Yanayin ƙasa na Ƙasar Ingila

Ƙasar Ingila ƙasa ce mai cin gashin kanta da ke kusa da gabar tekun arewa maso yammacin nahiyar Turai. Ƙasar Ingila ta ƙunshi ƙasashe huɗu - Ingila, Scotland, Wales da Ireland ta Arewa. Tare da jimlar yanki na kusan murabba'in kilomita 244,376 (94,354 sq mi),[a] [] Burtaniya ta mamaye babban yanki na tsibiran tsibiran Biritaniya kuma ya haɗa da tsibirin Burtaniya, arewa maso gabas daya bisa shida na tsibirin Ireland da kuma ƙananan tsibiran da ke kewaye da shi.[] Ita ce mafi girma a duniya na 7th yanki tsakanin tsibiri na 9. 59°N (Tsibirin Shetland sun kai kusan 61°N), da tsayin daka 8°W zuwa 2°E. Royal Observatory, Greenwich, a kudu maso gabashin London, shine ma'anar ma'anar Firayim Meridian.

Burtaniya tana tsakanin Arewacin Atlantic da Tekun Arewa, kuma ya zo cikin 35 kilometres (22 mi) (22 daga arewa maso yammacin gabar tekun Faransa, wanda Channel Channel ta raba shi. Yana da iyakar ƙasa ta duniya mai nisan kilomita 499 kilometres (310 mi) (310 tare da Jamhuriyar Ireland . Channel Tunnel ya lalace a ƙarƙashin Channel yanzu yana haɗa Burtaniya da Faransa.

Yankunan Ƙasashen Waje na Burtaniya da kuma Crown Dependencies an rufe su a cikin nasu labaran, duba ƙasa.

Yankin

Jimlar yankin Biritaniya bisa ga Ofishin Kididdiga na Kasa shine kilomita 244,376 (94,354 sq , wanda ya ƙunshi tsibirin Burtaniya, arewa maso gabashin kashi ɗaya cikin shida na tsibirin Ireland (Northern Ireland) da ƙananan tsibirai da yawa.[a] Wannan ya sa ta zama tsibirin tsibiri na 7 mafi girma a duniya.^[1] Ingila ita ce ƙasa mafi girma a Ƙasar Ingila, a kilomita 130,462 (50,372 sq wanda ke da asusun sama da rabin jimlar yankin Burtaniya. [a] Scotland a kilomita 78,801 (30,425 sq , ita ce ta biyu mafi girma, tana da kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na yankin Burtaniya. [a] Wales da Arewacin Ireland sun fi karami, suna rufe murabba'in kilomita 20,783 da 14,330 (8,024 da 5,533 sq mi) bi da bi. [a]

yankin ƙasashen ƙasar Ingila an tsara shi a cikin teburin da ke ƙasa. Bayani game da yankin Ingila, babbar ƙasa, an kuma raba ta yankin.

Matsayi	Sunan	Yankin
1	Ingila South West ^[2] Gabashin Ingila ^[3] Gabashin Gabas ^[4] Gabashin Gabashin Gaban Gabas ^[5] Gabashin Gabasan Gabas [4] Yammacin Gabas [4] Landan [4]^[6]^[7]	13²,938 km2 23,837 km2 19,120 km2 19,096 km2 15,627 km2 15,420 km2 14,165 km2 12,998 km2 8,592 1,572 km2 ²,837 km² 19,1² km² 19,096 km² 15,6² km² 15,4² km² 14,165 km2 12,998 km2 8,592 1,572 km2
2	Scotland	80,² km2
3	Wales	²,225 km2
4	Arewacin Ireland	14,130 km²
	Ƙasar Ingila	²,532 km2
	Yankunan kasashen waje	1,7²,570 km2

The British Antarctic Territory, which covers an area of 1,709,400 square kilometres (660,000 sq mi) is geographically the largest of the British Overseas Territories followed by the Falkland Islands which covers an area of 12,173 square kilometres (4,700 sq mi). The remaining twelve overseas territories cover an area 5,997 square kilometres (2,315 sq mi).

