ofishi a Mogadishu da kuma jihohin Larabawa masu tausayi kamar Iraki da Siriya. 'Yan tawayen Somaliya sun kasance masu aiki a cikin yankin Ogaden har sai' yan tawaye a karkashin tutar Yammacin Somaliya sun fara aiki a shekara ta 1974.

Tarihi

Kafawa

A shekara ta 1969 sabuwar kungiyar 'yanci ta fara kafawa.[1] A farkon shekarun 1970s sun ga yunkurin 'yanci na Ogaden ya ci gaba da samun ƙarfi daga tushe na Nasrallah, kodayake kungiyar ta asali ta fara rushewa a hankali. Dangane da wannan, tsoffin masu tayar da kayar baya da matasa masu basira daga yankin Ogaden a cikin gwamnatin Siad Barre's sun yi kira ga Somaliya don tallafawa ci gaba da gwagwarmayar makamai. Bayan da aka rushe mulkin Halie Selassie ta hannun rundunar sojan Derg, halin da ake ciki a Ogaden ya kara muni. A cikin wannan lokacin, mummunan fari ya mamaye Ogaden wanda ya haifar da wahala mai yawa. Derg ta zaɓi hana labarai game da halin da ake ciki a yankin maimakon samar da taimako, kuma a ƙarƙashin zalunci na soja a yankin ya karu. Kamar yadda 1974 da 1975 suka ci gaba, matsin lamba daga Ogaden Somalis ya gina cikin sauri a kan gwamnatin Siad Barre. A shekara ta 1975, gwamnatin Somaliya ta gamsu da taimakawa kungiyar. An yi manyan sake tsarawa a wannan lokacin, gami da yanke shawara don zaɓar sabon suna. Akwai muhawara mai tsanani game da ko za a kira kungiyar 'Ogaden' ko 'Yammacin Somali' a gaban 'yanci, tare da ƙarshen ya ci gaba a matsayin zaɓi. Gwamnatin Habasha ta yi iƙirarin cewa Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Palasdinawa (PLO) tana horar da 'yan tawaye na Somaliya.

A watan Janairun 1976, an gudanar da babban taron jama'ar Yammacin Somaliya mai nisan kilomita 100 a arewa maso yammacin Mogadishu.  An zabi kwamitin mambobi ashirin da biyar don jagorantar WSLF, kuma Abdullahi Hassan Mahmoud ya zama shugabanta na farko lokacin da aka kafa kungiyar a taron. A wannan shekarar, ba da daɗewa ba aka kafa sansanonin horo a fadin Ogaden da Somalia. WSLF ta kaddamar da Kungiyar Matasan Yammacin Somaliya wacce ta zama ƙungiyar matasa ta WSLF . Shugaban rukunin matasa shine Mohamoud Dirir Gheddi . Kungiyar matasa ta WSLF za ta gina makarantun ga kananan yara a yankin.

Duk da cewa kungiyoyin sun fi mayar da hankali kan Somalis, WSLF ta sami goyon baya tsakanin Musulmai Harari da Oromo. Yawancin Hararis sun shiga kungiyar, tare da da da yawa kamar Kanar Ezedin Yusuf a matsayin manyan mukamai a lokacin gwagwarmayar makamai. A cewar asusun WSLF, yawancin matasa 'yan tawaye na gaba sun kasance Harari "yara da mata", wanda aka kira Imam Ahmed squad bayan shugaban musulmi na karni na sha shida Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi. Ioan Lewis ya lura cewa goyon bayan Musulmi Oromo yana da mahimmanci ga WSLF, kuma ya faɗaɗa cikin tsarin umarni na kungiyar.

Farawar tawaye na WSLF (1974-1976)

A cikin shekarun da suka gabata na mulkin Sarkin sarakuna Haile Sellassie's WSLF ta fara aiki a kudu. WSLF ta sami damarta lokacin da Derg ta hambarar da Haile Selassie a 1974 kuma ta sauya daga goyon bayan Amurka zuwa Tarayyar Soviet. Farawar yakin basasa ya faru kusan lokaci guda a yankunan arewa da kudanci a farkon watanni na shekara ta 1976. A ƙarshen shekara, ya faɗaɗa a kudu maso gabashin Bale da Sidamo. Yankin, wanda ya ƙunshi wani ɓangare mai busasshiyar ƙasa da tsaunuka da wuraren katako, ya saba da mayakan, kuma an dauki mazauna yankin a matsayin abokantaka. Da yake shiga daga wurare daban-daban a jamhuriyar Somaliya, 'yan tawaye sun yi sauri a fadin tsaunuka masu tsawo. Duk inda suka tafi, sun rushe kasancewar jihar ta hanyar lalata ofisoshin gwamnati da kuma yin niyya ga 'yan sanda da kuma gwamnatin farar hula. Gabaɗaya akwai Brigades na huɗu ko a Somaliya "Afar Gaas" a cikin ƙungiyar WSLF. A farkon shekara ta 1977, WSLF ta fara kai hare-hare kan sojojin Habasha. An san Brigade na farko da "Duufaan". Brigade na biyu an san shi da "Ahmed Gurey" kuma shine mafi girman Brigade na WSLF. An san Brigade na uku da "Horyaal" kuma Brigade na huɗu da "Ciil Tire". Kowace brigade an sanya ta shiga gaba daban-daban a Yankin Somaliya na Habasha.

