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Yanayin ƙasar Amurka

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
Political map of the United States.
Taswirar siyasa ta Amurka da ke nuna jihohin 50, babban birnin Washington, DC, da manyan yankuna biyar na Amurka. [Littafi na 1][1]

  Kalmar "Amurka," lokacin da aka yi amfani da ita a cikin ma'anar ƙasa, tana nufin Amurka mai haɗuwa (wani lokacin ana kiranta Lower 48, gami da Gundumar Columbia ba a matsayin jiha ba), Alaska, Hawaii, yankuna biyar na tsibirin Puerto Rico, Tsibirin Mariana na Arewa, Tsibirin Virgin na Amurka, Guam, Samoa ta Amurka, da ƙananan kadarorin waje. Amurka tana da iyakokin ƙasa tare da Kanada da Mexico da iyakokin teku tare da Rasha, Cuba, Bahamas, da sauran ƙasashe da yawa, galibi a cikin Caribbean [bayanin 2] ban da Kanada da Mexico. Yankin arewacin Amurka da Kanada shine iyakar ƙasa mafi tsawo a duniya.

Jihar Hawaii ta kasance a fannin ilimin lissafi da kabilanci wani bangare ne na yankin Polynesia na Oceania . [2] Yankunan Amurka suna cikin Tekun Pacific da Caribbean.

Yankin

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From 1989 through 1996, the total area of the US was listed as 9,372,610 square kilometres (3,618,780 sq mi) (land and inland water only). The listed total area changed to 9,629,091 square kilometres (3,717,813 sq mi) in 1997 (Great Lakes area and coastal waters added), to 9,631,418 square kilometres (3,718,711 sq mi) in 2004, to 9,631,420 square kilometres (3,718,710 sq mi) in 2006, and to 9,826,630 square kilometres (3,794,080 sq mi) in 2007 (territorial waters added). Currently, the CIA World Factbook gives 9,826,675 square kilometres (3,794,100 sq mi),[3] the United Nations Statistics Division gives 9,629,091 square kilometres (3,717,813 sq mi),[4] and the Encyclopedia Britannica gives 9,522,055 square kilometres (3,676,486 sq mi) (Great Lakes area included but not coastal waters). These sources consider only the 50 states and the Federal District and exclude overseas territories. The US has the 2nd largest Exclusive Economic Zone of 11,351,000 square kilometres (4,383,000 sq mi).

Ta hanyar jimlar yanki (ruwa da ƙasa), Amurka ko dai dan kadan ne ko karami fiye da Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin, yana mai da ita ƙasa ta uku ko ta huɗu mafi girma a duniya.[5] Kasashen biyu sun fi karami fiye da Rasha da Kanada a cikin jimlar yanki amma sun fi Brazil girma. Ta hanyar yankin ƙasa kawai (ban da ruwa), Amurka ita ce ƙasa ta uku mafi girma a duniya, bayan Rasha da China, tare da Kanada a matsayi na huɗu. Ko Amurka ko China ita ce ƙasa ta uku mafi girma ta jimlar yanki ya dogara da dalilai biyu: (1) ingancin da'awar China a kan Aksai Chin da Trans-Karakoram Tract (duk waɗannan yankuna suna da'awar Indiya, don haka ba a ƙidaya su ba); da kuma (2) yadda Amurka ke lissafin yankin ta. Tun lokacin da aka fara buga littafin World Factbook, CIA ta sabunta jimlar yankin Amurka sau da yawa.

Halaye na gaba ɗaya

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Hoton tauraron dan adam na Amurka mai haɗuwa, inda gandun daji masu matsakaici da masu zafi na gandun daji, coniferous, broadleaved evergreen, tsire-tsire masu gauraye, ciyawa, gandun daji na tsaunuka, da gonaki masu yawa suna da yawa a gabas, suna canzawa zuwa Filayen, gandun dajin boreal, Rockies a yamma, da hamada a kudu maso yamma. Yawancin jama'ar ƙasar suna kewaye da manyan tabkuna da Jihohin Atlantic.
Hoton tauraron dan adam na Hawaii, inda tsaunuka masu fitattun wuta ke da rinjaye a Babban Tsibirin; tsibirin suna da bakin teku, rairayin bakin teku, da kuma yanayin zafi, kodayake yanayin zafi da zafi ba su da matsananci saboda kusan iskar kasuwanci daga gabas.

Amurka tana da iyakokin ƙasa tare da Kanada a arewa da Mexico a kudu, iyakar Ruwa na yankin tare da Rasha a arewa maso yamma, da iyakokin ruwa guda biyu a kudu maso gabas tsakanin Florida da Cuba, da Florida da Bahamas. Jihohin 48 da ke kusa da su suna da iyaka da Tekun Pacific a yamma, Tekun Atlantika a gabas, da Tekun Mexico a kudu maso gabas. Alaska tana kan iyaka da Tekun Pacific a kudu da kudu maso yamma, Bering Strait a yamma, da Tekun Arctic a arewa; Hawaii tana da nisa a kudu maso yammacin yankin a cikin Tekun Pacific.

Kashi arba'in da takwas na jihohi suna cikin yanki ɗaya tsakanin Kanada da Mexico. Ana kiran wannan rukuni, tare da bambancin daidaito da tsari, a matsayin Amurka mai haɗuwa, kuma a matsayin "Lower 48". Alaska, wanda aka haɗa a cikin kalmar "ƙasar Amurka", yana a ƙarshen arewa maso yammacin Arewacin Amurka.