Sauran ƙasashe masu kama da yankuna masu kama da United Kingdom sun haɗa da Guinea (wanda ya fi girma), Uganda, Ghana da Romania (duk sun fi karami). Burtaniya ita ce ƙasa ta 80 mafi girma a duniya ta hanyar yanki kuma ta 10 mafi girma a Turai (idan an haɗa Rasha ta Turai).

Yanayin jiki

Yanayin yanayin ƙasa na Burtaniya ya bambanta sosai. Ingila ta ƙunshi galibin filayen ƙasa, tare da tudu ko ƙasa mai tsaunuka kawai aka samu arewa maso yamma na layin Tees–Exe. Yankunan sama sun haɗa da gundumar Lake, Pennines, Moors ta Arewa, Exmoor da Dartmoor. Wuraren rairayin bakin teku yawanci ana bi da su ta jeri na ƙananan tsaunuka, akai-akai waɗanda ke kunshe da alli, da filayen fili. Scotland ita ce ƙasa mafi yawan tsaunuka a cikin Burtaniya kuma an bambanta yanayin yanayin yanayin ta ta Highland Boundary Fault wanda ya ratsa babban yankin Scotland daga Helensburgh zuwa Stonehaven. Layin kuskure ya raba yankuna biyu daban-daban na tsaunukan tsaunuka zuwa arewa da yamma, da ciyayi a kudu da gabas. Tsaunukan tsaunuka galibi suna da tsaunuka, suna ɗauke da mafi yawan wuraren tsaunuka na Scotland, yayin da ƙasan ƙasa ke ɗauke da filaye mai faɗi, musamman a tsakiyar ciyayi ta Tsakiya, tare da tuddai da tsaunuka dake Kudancin Upland. Wales galibin tsaunuka ne, ko da yake kudancin Wales ba shi da tsaunuka fiye da arewa da tsakiyar Wales. Ireland ta Arewa ta ƙunshi galibin wurare masu tuddai kuma tarihinta ya haɗa da tsaunin Morne da Lough Neagh, a kan murabba'in kilomita 388 (sq mi), mafi girman ruwan ruwa a Burtaniya.^[8]

Gabaɗaya yanayin ƙasa na Burtaniya an tsara shi ta hanyar haɗuwa da dakarun da suka haɗa da tectonics da Canjin yanayi, musamman glaciation a yankunan arewa da yamma.

Dutsen da ya fi tsayi a Burtaniya (da tsibirin Burtaniya) shine Ben Nevis, a cikin Dutsen Grampian, Scotland . Kogin da ya fi tsayi shi ne Kogin Severn wanda ke gudana daga Wales zuwa Ingila. Tafkin da ya fi girma a saman shi ne Lough Neagh a Arewacin Ireland, kodayake Loch Ness na Scotland yana da mafi girma.

Ilimin ƙasa

Ilimin kasa na Burtaniya yana da rikitarwa kuma yana da bambanci, sakamakon kasancewarsa ƙarƙashin nau'ikan hanyoyin tectonic na faranti na tsawon lokaci mai tsawo. Canza latitude da matakan teku sun kasance mahimman abubuwa a cikin yanayin jeri na sedimentary, yayin da rikice-rikice na nahiyar da suka biyo baya sun shafi tsarinsa na geological tare da babban kuskure da nadawa kasancewa gadon kowane orogeny (lokacin ginin tsaunuka), galibi yana da alaƙa da ayyukan volcanic da metamorphism na jerin dutsen da ake da su. Sakamakon wannan gagarumin tarihin yanayin ƙasa, Burtaniya tana nuna wadataccen shimfidar wurare iri-iri

Precambrian

Dutse mafi tsufa a cikin tsibirin Burtaniya sune Lewisian gneisses, duwatsu masu metamorphic da aka samu a arewa maso yammacin Scotland da Hebrides (tare da wasu ƙananan ƙananan wurare a wasu wurare), wanda ya kasance daga akalla Ma 2,700 (Ma = shekaru miliyan da suka gabata). Kudanci da gabas na gneisses wani hadaddun cakuda ne na duwatsu wanda ya samar da Arewa maso Yammacin Highlands da Grampian Highlands a Scotland. Wadannan sune ainihin ragowar dutsen da aka ninka wanda aka ajiye tsakanin 1,000 Ma da 670 Ma a kan gneiss a kan abin da ke ƙasa na Tekun Iapetus a lokacin.

