Yanayin ƙasar Masar

 

Wurin Masar

27°00′N 30°00′E / 27.000°N 30.000°E / 27.000. Yankin Masar yana da alaƙa da yankuna biyu: Arewacin Afirka da Yammacin Asiya.

Egypt has coastlines on the Mediterranean Sea, the River Nile, and the Red Sea. Egypt borders Libya to the west, Palestine and Israel to the east and Sudan to the south (with a current dispute over the Halaib triangle). Egypt has an area of 1,010,408 square kilometres (390,121 sq mi).

Tsawon layin madaidaiciya a Misira daga arewa zuwa kudu shine , yayin da daga gabas zuwa yamma ya kai 1,275 kilometres (792 mi) . Masar tana da fiye da kilomita 2,900 kilometres (1,800 mi) (1,800 na bakin teku a kan Bahar Rum, Tekun Suez, da Tekun Aqaba. Yana da Yankin Tattalin Arziki na Musamman na 263,451 square kilometres (101,719 sq mi) km2 sq mi).

Jihohin

Egypt is divided into 27 governorates. There are nine governorates of Lower Egypt in the Nile Delta region, ten of Upper Egypt along the Nile river south from Cairo to Aswan, and five frontier governorates covering Sinai and the deserts that lie west and east of the Nile river.

Yanayin Masar

Misira galibi 2" href="./Desert" id="mwcA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Desert">hamada ce. 35,000 km2 - 3.5% - na jimlar yankin ƙasar an nomawa shi kuma an zauna har abada. Yawancin ƙasar suna cikin babban ɓangaren hamada wanda ya shimfiɗa zuwa gabas daga Tekun Atlantika na Afirka a fadin nahiyar da kuma kudu maso yammacin Asiya. Tarihin da ya dace a nan shine Ka'idodin da abubuwa na ilimin ƙasa, tare da ambaton musamman ga ilimin ƙasa na Masar (1911) na W. F. Hume 

Tarihin ilimin ƙasa na Masar ya samar da manyan yankuna huɗu na zahiri:

• Kwarin Nilu da Delta na NiluKogin Nilu
• Yammacin hamada (daga Nilu yamma zuwa iyakar Libya)
• Gabashin hamada (ya kai daga kwarin Nilu har zuwa gabar Bahar Maliya)
• Yankin Sinai

Masar ita ce ƙasa ta takwas mafi yawan ruwa a duniya.

Duk da rufe kusan 5% na jimlar yankin Masar; Kwarin Nilu da Delta sune yankuna mafi muhimmanci, kasancewar yankunan da za a iya nomawa ne kawai a kasar kuma suna tallafawa kusan 99% na yawan jama'a. Kwarin Nilu ya kai kimanin kilomita 800 daga Aswan zuwa wajen Alkahira. An san kwarin Nilu da Upper Egypt, yayin da yankin Nilu Delta aka sani da Lower Egypt. Duwatsun dutse masu tsawo sun tashi a bakin Kogin Nilu a wasu wurare, yayin da wasu yankuna a kan Kogin Nilu suna da faɗi, tare da sarari don samar da aikin gona. A baya, ambaliyar Nilu a lokacin rani ta samar da laka da ruwa don yin aikin gona a ƙasar da ba ta bushe sosai ba. Tun lokacin da aka gina madatsar ruwan Aswan, noma a kwarin Nilu ya dogara da ban ruwa. Kogin Nilu ya ƙunshi filayen, yankuna masu ƙasƙanci. Wasu sassan delta suna da marshy da ruwa, don haka ba su dace da noma ba. Ana amfani da wasu yankuna na delta don noma. 