An kafa babban birnin ƙasar, Washington, D.C. a shekara ta 1800 bayan an ƙaura zuwa wurin daga Philadelphia. An kafa ta a matsayin gundumar tarayya da ke kan ƙasar da jihar Maryland ta bayar; Har ila yau, Virginia ta ba da gudummawar filaye, amma an mayar da ita a 1849. Har ila yau, {asar Amirka na da yankuna na ketare tare da matakai daban-daban na yancin kai da ƙungiya, ciki har da yankunan Caribbean na Puerto Rico da US Virgin Islands, wanda aka sani da tsibirin Virgin Virgin Islands kuma Amurka ta saya a farkon yakin duniya na biyu, yankunan Pacific na Amurka da Arewacin Amirka da Guhabinam Islands, Gunanim Islands. yankuna. Wasu yankunan da aka samu sun kasance wani ɓangare na juyin halitta na ƙasar Amurka ko kuma sakamakon ƙoƙarin da al'ummar ƙasar ke yi na samun damar zuwa gabas.

Kusan dukkanin Amurka suna cikin Arewacin Hemisphere ban da Samoa ta Amurka da Tsibirin Jarvis .

Rarrabawar jiki

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Taswirar ilimin lissafi na jihohi 48 da ke kusa da Amurka kuma yana nuna shekarun farfajiyar da aka fallasa da kuma nau'in ƙasa
Hoton sama a arewacin Ohio; yawancin tsakiyar Amurka an rufe shi da ƙasa mai laushi, mai noma.

A cikin nahiyar Amurka akwai ƙungiyoyi takwas daban-daban na physiographic.[6] Wadannan manyan rarrabuwa sune:

  • Laurentian Upland - wani ɓangare na Garkuwar Kanada wanda ya kai ga arewacin AmurkaLaurentian Upland - wani yanki na Garkuwar Kanada wanda ya mamaye yankin Manyan Tafkuna na Arewacin Amurka. Filin Atlantika - yankunan bakin teku na gabas da kudancin sassan sun hada da shiryayye na nahiyar, Tekun Atlantika da Tekun Fasha. Dutsen Appalachian - yana kwance a gefen gabashin Amurka, ya haɗa da tsaunin Appalachian, tsaunin Watchung, Adirondacks da lardin New England a asali suna ɗauke da Babban Dajin Gabas, shimfiɗar yanayin zafi mai gauraya da gandun daji na montane, wasu daga cikinsu akwai gandun daji. Ciki Filaye - wani ɓangare na ciki nahiyar Amurka, ya hada da Great Plains, kazalika da yawan tsaunuka da tsaunuka yankuna, kamar Black Hills, m kogo tsarin, fentin tuddai da badland fasali. Tsaunukan cikin gida - kuma wani yanki na cikin nahiyar Amurka, wannan yanki ya haɗa da Ozark Plateau, Dutsen Ouachita, da sauran ƙananan tsarin tsaunuka.  Wannan yanki yana cikin yanayin zafi mai zafi/dashi da bushewar gandun daji. Tsarin Dutsen Rocky - reshe ɗaya na tsarin Cordillera na Amurka wanda ke kwance a cikin ƙasa mai nisa a cikin jihohin yamma. Intermontane Plateaus - kuma an raba shi zuwa Plateau Columbia, Plateau Colorado da Lardin Basin da Range, tsari ne na tudu, kwalaye, jeri da kwazazzabo tsakanin Tsarin Dutsen Rocky da Pacific.  Ita ce saitin Grand Canyon, Babban Basin da Kwarin Mutuwa. Tsarin tsaunin Pacific - tsaunukan bakin teku da fasali a gabar tekun yamma na Amurka.
Denali, wanda aka sanya a matsayin Dutsen McKinley, a Alaska, shine dutse mafi tsawo a Arewacin Amurka, a 20,310 feet (6,190.5 m) .
Grand Canyon, wanda aka gani a nan daga Moran Point, yana daga cikin wuraren da aka fi ziyarta a kasar.

gabashin Amurka yana da yanayin ƙasa daban-daban. Yankin bakin teku mai faɗi, mai laushi a bakin tekun Atlantika da Gulf daga iyakar Texas-Mexico zuwa Birnin New York, kuma ya haɗa da tsibirin Florida. Wannan fili mai faɗi da tsibirai masu shinge sun zama mafi faɗin kuma mafi tsawo a Amurka, yawancin su sun ƙunshi taushi, fararen yashi. Florida Keys jerin tsibirai ne na murjani waɗanda suka kai birnin da ya fi kudu a ƙasar Amurka a Key West a Kudancin Florida.