Palaeozoic

A 520 Ma, abin da ke yanzu Great Britain ya rabu tsakanin nahiyoyi biyu; arewacin Scotland yana kan nahiyar Laurentia a kusan 20 ° kudu da ma'auni, yayin da sauran ƙasar ke kan nahiyar Gondwana kusa da Antarctic Circle. A Gondwana, Ingila da Wales sun fi nutsewa a ƙarƙashin teku mai zurfi da ke cike da tsibirai masu fashewa. Ragowar waɗannan tsibirai sun kafa yawancin tsakiyar Ingila tare da ƙananan wuraren da ake gani a wurare da yawa.

Kimanin Ma 500 a kudancin Burtaniya, gabar gabashin Arewacin Amurka da kudu maso gabashin Newfoundland sun rabu da Gondwana don samar da nahiyar Avalonia, wanda ta hanyar 440 Ma ya koma kusan 30 ° kudu. A wannan lokacin arewacin Wales yana ƙarƙashin aikin dutsen wuta. Ragowar waɗannan tsaunuka har yanzu suna bayyane, misali ɗaya daga cikinsu shine Rhobell Fawr wanda ya kasance daga 510 Ma. Yawancin tsaunuka masu tsaunuka da toka da aka sani da Borrowdale Volcanics sun rufe Gundumar Lake kuma har yanzu ana iya ganin wannan a cikin nau'ikan duwatsu kamar Helvellyn da Scafell Pike.

Tsakanin 425 da 400 Ma Avalonia ya haɗu da nahiyar Baltic, kuma haɗin ƙasar ya haɗu tare da Laurentia a kusan 20 ° kudu, ya haɗu a kudanci da arewacin rabin Biritaniya tare. Sakamakon Caledonian Orogeny ya samar da tsaunuka masu kama da Alpine a yawancin arewa da yammacin Burtaniya.

Rashin jituwa tsakanin nahiyoyi ya ci gaba a Devon_period" id="mwAYU" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Devonian period">Lokacin Devonian, yana haifar da hauhawa da rushewa, wanda ya haifar da zubar da dutse mai yawa a cikin ƙasashe da teku. Tsohon Red Sandstone da dutsen wuta na zamani da kuma ruwa da aka samo a Devon sun samo asali ne daga waɗannan matakai.

Kusan 360 Ma Burtaniya tana kwance a ma'auni, an rufe ta da ruwan zafi mai zurfi na Rheic Ocean, a lokacin da aka ajiye Carboniferous Limestone, kamar yadda aka samu a cikin Mendip Hills da Peak District na Derbyshire. Daga baya, kogin kogin ya samo asali kuma an mallaki turɓaya da gandun daji. A cikin wannan yanayin ne aka kafa Matakan kwal, tushen mafi yawan wuraren ajiyar kwal na Burtaniya.

Kusan 280 Ma lokacin ginin dutse na Variscan ya faru, kuma saboda haɗuwa da faranti na nahiyar, wanda ya haifar da babban lalacewa a kudu maso yammacin Ingila. Babban yankin Variscan ya kasance a kudancin layin gabas zuwa yamma kusan daga kudancin Pembrokeshire zuwa Kent. Zuwa ƙarshen wannan lokacin an kafa dutse a ƙarƙashin duwatsu na Devon da Cornwall, yanzu an fallasa su a Dartmoor da Bodmin Moor.

A ƙarshen lokacin Carboniferous nahiyoyi daban-daban na Duniya sun haɗu don samar da babban nahiyar Pangaea. Burtaniya ta kasance a cikin Pangea inda ta kasance ƙarƙashin yanayin hamada mai zafi tare da ambaliyar ruwa mai yawa wanda ke barin ajiya wanda ya samar da gadaje na jan dutse.