A shekara ta 1976, gwamnatin Somaliya ta kafa takwaransa na WSLF don yin yaƙi a yankunan Oromo, tana kiranta Somali Abo Liberation Front (SALF), wanda ke aiki a lardunan Bale, Sidamo, da Arsi, inda ta ba da shawarar haɗin kai da Somaliya ko ƙirƙirar ƙasa mai zaman kanta. Wako Gutu da Shekih Hussein sun kasance wasu daga cikin fitattun 'yan kasa na Oromo waɗanda suka shiga SALF, wanda ba da daɗewa ba ya wuce Oromo Liberation Army (OLF). Somaliya ta samar da kungiyoyin biyu da makamai na Soviet, kuma a farkon 1977 ta aika da sojoji 3,000 daga Sojojin Somaliya don yin yaƙi a matsayin 'yan tawaye tare da WSLF.

Girman (1976-1977)

A farkon shekara ta 1977, ban da garuruwan da aka sanya a kan muhimman hanyoyi da kuma tsakiya, WSLF ta mallaki mafi yawan ƙasashen Ogaden yadda ya kamata. 'Yan tawayen sun yi amfani da dabarun bugawa da gudu, suna niyya ga sojojin Habasha a wuraren da ba su da ƙarfi sannan su haɗu da yawancin masu goyon baya ko masu tausayi. Wadannan dabarun sun lalata halin sojojin Habasha, sun tilasta musu su koma bunkers da sansanoni. Sojojin Habasha sun sami kansu a cikin garuruwan garuruwa, da yawa daga cikinsu an kewaye su. Duk da yake duk wani yunkuri na mamaye wadannan garuruwan garuruwa ya gayyaci mummunan karfi daga masu kare Habasha, tafiya tsakanin garuruwa ta zama haɗari. Sojoji da farar hula motocin suna buƙatar masu tsaron gida, sau da yawa suna fadawa cikin kwanto ko haɗuwa da ma'adanai. A ranar 11 ga Fabrairu, 1977, wani sanannen kwanto ya faru a kusa da Horakelifo (tsakanin Degehabur da Jijiga), wanda ya haifar da mutuwar sojoji da jami'ai 25, tare da wasu 24 da suka ji rauni, da kuma lalata motoci da manyan motoci. A lokaci guda, an hallaka rundunar 'yan sanda ba da nisa da Filtu ba. Wadannan rushewar samar da layin sun haifar da jinkirin sufuri zuwa sansanonin. Baya ga shafar halin da sojojin ke ciki, ayyukan 'yan tawaye da ke da niyyar lalata tattalin arziki sun faru. A lokacin rani na shekara ta 1977, mayakan WSLF sun lalata muhimman shigarwa da yawa, kuma a ranar 1 ga Yuni, sun fashe hanyar jirgin kasa da ke haɗa babban birnin Habasha zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa ta Djibouti. Wannan muhimmiyar hanyar rayuwa ta tattalin arziki, wanda ke kula da kashi 70 cikin 100 na fitar da Habasha da kashi 50 cikin 100 na shigo da ita, ya kasance ba tare da izini ba har zuwa watan Agusta.

Da farko ya kunshi dakarun da ke aiki na kimanin 'yan tawaye 5,000, WSLF ba ta iya karɓar iko da kowane babban gari ko mahimman wuraren da sojojin Habasha ke sarrafawa a farkon matakan tawaye ba.

Mata 'yar tawaye ta WSLF.