Yankunan da ke cikin ƙasa suna da tuddai masu juyawa, duwatsu, da tarin wurare daban-daban na yanayin zafi da kuma gandun daji masu laushi. Sassan ciki na Florida da Kudancin Carolina suma gida ne ga al'ummomin sandhill. Duwatsun Appalachia sun samar da layin ƙananan duwatsu da ke raba gabashin tekun daga Great Lakes da Mississippi basins. New England tana da bakin teku masu duwatsu da tsaunuka masu tsawo tare da tsaunukan da suka kai 6,200 feet da kwari da ke cike da koguna da rafi. Tsibirin da ke bakin teku sun mamaye iyakar Tekun Atlantika da Tekun Gulf. Wani bincike na nesa na duniya na baya-bayan nan ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai 6,622 km2 na Filayen ruwa a Amurka, yana mai da shi ƙasa ta 4 a cikin yanayin filayen ruwa.[7] 

Babban Tafkuna guda biyar suna cikin yankin arewa maso tsakiya na ƙasar, hudu daga cikinsu suna cikin iyakar da Kanada; Tafkin Michigan ne kawai ke cikin Amurka. kudu maso gabashin Amurka, yawanci yana shimfiɗa daga Kogin Ohio zuwa kudu, ya haɗa da nau'ikan zafi mai zafi da kuma gandun daji mai laushi, da kuma ganduna masu zafi da kuma busassun gandun daji da ke kusa da Great Plains a yammacin yankin. Yammacin Appalachians yana da tafkin Kogin Mississippi mai kyau da manyan koguna biyu na gabas, Kogin Ohio da Tennessee_River" id="mwARA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Tennessee River">Kogin Tennessee. Kwarin Ohio da Tennessee da Midwest sun kunshi mafi yawan tuddai masu juyawa, tsaunuka na ciki da ƙananan duwatsu, gandun daji mai kama da gandun daji da kuma tafki kusa da Kogin Ohio, da gonar gona mai amfani, wanda ya shimfiɗa kudu zuwa Tekun Gulf. Midwest kuma yana da tsarin koguna da yawa.

Babban Filaye yana yamma da Kogin Mississippi da gabashin Dutsen Rocky. An noma kaso mai yawa na amfanin gona na ƙasar a cikin Babban Filaye. Kafin juyar da su gabaɗaya zuwa ƙasar noma, an lura da Manyan Filaye don faɗuwar filayen ciyayi, daga dogayen ciyayi a filayen gabas zuwa gajeriyar ciyawar da ke yammacin High Plains. Tsayi yana tashi a hankali daga ƙasa da ƴan ƙafa ɗari kusa da Kogin Mississippi zuwa tsayi fiye da mil ɗaya a cikin Manyan Filaye. Gabaɗaya ƙarancin jin daɗin filayen ya karye a wurare da yawa, musamman a cikin tsaunin Ozark da Ouachita, waɗanda suka zama tsaunukan cikin gida na Amurka, yanki mai tsaunuka kawai tsakanin tsaunin Rocky da tsaunin Appalachian. . [8][9]

Babban Filayen ya zo ga ƙarshen kwatsam a Dutsen Rocky. Duwatsun Rocky sun samar da babban ɓangare na Yammacin Amurka, suna shiga daga Kanada kuma suna kaiwa kusan zuwa Mexico. Yankin Rocky Mountain shine mafi girman yanki na Amurka ta matsakaicin tsawo. Dutsen Rocky gabaɗaya suna ƙunshe da gangara mai sauƙi da tsaunuka masu faɗi idan aka kwatanta da wasu manyan tsaunuka, tare da 'yan kaɗan, gami da Teton Range a Wyoming da Sawatch Range a Colorado. Ana samun tsaunuka mafi girma na Rockies a Colorado, mafi tsawo shine Dutsen Elbert a 14,440 feet (4,400 m) ft (4,400 . Maimakon kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin tsaunuka masu ɗorewa da ƙarfi, an raba shi zuwa ƙananan tsaunuka da yawa, suna samar da manyan jerin kwari da kwari.

Yammacin Dutsen Rocky yana da Intermontane Plateaus, wanda aka fi sani da Intermountain West, babban hamada mai bushewa da ke tsakanin Rockies da Cascades da Sierra Nevada. Babban ɓangaren kudancin, wanda aka sani da Great Basin, ya ƙunshi filayen gishiri, wuraren zubar da ruwa, da ƙananan tsaunuka masu yawa na arewa maso kudu. Kudu maso Yamma galibi yankin hamada ne mai ƙasƙanci. Wani bangare da aka sani da Colorado Plateau, wanda ke kewaye da yankin Four Corners, an dauke shi da wasu daga cikin wurare masu ban sha'awa a duniya. An jaddada shi a cikin wuraren shakatawa na kasa kamar Grand Canyon, Arches, Mesa Verde da Bryce Canyon, da sauransu. Sauran ƙananan yankunan Intermontane sun haɗa da Columbia Plateau, wanda ke rufe gabashin Jihar Washington, yammacin Idaho da arewa maso gabashin Oregon da Snake River Plain a kudancin Idaho.

Inter Plateaus ya zo ƙarshe a Cascade Range da Sierra Nevada. Cascades sun kunshi tsaunuka saurin saurin sauka, da yawa suna tashi daga yanayin da ke kewaye. Sierra Nevada, a kudu, yana da tsaunuka masu tsawo, masu tsawo da yawa. Ya ƙunshi mafi girman batu a cikin jihohi 48, Dutsen Whitney (14,505 feet (4,421 m) m). Tana kan iyaka tsakanin yankunan Inyo da Tulare na California, kawai 84.6 miles (136.2 km) yammacin arewa maso yammacin mafi ƙasƙanci a Arewacin Amurka a Badwater Basin a Death Valley National Park a 279 feet (85 m) m ƙasa da matakin teku.[10] Wadannan yankuna suna dauke da wasu wurare masu ban sha'awa, kamar yadda wuraren shakatawa na kasa kamar Yosemite da Dutsen Rainier suka tabbatar. Yammacin Cascades da Sierra Nevada jerin kwari ne, kamar Central Valley a California ta Willamette Valley a Oregon. Tare da bakin tekun akwai jerin ƙananan tsaunuka da aka sani da Pacific Coast Ranges .