Mesozoic

Yayin da Pangaea ya yi tafiya a lokacin Triassic, Burtaniya ta ƙaura daga ma'auni har sai ta kasance tsakanin 20 ° da 30 ° arewa. Ragowar tsaunuka na Variscan a Faransa zuwa kudu sun lalace, wanda ya haifar da yadudduka na New Red Sandstone da aka ajiye a fadin tsakiyar Ingila.

Pangangaea ya fara watsewa a farkon lokacin Jurassic.  Matakan teku sun tashi kuma Biritaniya ta karkata akan Plate din Eurasian zuwa tsakanin 31° da 40° arewa.  Yawancin Biritaniya sun sake kasancewa ƙarƙashin ruwa, kuma an ajiye duwatsu masu ƙarfi kuma yanzu ana iya samun su a ƙarƙashin yawancin Ingila daga Cleveland Hills na Yorkshire zuwa Jurassic Coast a Dorset.  Waɗannan sun haɗa da dutsen yashi, ganyen kore, farar ƙasa oolitic na tsaunin Cotswold, dutsen corallian na Vale of White Horse da tsibirin Portland.  Binne algae da kwayoyin cuta a karkashin laka na teku a wannan lokacin ya haifar da samuwar mai da iskar gas a Tekun Arewa.

Da yake nahiyoyin zamani sun samo asali, Cretaceous ya ga kafa Tekun Atlantika, a hankali ya raba arewacin Scotland daga Arewacin Amurka. Ƙasar ta sami jerin haɓakawa don samar da fili mai kyau. Bayan shekaru miliyan 20 ko haka, teku ta fara ambaliya ƙasar har sai yawancin Burtaniya sun sake kasancewa a ƙarƙashin teku, kodayake matakan teku suna canzawa akai-akai. An ajiye Chalk da flints a kan yawancin Burtaniya, yanzu an fallasa su a White Cliffs na Dover da 'yan uwa mata bakwai, da kuma samar da Salisbury Plain.

Cenozoic

Tsakanin 63 da 52 Ma, an kafa duwatsun dutse na ƙarshe a Burtaniya. Babban fashewar a wannan lokacin ya haifar da Antrim Plateau, ginshiƙan basaltic na Giant's Causeway da Lundy Island a cikin Bristol Channel.

Alpine Orogeny wanda ya faru a Turai game da 50 Ma, yana da alhakin ninkawar strata a kudancin Ingila, samar da London Basin syncline, Weald-Artois Anticline zuwa kudu, North Downs, South Downs da Chiltern Hills.

A lokacin da aka kafa Tekun Arewa, an ɗaga Burtaniya. Wasu daga cikin wannan tashin hankali sun kasance tare da tsoffin layin rauni da aka bari daga Caledonian da Variscan Orogenies tun da daɗewa. Yankunan da aka ɗaga sun lalace, kuma an ajiye ƙarin turɓaya, kamar London Clay, a kudancin Ingila.

Manyan canje-canje a cikin shekaru miliyan 2 da suka gabata an kawo su ta wasu shekarun kankara da yawa. Mafi tsanani shine Anglian Glaciation, mai ƙanƙara mai kauri har zuwa mita 1,000 (3,300 ft) wanda ya kai kudu zuwa London da Bristol. Wannan ya faru tsakanin kimanin shekaru 478,000 zuwa 424,000 da suka wuce, kuma shine ke da alhakin karkatar da kogin Thames zuwa tafarkin da yake yanzu. A lokacin glaciation na Devensian na baya-bayan nan, wanda ya ƙare shekaru 10,000 da suka gabata, ƙanƙaramar ta isa kudu zuwa Wolverhampton da Cardiff. Daga cikin abubuwan da ƙanƙara ta bari a baya sun haɗa da fjords na yammacin gabar tekun Scotland, kwaruruka masu siffar U na gundumar Lake da erratics (blocks of rock) waɗanda aka kwashe daga yankin Oslo na Norway kuma an ajiye su a bakin tekun Yorkshire.

Daga cikin mahimman siffofin ilimin ƙasa da aka kirkira a cikin shekaru dubu goma sha biyu da suka gabata sune ajiyar peat na Scotland, da na bakin teku da wuraren tsaunuka na Ingila da Wales.