Yuni 1977 ya ga WSLF ta kara kamfen dinta. Manyan garuruwa uku na Ogaden: Jigjiga, Dire Dawa da Harar duk sun kasance ƙarƙashin hare-haren masu tayar da kayar baya. Hanyoyin sufuri tsakanin garuruwan suna ci gaba da cin zarafi kuma an lalata gadoji masu mahimmanci. Don kare Hanyar jirgin kasa ta Djibouti-Addis Derg ta tura dubban paratroopers a kan muhimman layin dogo da ke haɗa Habasha da teku. Duk da wannan ƙoƙari WSLF ta sami nasarar yanke layin dogo. A wannan watan, WSLF ta yi nasara wajen tilasta sojojin Habasha daga yawancin Ogaden zuwa cikin garuruwan Harar, Dire Dawa da Jigjiga. Siad Barre ya yanke shawarar kara tsananta yakin ta hanyar hada sojojin Somaliya kamar yadda ya yi imanin cewa zai ba da damar WSLF ta tura gida nasarorin da suka samu kuma ta ba da damar raba Ogaden gaba daya. A ranar 13 ga Yuni, 1977, kimanin sojoji 5,000 na SNA sun haye iyaka, suna kaddamar da hari kan takamaiman manufofi a Ogaden. Sojojin sun cire alamun tufafinsu kuma sun yi kama da 'yan tawaye don aikin. A karkashin umurnin jami'an SNA, WSLF ta shiga hare-hare kan matsayin soja na Habasha, ta buge Gode, Degehabur da Kebri Dahar da bindigogi da rokoki. Koyaya, an kori harin tare da mummunan rauni. A Gode kadai, an kashe 'yan tawaye 300 na WSLF da manyan jami'an SNA 14. Rashin jituwa tsakanin sojoji, musamman tsakanin dangin Ogaden, ya zama murya. Bayan wannan mummunar hari, an yanke shawarar mamaye Habasha don tallafawa WSLF.

Yakin Ogaden (1977-1978)

Mayakan WSLF a farkon yakin.

A ranar 13 ga Yuli, 1977, Sojojin Kasa na Somaliya (SNA) sun mamaye Habasha don taimakawa WSLF. Gwamnatin Somaliya ta ki bayyana yaki, a maimakon haka ta dage cewa a cikin kafofin watsa labarai cewa WSLF ta dauki dukkan ayyukan soja. WSLF ta shiga cikin ayyukan sabuntawa, ta lalata motsi na sojojin Habasha. A watan Satumbar 1977, SNA / WSLF ta mamaye kashi 90% na Ogaden. An ƙarfafa shi ta hanyar isowar SNA, wanda ya kunshi manyan makamai da motoci, WSLF ta ci gaba da kama Jigjiga a watan Satumbar 1977. Brigade na biyu, Ahmed Gurey shine babban ƙarfin WSLF a lokacin yakin, sun kama Jigjiga bayan makonni 4 na fada mai tsanani tare da Sojojin Habasha. Tsohon shugaban kasar Somaliya Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed ya ce "yan bindigar WSLF suna da karfi sosai kuma suna da hadin kai a kan dukkan matsaloli" yayin hira da ya yi da tsohon rahoton BBC World Service Abdisalan Harari . An yi iƙirarin cewa an goyi bayan wannan ta hanyar hira da tsohon shugaban Cuban Fidel Castro . A watan Nuwamba da farkon lokacin ruwan sama, WSLF ta shirya don kama birnin Harar. Koyaya, a farkon 1978 gwamnatin Habasha ta sami sabon makamai na kayan aikin Soviet kuma, karkashin jagorancin sojojin Cuban, sun sami nasarar tura sojojin SNA / WSLF.

A cewar ɗan jaridar Burtaniya kuma masanin tarihin soja Mark Urban, "A karkashin jagorancin Hassan Mahmoud, WSLF ta yi kamfen mai ban mamaki, amma ba kamar Eritreans ba, sun kasa fahimtar muhimmancin yada gwagwarmayarsu a kasashen waje. " Urban ya lura cewa idan WSLF ya bi wannan da gaske, mai yiwuwa ya sami damar samun wasu muhimman makamai da ake buƙata don kare kansu daga hare-haren sama.

WSLF a yaƙi da sojojin Habasha.

Bayan Yakin Ogaden, sojojin Habasha sun kasance cikin cikakken iko da Ogaden na ɗan gajeren lokaci. A lokacin wani taron a ranar 11 ga Maris 1978, shugaban WSLF Abdullahi Mahmoud Hassan ya bayyana cewa duk da janyewar sojojin Somaliya da aka tura don tallafawa shi, gaba za ta ci gaba da gwagwarmayar 'yanci.

Yakin Ogaden da raguwa

A watan Yunin 1978, WSLF ta sami babban nasara lokacin da ta dawo da garin Gode, inda ta kashe sojojin Habasha da Cuban 300 yayin da suke kashe sansanin jirgin sama guda daya a yankin. A lokacin rani na shekara ta 1978, WSLF ta dawo cikin iko da mafi yawan yankunan Ogaden, kuma sojojin Habasha sun kasance a cikin garuruwa da hanyoyi. Sweeps da sintiri a cikin 1979 sun sami nasarar rage ayyukan 'yan tawaye amma sun kasa kawar da masu tayar da kayar baya. A ƙarshen 70s, an kiyasta WSLF tana da sojoji 18,000, don haka ta zama rukuni na biyu mafi girma a Habasha, na farko shine Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF). Yayinda WSLF ta fuskanci manyan hare-haren sojojin Habasha da Cuban bayan yakin, an bar su da ƙananan makamai da bindigogi kawai don yaƙi da bindigogin jirage masu saukar ungulu da motocin makamai da ke aiki a fili. Gwamnatin Habasha ta fara manufofin rage yawan jama'a da sake zama Somalis don raunana tushen zamantakewar WSLF. A lokaci guda, sun gabatar da dubban mazauna Amhara, Tigrayan, da Oromo don karfafa ikon Habasha a yankin.