Alaska ta ƙunshi wasu daga cikin wurare masu ban mamaki a cikin ƙasar. Tsawon tsaunuka masu tsawo, shahararrun tsaunuka sun tashi da sauri daga tsaunuka mai faɗi. A kan tsibirai a kudu da kudu maso yammacin gabar akwai tsaunuka masu yawa. Hawaii, da ke kudu da Alaska a cikin Tekun Pacific, sarkar wurare ne na wurare masu zafi, tsibirai masu fashewa, sananne ne a matsayin wurin yawon bude ido ga mutane da yawa daga Gabashin Asiya da Amurka.

Yankunan Puerto Rico da tsibirin Virgin Islands na Amurka sun ƙunshi tsibirai masu yawa a arewa maso gabashin Tekun Caribbean. A cikin Tekun Fasifik yankunan Guam da Tsibirin Mariana na Arewa sun mamaye tsibirin dutse da tsibirin dutsen wuta na tsibirin Mariana, kuma Samoa ta Amurka (ƙasar Amurka da ke da yawan jama'a a kudancin kudancin) ta ƙunshi tsaunuka masu fashewa da coral a gabashin Tsibirin Samoa. [Littafi na 3][11]

Tekun Atlantika na Amurka ba shi da ƙarfi, tare da ƙananan keɓanta. Babban tudun Appalachian yana da yanayin da ya dace daga arewa maso gabas-kudu maso yamma zuwa ga nakasun ɓawon burodi wanda a farkon lokacin ilimin ƙasa ya fara abin da daga baya ya zama tsarin tsaunin Appalachian. Wannan tsarin yana da madaidaicin nakasarsa tuntuni (wataƙila a lokacin Permian) wanda tun daga lokacin an rage shi gabaɗaya zuwa matsakaici ko ƙarancin taimako. Yana da bashin tsayin daka na yau ko dai don sabunta tsaunuka tare da layin farko ko kuma don tsira daga cikin mafi tsayin duwatsu a matsayin sauran tsaunuka. Halin da ake ciki na wannan gabar tekun zai fi fitowa fili amma ga wani yunkuri na zamani na zamani, yana haifar da damuwa a arewa maso gabas wanda ke haifar da mamaye teku a kan kasa. Bugu da ƙari, sashin kudu maso gabas ya sami wani tsayi wanda ya haifar da ci gaban ƙasa a kan teku.

Duk da yake bakin tekun Atlantika yana da ƙanƙanta, bakin tekun Pacific, tare da 'yan kaɗan, tuddai ne ko tsaunuka. Wannan bakin tekun an bayyana shi ne ta hanyar lalacewar ƙwayoyin ƙasa na baya-bayan nan, sabili da haka har yanzu yana adana mafi girma fiye da na Atlantic. Ƙananan bakin tekun Atlantika da tsaunuka ko tsaunuka na bakin tekun Pacific suna nuna manyan fasalulluka a cikin rarraba duwatsu a cikin Amurka.

Tsarin Gabas na Gabas na Appalachian, asalin dajin da aka rufe, yana da ɗan ƙaranci kuma kunkuntar kuma yana iyaka da kudu maso gabas da kudu da wani muhimmin fili na bakin teku.  Tsarin Cordilleran a gefen yammacin nahiyar yana da girma, fadi da rikitarwa, yana da rassa guda biyu, Tsarin Dutsen Rocky da Tsarin Dutsen Pacific.  Tsakanin waɗannan tsaunukan tsaunuka suna cikin Intermontane Plateaus.  Duka kogin Columbia da kogin Colorado sun tashi a cikin ƙasa mai nisa kusa da gabas membobin tsarin Cordilleran, kuma suna gudana ta cikin tudun faranti da tafkunan intermontane zuwa teku.  Manyan dazuzzuka sun mamaye gabar tekun arewa maso yamma, amma a wasu wurare ana samun bishiyoyi ne kawai a kan manyan jeri a ƙasan yankin Alpine.  Kwaruruka na tsaka-tsakin tsaka-tsaki, tudun ruwa da kwararo-kwararo sun fito ne daga mara bishiya zuwa hamada tare da mafi ƙasƙanci yankin yana kudu maso yamma.

Laurentian Highlands, Interior Plains da Interior Highlands suna tsakanin gabar teku biyu, daga Tekun Mexico zuwa arewa, nesa da iyakar ƙasa, zuwa Tekun Arctic. Filayen tsakiya sun kasu kashi biyu ta hanyar tsawo mai tsawo a cikin yankin Kanada da Amurka. Daga gefen Amurka ne babban tsarin Mississippi ya fito zuwa kudu zuwa Tekun Mexico. Yankin saman Mississippi da wasu daga cikin tafkin Ohio shine yankin da ba shi da ruwa, tare da bishiyoyi da suka samo asali ne kawai a gefen ruwa. An haɗa tsaunuka zuwa ga Appalachians a cikin babban yankin gandun daji na gabas, yayin da yammacin ɓangaren filayen yana da yanayin busasshiyar da ke tallafawa rayuwar shuke-shuke kaɗan, kuma a kudu, kusan babu shi da kyau.