Kwarin Nilu da Delta

Delta na Nilu, da dukan hanyar Nilu

Kogin Nilu da Delta, mafi girma a duniya, an halicce su ne ta hanyar kogin da ya fi tsayi a duniya da kuma maɓuɓɓugar da ba su da iyaka. Ba tare da tashar taswirar da ke ba da izinin Kogin Nilu ya gudana a fadin Sahara ba, Masar za ta zama hamada gaba ɗaya. Tsawon a cikin Misira na Kogin Nilu a arewacinsa daga tushe uku na Afirka ta tsakiya - White Nile, Blue Nile, da Atbara - ya kai kimanin kilomita 1,600. 

White Nile, wanda ya fara a Tafkin Victoria a Uganda, yana samar da kusan kashi 28% na ruwan Masar na Nilu. A cikin tafiyarsa daga Tafkin Victoria zuwa Juba a Sudan" id="mwrA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="South Sudan">Sudan ta Kudu, tashar White Nile ta sauka fiye da 600 m. A cikin tafiyar kilomita 1,600 daga Juba zuwa Khartoum, babban birnin Sudan, kogin ya sauka kawai 75 m. A Sudan ta Kudu، White Nile ya ratsa Sudd, fili mai faɗi, wanda aka rufe da ciyayi kuma yana raguwa kusan zuwa wurin tsayawa.

Blue Nile, wanda ya samo asali ne daga Tafkin Tana a Habasha, yana ba da matsakaicin kashi 58% na ruwan Masar na Nilu. Wannan kogi yana da tsawo mai tsawo sabili da haka yana gudana da sauri fiye da White Nile, wanda ya haɗu a Khartoum. Ba kamar White Nile ba, Blue Nile yana ɗauke da adadi mai yawa na laka. Kusan kilomita da yawa a arewacin Khartoum, ruwa kusa da gabashin kogin, wanda ke fitowa daga Blue Nile, yana da laka, yayin da wannan kusa da yammacin bakin, kuma yana fitowa daga White Nile, ya fi haske.

Kogin Atbarah mafi ƙanƙanta, wanda kuma ya samo asali ne daga Habasha, ya haɗu da babban Nilu a arewacin Khartoum tsakanin cataracts na biyar da na shida (yanki masu saurin gudu) kuma yana ba da kusan 14% na ruwan Nilu a Misira. A lokacin karancin ruwa, wanda ke gudana daga Janairu zuwa Yuni, Atbarah yana raguwa zuwa tafkuna da yawa. Amma, a ƙarshen lokacin rani, lokacin da ruwan sama mai yawa ya fadi a kan tsaunukan Habasha, Atbarah yana samar da kashi 22% na kwararar Nilu.

Blue Nile yana da irin wannan tsari. Yana ba da gudummawa 17% na ruwan Nilu a lokacin ruwa mai ƙarancin ruwa da 68% a lokacin ruwa. Sabanin haka, White Nile yana samar da kashi 10% kawai na ruwan Nilu a lokacin babban ruwa amma yana ba da gudummawa fiye da kashi 80% a lokacin low-water. Don haka, kafin a kammala Babban Dam din Aswan a 1971, White Nile ya shayar da kogin Masar a ko'ina cikin shekara, yayin da Blue Nile, dauke da ruwan sama na yanayi daga Habasha, ya sa Kogin Nilu ya cika bankunan sa kuma ya sanya wani laka mai kyau a kan filayen da ke kusa. Babban ambaliyar ruwa na babban Kogin Nilu yawanci ya faru ne a Misira a watan Agusta, Satumba, da Oktoba, amma wani lokacin yakan fara tun farkon Yuni a Aswan kuma sau da yawa bai ragu gaba ɗaya ba har zuwa Janairu.

Kogin Nilu ya shiga Masar ne da ke da tazarar kilomita kadan daga arewacin Wadi Halfa, wani gari na Sudan da aka sake gina shi a kan tudu, lokacin da asalinsa ya nutse a cikin tafki da babban madatsar ruwa ta Aswan ya samar.  Sakamakon gina madatsar ruwa, kogin Nilu ya fara kwarara zuwa Masar a matsayin tafkin Nasser, wanda ya taso kudu daga madatsar ruwa mai tsawon kilomita 320 zuwa kan iyaka da kuma karin kilomita 158 a cikin Sudan.  Ruwan tafkin Nasser ya cika yankin ta hanyar Lower Nubia (Upper Egypt da arewacin Sudan) a cikin kunkuntar ramin da ke tsakanin duwatsun yashi da granite da ya haifar da kwararar kogin tsawon shekaru aru-aru.