A halin yanzu Scotland tana ci gaba da tashi sakamakon nauyin kankara na Devensian da ake ɗagawa. Kudancin da gabashin Ingila suna nutsewa, yawanci an kiyasta a 1 mm ( in) a kowace shekara, tare da yankin London yana nutsewa da ninki biyu na saurin wani bangare saboda ci gaba da tarwatsawa na ajiyar yumɓu na baya-bayan nan.

Duwatsu da tuddai

A mita 1,345 (4,413 , Ben Nevis shine mafi girman tudu a Burtaniya.

duwatsu goma mafi tsawo a Burtaniya duk suna cikin Scotland. Mafi girman tsawo a kowane bangare na Burtaniya sune:

Scotland: Ben Nevis, mita 1,345 (4,413
Wales: Snowdon (Yr Wyddfa), (Snowdonia), mita 1,085 (3,560
Ingila: Scafell Pike (Cumbrian Mountains), mita 978 (3,209
Arewacin Ireland: Slieve Donard (Mourne Mountains), mita 852 (2,795

Tsawon tsaunuka da tuddai a Burtaniya sun hada da:

Scotland: Cairngorms, Highlands na Scotland, Southern Uplands, Grampian Mountains, Monadhliath Mountains.Cuillin
Wales: Brecon Beacons (Bannau Brycheiniog), Dutsen Cambrian (My Avanle Cambria), Dutsen Clwydian (Bryniau Clwyd), Snowdonia (Eryri), Dutsen Black (Y Avanle My Duon), Dutsen Preseli (Y Preseli)
Ingila: Cheviot Hills, Chilterns, Cotswolds, Dartmoor, Lincolnshire Wolds, Exmoor, Lake District, Malvern Hills, Mendip Hills, North Downs, Peak District, Pennines, South Downs, Shropshire Hills, Yorkshire Wolds
Arewacin Ireland: Dutsen Mourne, Antrim Plateau, Dutsen SperrinDuwatsun Sperrin

Masana'antu masu nauyi na Burtaniya sun haifar da juyin juya halin masana'antu. Taswirar Landan biranen Burtaniya tana ba da hoto mai kyau na inda wannan aikin ya faru, musamman Belfast, Birmingham, Glasgow, Liverpool, London, Manchester, Newcastle da Sheffield. A yau babu masana'antar masana'antu mai nauyi wanda za'a iya la'akari da kamfanonin Burtaniya a matsayin shugabannin duniya. Koyaya, yankunan Burtaniya har yanzu suna da sanannen masana'antu, gami da Midlands wanda ya kasance cibiyar masana'antu mai ƙarfi, da Arewa maso Yamma wanda ke da asusun kashi 60% na kayan aikin masana'antu na Burtaniya. Kwanan nan, kamfanonin fasaha masu mahimmanci sun fi mayar da hankali a kan babbar Hanyar M4, wani bangare saboda samun damar zuwa Filin jirgin saman Heathrow, amma kuma saboda tattalin arzikin jama'a.

Kudi da ayyuka

Sau ɗaya, kowane babban birni yana da musayar hannun jari. Yanzu, masana'antar hada-hadar kudi ta Burtaniya ta fi mayar da hankali a Birnin London da Canary Wharf, tare da ofishin baya da ayyukan gudanarwa sau da yawa sun warwatse a kudancin Ingila. London tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan cibiyoyin kuɗi na duniya kuma galibi ana kiranta birni na duniya. Har ila yau, akwai masana'antar shari'a da kasuwanci mai mahimmanci a Leeds.

Rashin daidaituwa na yanki

Sakamakon sauya tattalin arziki ya ba da gudummawa ga kirkirar abin da ake kira Arewa-Kudancin rarrabuwa, Landan ke lalata masana'antu da tsoffin masana'antu na Arewacin Ingila, Scotland da Wales sun bambanta da masu arziki, kudi da tattalin arzikin kudancin da ke jagoranta. Wannan ya haifar da gwamnatoci masu zuwa don haɓaka Manufofin yanki don ƙoƙarin gyara rashin daidaituwa. Koyaya, wannan ba yana nufin cewa rarrabuwar arewa maso kudu iri ɗaya ce; ana iya samun wasu daga cikin mafi munin aljihun rashi a London, yayin da sassan Cheshire da North Yorkshire suna da wadata sosai. Har ila yau, rarrabuwar Arewa da Kudu ba ta iyakance ga fannin tattalin arziki ba; rarrabuwar al'adu da siyasa ma suna da nauyi sosai.