  • Matsayi mafi ƙasƙanci: Death Valley, Inyo County, California -280
  • Matsayi mafi girma: Denali / Dutsen McKinley, Denali Borough, Alaska 20,310 feet (6,190.5 m)

Yanayi

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Nau'ikan yanayi na Köppen na Amurka, gami da yankuna biyar da aka zauna a Amurka)
Taswirar matsakaicin ruwan sama a duk faɗin Amurka

Saboda girman girmansa da kewayon siffofin ƙasa, Amurka ta ƙunshi misalai na kusan kowane yanayi na duniya. Yanayin yana da zafi a Kudancin Amurka, nahiyar a arewa, mai zafi a Hawaii da kudancin Florida, polar a Alaska, semiarid a cikin Great Plains yammacin 100th meridian, Bahar Rum a bakin tekun California kuma busasshiyar a cikin Great Basin da Kudu maso Yamma. Yanayinta na aikin gona mai kyau ya ba da gudummawa (a wani bangare) ga tasowa na ƙasar a matsayin ikon duniya, tare da fari mai tsanani a cikin manyan yankunan noma, rashin ambaliyar ruwa, da kuma yanayin da ya fi dacewa wanda ke samun isasshen hazo.

Babban tasiri a kan yanayin Amurka shine rafin jet na polar wanda ke ƙaura zuwa arewa zuwa Kanada a cikin watanni na rani, sannan zuwa kudu zuwa Amurka a cikin watanni da hunturu. Jirgin jet din yana kawo manyan tsarin matsin lamba daga arewacin Tekun Pacific wanda ke shiga Amurka a kan Arewa maso Yammacin Pacific. Yankin Cascade, Sierra Nevada, da Rocky Mountains suna karɓar mafi yawan danshi daga waɗannan tsarin yayin da suke motsawa zuwa gabas ta hanyar tasirin orographic, kuma suna raguwa sosai lokacin da suka isa High Plains.

Da zarar sun yi tafiya a kan Babban Filaye, filayen da ba a katsewa ba za su ba su damar sake tsarawa kuma zai iya haifar da babban rikici na iska. Bugu da kari, danshi daga Tekun Fasha na Mexiko galibi ana jan shi zuwa arewa. Lokacin da aka haɗa shi da rafi mai ƙarfi na jet, wannan na iya haifar da tsawa mai ƙarfi, musamman a lokacin bazara da bazara. Wani lokaci a lokacin hunturu, waɗannan guguwa za su iya haɗuwa da wani tsarin rashin ƙarfi yayin da suke hawan Gabashin Gabas da kuma cikin Tekun Atlantika, inda suke karuwa da sauri. Ana kiran waɗannan guguwa da Nor'easters kuma galibi suna kawo tartsatsi, ruwan sama mai ƙarfi, iska, da dusar ƙanƙara zuwa New England. Ƙasar ciyawa da ba ta katsewa ta Babban Filaye kuma tana haifar da wasu matsananciyar sauye-sauyen yanayi a duniya. Zazzabi na iya tashi ko faɗuwa cikin sauri, iska na iya zama matsananci, kuma kwararar raƙuman zafi ko iskar Arctic sau da yawa suna tafiya ba tare da katsewa ba ta cikin filayen.

Babban Basin da Columbia Plateau (Intermontane Plateaus) yankuna ne masu bushewa ko semiarid waɗanda ke kwance a cikin inuwa ruwan sama na Cascades da Sierra Nevada. Ruwan sama yana da ƙasa da inci 15 (38 . Kudu maso Yamma hamada ce mai zafi, tare da yanayin zafi sama da 100 °F (37.8 °C) ° F (37.8 ° C) na makonni da yawa a lokaci guda a lokacin rani. Kudu maso Yamma da Babban Basin suma suna shafar ruwan sama daga Tekun California daga Yuli zuwa Satumba, wanda ke kawo tsawa mai tsanani amma sau da yawa mai tsanani a yankin.

Yawancin California ya ƙunshi Yanayin Bahar Rum, tare da wani lokacin ruwan sama mai yawa daga Oktoba-Afrilu kuma kusan babu ruwan sama a sauran shekara. A cikin Pacific Northwest ruwan sama yana faɗuwa a duk shekara amma yana da nauyi sosai a lokacin hunturu da bazara. Duwatsun yamma suna samun ruwan sama mai yawa da dusar ƙanƙara mai yawa. Cascades suna daya daga cikin wuraren da aka fi dusar ƙanƙara a duniya, tare da wasu wurare da ke da matsakaicin inci 600 (1,524 na dusar ƙara a kowace shekara, amma ƙananan tsaunuka kusa da bakin teku suna samun dusar ƙana kaɗan.

