Yanayi na halitta
 yanayi na halitta | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na |
environment (en)  da physico-geographical object (en) |
| Karatun ta |
ecology, ecological economics (en) , labarin ƙasa da Ilimin zamantakewar muhalli |
| Does not have characteristic (en) |
artificiality (en) |
| Hannun riga da | Yanayin da aka gina |
yanayi halitta ko Duniya halitta ta ƙunshi duk abubuwan da ke faruwa ta halitta da na aabiotic da ke faruwa a dabi'a, ma'ana a wannan yanayin ba na wucin gadi ba. Kalmar ana amfani da ita sau da yawa ga Duniya ko wasu sassan Duniya. Wannan yanayin ya ƙunshi hulɗar dukkan nau'o'in halittu masu rai, yanayi, yanayi da albarkatun ƙasa waɗanda ke shafar rayuwar ɗan adam da ayyukan tattalin arziki.[1] Za'a iya rarrabe manufar yanayin halitta a matsayin abubuwan da aka haɗa:
- Cikakken raka'a na muhalli waɗanda ke aiki a matsayin tsarin halitta ba tare da sa hannun ɗan adam mai yawa ba, gami da duk ciyayi, microorganisms, ƙasa, duwatsu, tsaunuka, duwatsu da abubuwan da suka faru a cikin iyakokinsu da yanayi su.
- Albarkatun halitta na duniya da abubuwan da suka faru a zahiri waɗanda ba su da iyaka, kamar iska, ruwa da yanayi, da makamashi, radiation, cajin lantarki da Magnetism, ba daga ayyukan ɗan adam na wayewa ba.
Ya bambanta da yanayin halitta shine Yanayin da aka gina. Yanayin da aka gina shine inda mutane suka canza wurare masu kyau kamar saitunan birane da sauya ƙasar noma, yanayin halitta ya canza sosai zuwa yanayin ɗan adam mai sauƙi. Ko da ayyukan da ba su da tsananin gaske, kamar gina hutun laka ko tsarin photovoltaic a cikin hamada, yanayin da aka gyara ya zama na wucin gadi. Kodayake dabbobi da yawa suna gina abubuwa don samar da yanayi mafi kyau ga kansu, ba mutane ba ne, saboda haka ana tunanin madatsar ruwa da ayyukan ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta a matsayin na halitta.
Mutane ba za su iya samun cikakkiyar yanayin halitta a Duniya ba, dabi'a yawanci ya bambanta a ci gaba, daga 100% na halitta a cikin wani matsananci zuwa 0% na halitta a ɗayan. Babban canjin muhalli na bil'adama a cikin Anthropocene ya shafi dukkan mahalli na halitta ciki har da: Canjin yanayi, asarar halittu da gurɓata daga filastik da sauran sunadarai a cikin iska da ruwa. Fiye da haka, zamu iya la'akari da bangarori daban-daban ko abubuwan da ke cikin mahalli, kuma mu ga cewa matakin su na halitta ba daidai ba ne. Idan, alal misali, a cikin filin noma, abun da ke cikin ma'adinai da tsari ƙasa suna kama da na ƙasar daji mara damuwa, amma tsarin ya bambanta sosai.
Rubuce-rubuce
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
kimiyya ta Duniya gabaɗaya ta gane sassan huɗu, lithosphere, hydrosphere, yanayi da biosphere a matsayin daidai da duwatsu, ruwa, iska da rayuwa bi da bi. Wasu masana kimiyya sun hada da wani bangare na sassan Duniya, cryosphere (wanda ya dace da kankara) a matsayin wani bangare daban na hydrosphere, da kuma pedosphere (zuwa ƙasa) a matsayin mai aiki da kuma gauraye. Kimiyya ta Duniya (wanda aka fi sani da ilimin ƙasa, kimiyyar ƙasa ko kimiyyar duniya), kalma ce mai ma'ana ga kimiyyar da ta shafi duniyar Duniya.[2] Akwai manyan fannoni huɗu a kimiyyar ƙasa, wato Yanayin ƙasa, ilimin ƙasa, ilimin lissafi ƙasa da ilimin ƙasa. Wadannan manyan darussan suna amfani da kimiyyar lissafi, ilmin sunadarai, ilmin halitta, ilmin lokaci da lissafi don gina fahimtar inganci da yawa game da manyan yankuna ko sassan Duniya.