Aikin noma

Aikin noma a Burtaniya yana da karfi, yana da inji sosai, kuma yana da inganci ta hanyar ka'idodin Turai. Yana samar da kusan kashi 60% na bukatun abinci na kasar yayin da yake daukar ma'aikata kusan kashi 1.4% na ma'aikata. A cikin 2023, bangaren noma ya ba da gudummawar £ 13.7 biliyan ga tattalin arzikin Burtaniya, tare da Ingila da ke da kashi 73% na wannan fitarwa. Ma'aikatan bangaren sun kai mutane 462,100, an rarraba su kamar haka: 63% a Ingila, 14% a Scotland, da 11% kowannensu a Arewacin Ireland da Wales.^[9]

Rarraba darajar samar da aikin gona a cikin 2023 kamar haka: ^[9]^[10]

Dabbobi: 62% (£19.2 biliyan), tare da madara (£6.0 biliyan) da naman sa (£3.9 biliyan) kasancewa manyan masu ba da gudummawa.^[9]
Amfanin gona: 38% (£ 12.0 biliyan), tare da hatsi (£ 4.4 biliyan) da kayan lambu / furanni (£ 3.5 biliyan) suna jagorantar rukunin.^[9]

Burtaniya tana da albarkatun ƙasa iri-iri, gami da kwal, man fetur, iskar gas, dutse, chalk, gypsum, silica, gishiri na dutse, yumɓu, ƙarfe, tin, azurfa, zinariya, da gubar. A tarihi, waɗannan albarkatun sun tallafa wa ci gaban masana'antu na ƙasar. Koyaya, gudummawar samar da makamashi na farko ga GDP na Burtaniya ya ga raguwa a cikin shekarun da suka gabata. A cikin 2023, ƙarfin makamashi zuwa GDP ya kasance tan 73 na man fetur daidai da fam miliyan na Burtaniya, yana nuna raguwar rabon samar da makamashi na tattalin arziki.^[10]

Kyakkyawan makamashi mai sabuntawa

Idan aka ba da iyakar bakin teku, Burtaniya tana da babbar damar samar da wutar lantarki daga raƙuman ruwa da makamashin ruwa.^[11]^[12] Bincike ya kiyasta cewa wutar lantarki ta ruwa na iya samar da har zuwa 11% na bukatar wutar lantarki ta Burtaniya, wanda ke wakiltar ƙarfin shigarwa na 11.5 GW kuma yana ba da gudummawa har zuwa £ biliyan 17 ga tattalin arziki nan da shekara ta 2050.^[13] Bugu da ƙari, ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfin wutar lantarki na Burtaniya yana da yawa, tare da matsakaicin ƙarfin wutar lantarki ya 32.5 kilowatts a kowace mita tare da bakin tekun kilomita 12,429. An kiyasta yiwuwar wutar lantarki ta shekara-shekara a cikin sa'o'i 3,538 na terawatt, wanda shine kusan sau 11 na amfani da wutar lantarki na yanzu.^[14]

Duk da wannan damar, tun daga 2022, makamashi na ruwa (ciki har da raƙuman ruwa da raƙumi) sun ba da gudummawa kawai ga sa'o'i 11 ga samar da wutar lantarki na Burtaniya. Wannan yana nuna cewa yayin da albarkatun suke da yawa, cinikin su ya kasance iyakance.^[15]

Ana ci gaba da ƙoƙari don amfani da waɗannan hanyoyin samar da makamashi masu sabuntawa.^[11] Misali, Hukumar Severn Estuary ta ba da shawarar ci gaban tafkunan makamashi don bunkasa ci gaban tattalin arziki da samar da makamashi mai sabuntawa, yana jaddada bukatar tallafin gwamnati don fara irin waɗannan ayyukan. ^[16]^[17]

Muhalli

Ingila tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe / yankuna da suka fi yawan jama'a a duniya, kuma babbar ƙasa da ta fi yawan jamaʼa a Turai. Yawan jama'a (musamman a kudu maso gabashin Ingila) tare da sauyin yanayi, mai yiwuwa zai sanya matsanancin matsin lamba a kan albarkatun ruwa na Burtaniya a nan gaba.