Florida tana da yanayi mai zafi a arewacin jihar da kuma Yanayin zafi a kudancin jihar. Lokacin bazara yana da rigar kuma hunturu ya bushe a Florida. Kowace shekara, yawancin Florida da jihohin kudancin da ke cikin kudancin ba su da sanyi. Lokacin hunturu mai sauƙi na Florida ya ba da damar masana'antar 'ya'yan itace mai zafi don bunƙasa a tsakiyar jihar, yana mai da Amurka ta biyu ga Brazil kawai a cikin samar da citrus a duk duniya.

Wani tasiri mai mahimmanci (amma na yanki) shine dusar ƙanƙara mai tasirin tafkin da ke faɗuwa a kudu da gabashin Great Lakes, musamman a cikin yankunan tuddai na Upper Peninsula na Michigan da kuma Tug Hill Plateau a New York. Sakamakon tafkin ya zubar da dusar ƙanƙara sama da 5 feet (1.52 m) a yankin Buffalo, New York a duk lokacin hunturu na 2006-2007. Wasatch Front da Wasatch Range a Utah suma suna iya karɓar tasirin tafkin daga Babban Tafkuna Gishiri.

  • Climate map USA
    Climate map USA
  • Mitchell Map-06full2
    Mitchell Map-06full2
Pago Pago Harbor a Samoa ta Amurka tana da ruwan sama mafi girma na shekara-shekara na kowane tashar jiragen ruwa a duniya.[12]

A arewacin Alaska, tundra da yanayin arctic sun fi yawa, kuma zafin jiki ya fadi kamar -80 ° F (-62.2 ° C). A wani ƙarshen bakan, Death Valley, California sau ɗaya ya kai 134 °F (56.7 °C) ° F (56.7 ° C), mafi girman zafin jiki da aka taɓa yin rikodin a Duniya.[13][14]

A matsakaici, duwatsun jihohin yamma suna karɓar mafi girman matakan dusar ƙanƙara a Duniya. Mafi girman matakin dusar ƙanƙara na shekara-shekara yana a Dutsen Rainier a Washington, a 692 inci (1,758 ; rikodin akwai 1,122 inci (2,850 a cikin hunturu na 1971-72. Wannan rikodin ya karya ta yankin Mt. Baker Ski a arewa maso yammacin Washington wanda ya ba da rahoton inci 1,140 (2,896 na dusar ƙanƙara don lokacin dusar ƙara na 1998-99. Sauran wuraren da ke da dusar ƙanƙara a waje da Cascade Range sune Dutsen Wasatch a Utah, Dutsen San Juan a Colorado, da Sierra Nevada a California.

A gabas, yankin da ke kusa da Great Lakes da duwatsu na Arewa maso gabas suna karɓar mafi yawan dusar ƙanƙara, kodayake ba su kusa da matakan dusar ƙara a yammacin Amurka ba. Tare da gabar tekun arewa maso yammacin Pacific, ruwan sama ya fi ko'ina a nahiyar Amurka, tare da Quinault Rainforest a Washington yana da matsakaicin inci 137 (348 . Hawaii tana karɓar ƙarin, tare da inci 404 (1,026 da aka auna kowace shekara a cikin Big Bog, a Maui.[15] Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Pago Pago a Samoa ta Amurka ita ce tashar jiragen ruwa mafi ruwan sama a duniya (saboda Dutsen Rainmaker na mita 523). [12] Yankin Mojave, a kudu maso yamma, gida ne ga yankin da ya fi bushewa a Amurka Yuma, Arizona, yana da matsakaicin inci 2.63 (6.7 na hazo a kowace shekara.

A cikin sassan tsakiya na Amurka, guguwa sun fi kowa fiye da ko'ina a Duniya kuma sun fi sauka a cikin bazara da rani. guguwa mai kisa da lalacewa suna faruwa kusan kowace shekara a bakin tekun Atlantika da Tekun Mexico. Yankin Appalachian da Midwest suna fuskantar ambaliyar ruwa mafi muni, kodayake kusan babu wani yanki a Amurka da ke da kariya ga ambaliyar. Kudu maso Yamma yana da fari mafi muni; ana zaton daya ya dauki sama da shekaru 500 kuma ya cutar da mutanen Ancestral Pueblo. Yammacin yana fama da manyan gobarar daji a kowace shekara.

Wani guguwa mai karfi a kusa da Dimmitt, Texas a ranar 2 ga Yuni, 1995

Amurka tana fama da bala'o'i daban-daban a kowace shekara. Kodayake fari yana da wuya, a wasu lokuta ya haifar da babbar matsala, kamar a lokacin Dust Bowl (1931-1942). Yankin noma ya gaza a ko'ina cikin Filayen, dukkanin yankuna sun ragu sosai, kuma guguwar ƙura ta lalata ƙasar.

Cikakken lalacewa a Gulfport, Mississippi wanda Guguwar Katrina ta haifar a shekara ta 2005

⁷Dangane da binciken Gallup na 2023, kusan ɗaya cikin Amurkawa uku sun ce sun fuskanci mummunan yanayin yanayi a cikin shekaru biyu da suka gabata.[16] Great Plains da Midwest, saboda bambancin iska, suna ganin tsawa mai tsanani da barkewar guguwa a lokacin bazara da rani tare da kusan 1,000 guguwa da ke faruwa a kowace shekara. Yankin ƙasa daga arewacin Texas zuwa arewa zuwa Kansas da Nebraska da gabas zuwa Tennessee an san shi da Tornado Alley, inda gidaje da yawa suna da mafaka na guguwa kuma garuruwa da yawa suna leken guguwa, saboda yawan guguwa a yankin.