Ayyukan ilimin ƙasa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Yankin Duniya ko lithosphere, shine mafi girman farfajiyar duniya kuma yana da sinadarai, jiki da inji daban-daban daga mantle na asali. An samar da shi sosai ta hanyar matakai na igneous wanda Magma ke sanyaya kuma yana karfafawa don samar da dutse mai ƙarfi. A ƙarƙashin lithosphere akwai mantle wanda ke da zafi ta hanyar lalacewa abubuwa masu amfani da rediyo. Rufin ko da yake yana da ƙarfi yana cikin yanayin rheic convection. Wannan tsari na convection yana haifar da faranti na lithospheric don motsawa, duk da cewa a hankali. Sakamakon tsari an san shi da tectonics na farantin. Dutsen wuta ya samo asali ne daga narkewar kayan ɓawon burodi ko kuma mai tasowa a tsakiyar teku da Fuka-fukan mantle.
Ruwa a Duniya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Ana samun mafi yawan ruwa a cikin nau'jikin ruwa daban-daban.
Tekun babban jiki ne na ruwan gishiri kuma wani bangare ne na hydrosphere. Kimanin kashi 71% na farfajiyar Duniya (yanki na kimanin murabba'in kilomita miliyan 362) an rufe shi da teku, ruwa mai ci gaba wanda aka raba shi zuwa manyan teku da ƙananan teku. Fiye da rabin wannan yanki yana da zurfin mita 3,000 (9,800 ft). Matsakaicin gishiri na teku yana kusa da kashi 35 a kowace dubu (ppt) (3.5%), kuma kusan duk ruwan teku yana da gishiri a cikin kewayon 30 zuwa 38 ppt. Kodayake galibi an gane su a matsayin Tekuna daban-daban, waɗannan ruwan sun ƙunshi ɗaya na duniya, wanda ke da alaƙa da ruwan gishiri wanda ake kira Tekun Duniya ko Tekun Duniya.[3] Rashin teku mai zurfi ya fi rabin farfajiyar duniya, kuma yana daga cikin yanayin halitta mafi ƙarancin canji. Manyan rarrabuwar teku an bayyana su a wani bangare ta nahiyoyi, tsibirai daban-daban da sauran ka'idoji, waɗannan rarrabuwar sune: (a cikin tsari mai saukowa na girman) Tekun Pacific, Tekun Atlantika, Tekun Indiya, Tekun Kudancin da Tekun Arctic.
Koguna
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kogin ruwa ne na halitta, yawanci Ruwa mai laushi, yana gudana zuwa teku, tafkin, teku ko wani kogi. Wasu koguna kawai suna gudana cikin ƙasa kuma sun bushe gaba ɗaya ba tare da sun kai wani ruwa ba.
Ruwa a cikin kogi yawanci yana cikin tashar, wanda ya ƙunshi gado na rafi tsakanin bankunan. A cikin manyan koguna sau da yawa akwai filin ambaliyar ruwa mai faɗi wanda ruwa ya mamaye tashar. Filayen ambaliyar ruwa na iya zama mai faɗi sosai dangane da girman tashar kogi. Koguna wani bangare ne na sake zagayowar ruwa. Ruwa a cikin kogi ana tattara shi daga hazo ta hanyar rugujewar ƙasa, sake caji na ruwa, maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da kuma sakin ruwan da aka adana a cikin kankara da dusar ƙanƙara.
Ƙananan koguna kuma ana iya kiran su da wasu sunaye da yawa, gami da rafi, rafi da rafi. Rashin su yanzu cikin gado da bankunan rafi. Koguna suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haɗa wuraren zama da aka ragargaje kuma ta haka ne a kiyaye halittu masu yawa. Nazarin rafi da hanyoyin ruwa gabaɗaya an san shi da ilimin ruwa na ƙasa.[4]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Johnson, D. L.; Ambrose, S. H.; Bassett, T. J.; Bowen, M. L.; Crummey, D. E.; Isaacson, J. S.; Johnson, D. N.; Lamb, P.; Saul, M.; Winter-Nelson, A. E. (1997). "Meanings of Environmental Terms". Journal of Environmental Quality. 26 (3): 581–589. Bibcode:1997JEnvQ..26..581J. doi:10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600030002x.
- ↑ "What is Earth Science? | Geology Buzz". Archived from the original on 2021-12-24. Retrieved 2021-12-24.
- ↑ ""Page Jaffna | Srilanka's Top Tamil Online News Paper". Archived from the original on 2012-07-14. Retrieved 2012-07-15.". The Columbia Encyclopedia. 2002. New York: Columbia University Press
- ↑ "What is hydrology and what do hydrologists do?". United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original on April 27, 2012. Retrieved July 27, 2021.