Habashawa sun fara amfani da sabuwar jam'iyyar Somali Salvation Democratic Front (SSDF) don taimakawa farautar mayakan WSLF. Wani rahoto na Hukumar leken asiri ta tsakiya game da aikin gudun hijira na Somaliya da aka buga a farkon 1979 ya lura cewa 'yan tawaye na SSDF sun yi mummunar aiki a kan mayakan WSLF a yaƙi. An lura cewa WSLF tana da goyon bayan mafi yawan jama'ar Somalis kuma cewa shirye-shiryen SSDF na yaki da kungiyar ya shafi yunkurin da ta yi na samun goyon bayan jama'a.

A cikin shekarun da suka biyo bayan Ogaden War, magoya bayan WSLF da yawa sun yi takaici da kungiyoyin da ke kara dogaro da Mogadishu kuma sun yi takaicin ra'ayi na kasa da kasa game da gwagwarmayar da ke Yakin Ogaden a matsayin batun iyaka tsakanin Habasha da Somalia. Wasu daga cikin 'yan WSLF da aka dauka a bangaren matasa za su ci gaba da kafa Ogaden National Liberation Front (ONLF) a shekarar 1984. A cikin shekara ta 1979, reshen Isaaq na WSLF, Afraad, ya shiga rikici tare da manyan dakarun Ogaden na WSL F biyo bayan wani abin da ya faru inda wani mayaƙin WSLF ya yi fyade wanda ya karu zuwa kisan kai da ci gaba da tashin hankali.

Shekaru na 1980

A farkon shekarun 1980s, gwamnatin Habasha ta canza Ogaden zuwa babban yanki na soja, tana gudanar da bama-bamai na sama da shirye-shiryen sake zama. Wakilan kasashen waje da suka ziyarci yankin a wannan lokacin sun lura da 'al'umma biyu', tare da mazaunan Somaliya da ke nuna kansu da karfi a matsayin 'Yammacin Somaliya'. Gwamnatin Derg ta kuma samar da fari da yunwa don raunana juriyar Somaliya ga mulkin Habasha a Ogaden.

A watan Agustan 1980, gwamnatin Derg ta kaddamar da babban kamfen na yaki da ta'addanci da aka sani da "Operation Lash" don share Ogaden daga masu tayar da kayar baya. Sojojin Habasha sun tura ƙungiyoyi shida da suka kunshi mutane 60,000 a ƙarƙashin umurnin Merid Negussie . Bayan da aka ajiye sojoji a kusa da iyakar Somaliya don toshe wuraren shigarwa da fita, sojojin Habasha sun shiga, sun warwatse, sun kewaye da kuma kashe 'yan tawaye. SALF ta rushe, yayin da WSLF ta tsere zuwa arewacin Somalia. Masanin tarihin Habasha Gebru Tareke ya yi iƙirarin cewa a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1980, an ruwaito cewa an wanke Ogaden daga masu tayar da kayar baya. A lokacin wadannan ayyukan Habashawa sun yi amfani da 'yan tawaye na SSDF don kai hari kan sansanonin WSLF a cikin Somalia.

A cikin 1981, fada tare da WSLF ya ci gaba. A kusa da Harar da Jigjiga WSLF ta shiga cikin mummunan yaƙe-yaƙe tare da sojojin Habasha. An kuma yi fada a kusa da Kebri Dahar kuma WSLF ta yi iƙirarin cewa ta yanke manyan hanyoyin da ke haɗa garuruwa. A wannan shekarar, gwamnatin Mengistu ta fara tallafawa Ƙungiyar Ƙasar Somaliya (SNM). Yakin da ya haifar tsakanin SNM da WSLF wani muhimmin abu ne a cikin dabarun Habasha, don amfani da rarrabuwar dangin a cikin al'ummar Somaliya da kuma ba WSLF hari na ƙarshe. Daga 1982 zuwa 1984, Ƙungiyar Ƙasar Somaliya (SNM) tare da goyon baya daga sojojin Habasha, sun shiga cikin rikice-rikice masu tsanani tare da WSLF a arewa maso yammacin Somaliya. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 1984 SNM ta kaddamar da wani hari wanda ya tilasta wa WSLF daga sansanonin baya a arewacin Somalia. A watan Janairun 1985, WSLF ta daina wanzuwa.