Guguwa wani bala'i ne na halitta da aka samu a Amurka, wanda zai iya kaiwa ko'ina tare da Gulf Coast ko Atlantic Coast da Hawaii a cikin Tekun Pacific. Musamman a cikin haɗari sune tsakiyar da kudancin Texas, yankin daga kudu maso gabashin Louisiana zuwa gabas zuwa Florida_Panhandle" id="mwAkA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Florida Panhandle">Florida Panhandle, peninsular Florida, da Outer Banks na Arewacin Carolina, kodayake kowane ɓangare na bakin teku na iya bugawa. Yankunan Amurka da dukiya a cikin Caribbean, gami da Puerto Rico da tsibirin Virgin Islands na Amurka, suma suna da haɗari ga guguwa saboda wurin da suke a cikin Tekun Caribbean.

Lokacin guguwa yana gudana daga Yuni 1 zuwa Nuwamba 30, tare da mafi girma daga tsakiyar Agusta zuwa farkon Oktoba. Wasu daga cikin guguwa masu lalacewa sun hada da Guguwar Galveston ta 1900, Guguwar Andrew a 1992, Guguwar Katrina a 2005, da Guguwar Harvey da Guguwar Maria a 2017.

Guguwa (wanda aka sani da guguwa a cikin Tekun Pacific) sun kasa sauka a kan Tekun Pacific na Amurka saboda yanayin zafi na ruwa yana da sanyi sosai don kiyaye su. Koyaya, ragowar guguwa ta wurare masu zafi daga Gabashin Pacific a wasu lokuta suna tasiri a yammacin Amurka, suna kawo ruwan sama mai matsakaici zuwa mai tsanani.

Ambaliyar ruwa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ana fuskantar mummunar ambaliyar ruwa a wasu lokuta a Amurka.  Muhimman ambaliya a cikin tarihi sun haɗa da Babban Ambaliyar Ruwa na 1927, Babban Ambaliyar 1993, da ambaliyar ruwa da zabtarewar laka da ya faru a 1982–83 El Niño a yammacin Amurka.  Ana ci gaba da samun ambaliya, galibi a gabar tekun Gabas, a lokacin guguwa ko kuma wani yanayi mara kyau, misali a shekarar 2012, lokacin da guguwar Sandy ta yi barna a yankin.  Ambaliyar ruwa na iya faruwa a ko'ina, kuma zabtarewar ruwan sama na iya haifar da matsala a kowane yanki mai tsaunuka, musamman Kudu maso Yamma.  Babban shimfidar daji na hamada a yamma na iya haifar da yaduwar gobarar daji.  Ƙunƙarar ƙanƙara na yankunan tsaunin da yawa a yamma da tsawa mai tsanani a lokacin rani yana haifar da ambaliya kuma, wanda wani lokaci yana iya zama mai lalacewa, yayin da dusar ƙanƙara ta arewa maso gabas na iya kawo dakatar da ayyukan a ko'ina cikin Arewa maso Gabas (ko da yake tsananin dusar ƙanƙara zai iya faruwa kusan ko'ina).

Yanayin ƙasa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Yammacin Yammacin Amurka ya zama wani ɓangare na Pacific Ring of Fire, wani yanki na manyan ayyukan tectonic da dutsen wuta wanda shine tushen 90% na girgizar ƙasa ta duniya.[17] Arewa maso Yammacin Amurka yana ganin mafi yawan tsaunuka masu aiki a Amurka, a Washington, Oregon da arewacin California tare da Dutsen Cascade. Akwai tsaunuka masu yawa masu aiki a cikin tsibirin Hawaii, gami da Kilauea a cikin fashewar da ke gudana tun 1983, amma ba sa shafar mazaunan tsibirin. Babu wani babban fashewa mai barazana ga rayuwa a tsibirin Hawaiian tun daga karni na 17. Girgizar dutsen wuta na iya zama mai lalacewa a wasu lokuta, kamar a cikin fashewar Dutsen St. Helens a Washington a 1980.

Ring of Fire ya sa California da kudancin Alaska musamman masu saukin kamuwa da girgizar ƙasa. Girgizar ƙasa na iya haifar da mummunar lalacewa, kamar girgizar ƙasa ta San Francisco ta 1906 ko girgizar kasa ta Good Friday ta 1964 kusa da Anchorage, Alaska. California sananne ne ga ayyukan girgizar ƙasa kuma yana buƙatar manyan gine-gine su kasance masu tsayayya da girgizar kasa don rage asarar rai da dukiya.[18] Baya ga girgizar ƙasa mai lalacewa, California tana fuskantar ƙananan girgizar kasa akai-akai.

An yi kusan manyan girgizar ƙasa 100 a kowace shekara daga 2010 zuwa 2012. Matsakaicin da ya gabata ya kasance 21 a shekara. An yi imanin cewa wannan ya faru ne saboda zurfin zubar da ruwa mai guba daga fracking. Babu wanda ya wuce girman 5.6, kuma babu wanda aka kashe.