Ƙasar Ingila tana rage hayakin gas. Ya sadu da manufa ta Kyoto Protocol na raguwar 12.5% daga matakan 1999 kuma yana da niyyar saduwa da manufa mai bin doka na rage 20% a cikin hayaki nan da 2010. Zuwa shekara ta 2015, don sake amfani ko yin compost aƙalla kashi 33% na sharar gida. Tsakanin 1998-99 da 1999-2000, sake amfani da gida ya karu daga 8.8% zuwa 10.3% bi da bi.

Dangane da binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2018 don Asusun Duniya na Yanayi, Ƙasar Ingila tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe masu zurfin yanayi a duniya, tana zuwa matsayi na 189 daga cikin ƙasashen 218. ^[18]^[19]

Yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa

Ƙasar Ingila ta kasance ƙungiya ce ga yarjejeniyoyi da yawa na duniya, gami da: Ƙazantar da iska, Ƙazantar Da iska-Nitrogen Oxides, Ƙazarar Da iska-Sulfur 94, Ƙazantarwa da Ruwa, Yarjejeniyar muhalli ta Antarctic, albarkatun rayuwa na Antarctic, Ƙaddamar da Antarctic, Yarjejeniya ta Antarctic Yarjejeniyar Biodiversity, Canjin yanayi na Yanayi, Yanayin Yanayin Yanayi na Canjin Yanayin Yanki, Yanki na Yanki na Yankin Yankin Yaduwar Dajin Yaduwar Yaduwar, Yanki, Yaduwar Yanki, Ƙasa, Yanki Yaduwar Halitta, Yanki

Burtaniya ta sanya hannu, amma ba ta tabbatar da yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa kan Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants ba.

Yanayin yankuna masu dogaro

Yanayin tsibirin Man
Yanayin tsibirin Channel
- Yanayin ƙasar Jersey
- Yanayin ƙasar Guernsey
- Yanayin Alderney
- Yanayin Sark
- Yanayin Herm

Yanayin ƙasar Anguilla
Yanayin ƙasar Bermuda
Yanayin yankin Antarctic na Burtaniya
Yanayin yankin Tekun Indiya na Burtaniya
Yanayin tsibirin Virgin Islands na Burtaniya
Yanayin tsibirin Cayman
Yanayin tsibirin Falkland
Yanayin Gibraltar
Yanayin Montserrat
Yanayin tsibirin Pitcairn
Yanayin Saint Helena, Ascension da Tristan da Cunha
Yanayin Kudancin Georgia da Tsibirin Sandwich na Kudu
Yanayin Akrotiri da Dhekelia
Yanayin tsibirin Turks da Caicos