Sauran bala'o'i

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Sauran bala'o'i sun haɗa da tsunami a kusa da Pacific Basin, laka a California, da gobarar daji a yammacin rabin Amurka da ke kusa da ita. Ko da yake fari yana da wuya, a wasu lokuta ya haifar da babbar matsalar tattalin arziki da zamantakewa, kamar a lokacin Dust Bowl (1931-1942), wanda ya haifar da gazawar amfanin gona da guguwar ƙura, farawa a kudancin Great Plains kuma ya kai ga Tekun Atlantika.

Sakamakon

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A cewar rahoton da Ofishin Ƙididdigar Amurka ya bayar, a cikin 2022 bala'o'i na halitta sun haifar da tilasta ƙaurawar mutane miliyan 3.3, sama da kashi 1.3% na yawan manya na Amurka, tare da rabin ƙaura da guguwa ta haifar. Rahoton binciken ya bayyana cewa a Florida, lalacewar da guguwar Ian da Nicole suka haifar ya haifar da sake komawa kusan mutane miliyan 1, ko kuma kusan daya daga cikin mazauna manya 17. A Louisiana, inda mazauna ke fama da mummunar sakamakon Guguwar Ida a shekarar da ta gabata, fiye da mutane 409,000, ko kusan daya daga cikin mazauna takwas, sun motsa. Duk da wannan, jihar Louisiana ta ga lokacin guguwa mai natsuwa a cikin 2022.[19]

Yankunan jama'a

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Yankunan tattalin arziki na musamman na Amurka, gami da yankunan tsibirin ƙasar

Amurka tana da wurare da yawa don amfani da jin daɗin jama'a. Wadannan sun hada da wuraren shakatawa na kasa, Abubuwan tunawa na kasa, gandun daji na kasa, wuraren jeji, da sauran yankuna. Don jerin yankuna, duba waɗannan labaran:

  1. ↑ Areas not on the map: Aleutian Islands (Alaska); Northwest Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii); Mona Island (Puerto Rico); Rota and Northern Islands Municipality (Northern Mariana Islands); Manu'a Islands, Rose Atoll and Swains Island (American Samoa) and the U.S. Minor Outlying Islands
  2. ↑ "Is Hawaii a Part of Oceania or North America?". WorldAtlas. January 12, 2018. Archived from the original on July 11, 2019. Retrieved June 24, 2019.
  3. ↑ "United States". The World Factbook. CIA. 2009-09-30. Retrieved 2010-01-05.
  4. ↑ "Population by Sex, Rate of Population Increase, Surface Area and Density" (PDF). Demographic Yearbook 2005. UN Statistics Division. Retrieved 2008-03-25.
  5. ↑ "Largest Countries in the World by Area". Worldometer (in Turanci). Retrieved 2025-03-28.
  6. ↑ "Physiographic Regions". United States Geological Survey. 2003-04-17. Archived from the original on 2006-05-15. Retrieved 2008-01-30.
  7. ↑ Murray, N.J.; Phinn, S.R.; DeWitt, M.; Ferrari, R.; Johnston, R.; Lyons, M.B.; Clinton, N.; Thau, D.; Fuller, R.A. (2019). "The global distribution and trajectory of tidal flats". Nature. 565 (7738): 222–225. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0805-8. PMID 30568300. S2CID 56481043.
  8. ↑ "Managing Upland Forests of the Midsouth". United States Forestry Service. Archived from the original on 2007-10-17. Retrieved 2007-10-13.
  9. ↑ "A Tapestry of Time and Terrain: The Union of Two Maps – Geology and Topography". United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original on 2006-05-15. Retrieved 2007-10-13.
  10. ↑ "USGS National Elevation Dataset (NED) 1 meter Downloadable Data Collection from The National Map 3D Elevation Program (3DEP) – National Geospatial Data Asset (NGDA) National Elevation Data Set (NED)". United States Geological Survey. September 21, 2015. Archived from the original on March 25, 2019. Retrieved September 22, 2015.
  11. ↑ One island in American Samoa (Swains Island) is not in the Samoan Islands — it is in the Tokelau island chain.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Lonely Planet. "Rainmaker Mountain in Tutuila". Lonely Planet. Archived from the original on October 19, 2017. Retrieved September 1, 2019.
  13. ↑ "Weather and Climate" (PDF). Official website for Death Valley National Park. National Park Service U. S. Department of the Interior. January 2002. pp. 1–2. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 10, 2006. Retrieved October 5, 2006.
  14. ↑ "WMO Press release No. 956". World Meteorological Organization. September 13, 2012. Archived from the original on April 6, 2016. Retrieved April 10, 2016.
  15. ↑ Longman, Ryan J.; Giambelluca, Thomas W.; Nullet, Michael A.; Loope, Lloyd L. (July 2015). "ScholarSpace at University of Hawaii at Manoa: Climatology of Haleakalā".
  16. ↑ Horn-Muller, Ayurella (2023-04-15). "Climate-displaced Americans face discrimination". Axios (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-04-19.
  17. ↑ "Cool Earthquake Facts | U.S. Geological Survey". www.usgs.gov. Retrieved 2023-09-30.
  18. ↑ "Building Safer Structures". Archived from the original on 2010-05-11.
  19. ↑ "3.3 million US adults displaced by natural disasters in past year – survey". the Guardian (in Turanci). Associated Press. 2023-01-06. Retrieved 2023-01-11.
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