Dubi kuma

↑ "Island Countries of the World". WorldAtlas.com. Archived from the original on 2017-12-07. Retrieved 2019-08-10.
↑ "The South West – Key Facts". gosw.gov.uk. Government Office for the South West. Archived from the original on 22 March 2007. Retrieved 18 April 2007.
↑ "Facts and Figures about the South East". gose.gov.uk. Government Office for the South East. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 18 April 2007.
↑ "Regional Profile". gonw.gov.uk. Government Office for the North West. Archived from the original on 3 May 2007. Retrieved 18 April 2007.
↑ "Regional Profile". gowm.gov.uk. Government Office for the West Midlands. Archived from the original on 21 September 2007. Retrieved 18 April 2007.
↑ "Regional Profile". gos.gov.uk. Government Office for the North East. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 18 April 2007.
↑ "Our Region". gol.gov.uk. Government Office for London. Archived from the original on 20 September 2007. Retrieved 18 April 2007.
↑ "Geography of Northern Ireland". University of Ulster. Retrieved 25 September 2017.
↑ ^9.0 ^9.1 ^9.2 ^9.3 "Farming evidence - key statistics (accessible version)". GOV.UK (in Turanci). Retrieved 2025-04-05.
↑ ^10.0 ^10.1 "UK Energy to GDP ratio 2023"."UK Energy to GDP ratio 2023".
↑ ^11.0 ^11.1 "Wave and tidal energy: part of the UK's energy mix". GOV.UK (in Turanci). Retrieved 2025-04-05."Wave and tidal energy: part of the UK's energy mix".
↑ "Wave and tidal power | RenewableUK". www.renewableuk.com. Retrieved 2025-04-05.
↑ Skopljak, Nadja (2024-01-04). "Tidal energy has potential to provide 11% of UK's electricity demand, analysis says". Offshore Energy (in Turanci). Retrieved 2025-04-05.
↑ "Wave energy potential in the United Kingdom - NoviOcean" (in Turanci). 2024-02-21. Retrieved 2025-04-05.
↑ "UK: marine electricity generation 2020 | Statista". Statista (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2022-07-06. Retrieved 2025-04-05.
↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :3
↑ Humphries, Will (2025-03-16). "Act now to turn 'freak of geography' into tidal energy, ministers told". www.thetimes.com (in Turanci). Retrieved 2025-04-05.
↑ Hobson, Sam. "Is this the Future of UK nature?". World Wide Fund for Nature. Archived from the original on 23 December 2023. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
↑ "The UK's nature in crisis – in pictures". The Guardian. 31 January 2019. Retrieved 22 May 2020.

[world-atlas-1] "Island Countries of the World". WorldAtlas.com. Archived from the original on 2017-12-07. Retrieved 2019-08-10.

[2] "The South West – Key Facts". gosw.gov.uk. Government Office for the South West. Archived from the original on 22 March 2007. Retrieved 18 April 2007.

[3] "Facts and Figures about the South East". gose.gov.uk. Government Office for the South East. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 18 April 2007.

[4] "Regional Profile". gonw.gov.uk. Government Office for the North West. Archived from the original on 3 May 2007. Retrieved 18 April 2007.

[5] "Regional Profile". gowm.gov.uk. Government Office for the West Midlands. Archived from the original on 21 September 2007. Retrieved 18 April 2007.

[6] "Regional Profile". gos.gov.uk. Government Office for the North East. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 18 April 2007.

[7] "Our Region". gol.gov.uk. Government Office for London. Archived from the original on 20 September 2007. Retrieved 18 April 2007.

[8] "Geography of Northern Ireland". University of Ulster. Retrieved 25 September 2017.

[:0-9] 9.0 ^9.1 ^9.2 ^9.3 "Farming evidence - key statistics (accessible version)". GOV.UK (in Turanci). Retrieved 2025-04-05.

[:1-10] 10.0 ^10.1 "UK Energy to GDP ratio 2023"."UK Energy to GDP ratio 2023".

[:2-11] 11.0 ^11.1 "Wave and tidal energy: part of the UK's energy mix". GOV.UK (in Turanci). Retrieved 2025-04-05."Wave and tidal energy: part of the UK's energy mix".

[12] "Wave and tidal power | RenewableUK". www.renewableuk.com. Retrieved 2025-04-05.

[13] Skopljak, Nadja (2024-01-04). "Tidal energy has potential to provide 11% of UK's electricity demand, analysis says". Offshore Energy (in Turanci). Retrieved 2025-04-05.

[14] "Wave energy potential in the United Kingdom - NoviOcean" (in Turanci). 2024-02-21. Retrieved 2025-04-05.

[15] "UK: marine electricity generation 2020 | Statista". Statista (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2022-07-06. Retrieved 2025-04-05.

[:3-16] Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :3

[17] Humphries, Will (2025-03-16). "Act now to turn 'freak of geography' into tidal energy, ministers told". www.thetimes.com (in Turanci). Retrieved 2025-04-05.

[18] Hobson, Sam. "Is this the Future of UK nature?". World Wide Fund for Nature. Archived from the original on 23 December 2023. Retrieved 22 May 2020.

[19] "The UK's nature in crisis – in pictures". The Guardian. 31 January 2019. Retrieved 22 May 2020.

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