A ƙasa da Aswan, filin ambaliyar da aka noma ya faɗaɗa zuwa kusan kilomita ashirin. Arewacin Isna (kilomita 160 a arewacin Aswan), tudu a bangarorin biyu na kwarin ya tashi zuwa kusan 550 m sama da matakin teku; a Qina (kimanin kilomita 90 a arewacin Isna) tsaunuka masu tsaunuka na dutse mai laushi 300-m sun tilasta Kogin Nilu ya canza hanyar zuwa kudu maso yammacin kusan kilomita 60 kafin ya juya arewa maso yammacin kimanin kilomita 160 zuwa Asyut. A arewa daga Asyut, tsaunuka a bangarorin biyu sun ragu, kuma kwarin ya faɗaɗa zuwa matsakaicin kilomita 22.     

A Alkahira, kogin Nilu ya bazu a kan abin da ya kasance wani fili mai fadi, daga baya ya cika da tarkace don samar da abin da a yanzu ya zama wani yanki mai dausayi, mai siffar fanko mai nisan kilomita 250 a fadin gabar tekun kuma ya shimfida kusan kilomita 160 daga arewa zuwa kudu. Kogin Nilu ya mamaye kusan kilomita 22,000 (wanda yayi daidai da na Massachusetts). Bisa ga bayanan tarihi daga ƙarni na farko AD, rassa bakwai na Kogin Nilu sun taɓa bi ta cikin tekun. Bisa ga bayanan baya, kogin Nilu yana da, kusan karni na goma sha biyu, rassa shida kawai.

Tun daga wannan lokacin, yanayi da mutum sun rufe duk sai manyan tashoshi guda biyu: reshen gabas, Damietta (wanda aka fi sani da Dumyat; tsawon kilomita 240) da reshen yamma, Rosetta (tsawon kilomita 235). Dukkanin tashoshin suna da suna bayan tashar jiragen ruwa da ke bakin su. Cibiyar sadarwa ta magudanar ruwa da hanyoyin ban ruwa suna karawa da waɗannan ragowar hanyoyin. A arewa, kusa da gabar teku, Kogin Nilu ya ƙunshi jerin Yankunan gishiri da tabkuna, mafi shahara daga cikinsu akwai Idku, Al Burullus, da Manzilah.  

Halin haihuwa da yawan amfanin ƙasan da ke kusa da kogin Nilu ya dogara ne akan simintin da ruwan ya ajiye. Binciken archaeological ya nuna cewa mutane sun taɓa rayuwa a wani wuri mafi girma a gefen kogin fiye da yadda suke yi a yau, wataƙila domin kogin ya fi girma ko kuma ambaliya ta fi tsanani. Lokaci da adadin kwararar shekara sun kasance koyaushe marasa tabbas. An ƙididdige ma'auni na kwararar ruwa na shekara-shekara kamar ƙasa da biliyan 1.2 m3 kuma wanda ya kai biliyan 4.25 m3. Shekaru aru-aru Masarawa sun yi yunƙurin yin hasashe da cin gajiyar waɗannan magudanar ruwa kuma ta yadda za su daidaita tsananin ambaliyar.

Gina madatsun ruwa a kan Kogin Nilu, musamman Babban madatsar ruwa ta Aswan, ta canza babban kogi zuwa babban rami mai ban ruwa. Tafkin Nasser, tafkin wucin gadi mafi girma a duniya, ya ba da damar yin amfani da Kogin Nilu ba tare da la'akari da yawan ruwan sama a Afirka ta Tsakiya da Gabashin Afirka ba. Dam din sun kuma shafi amfanin Nilu, wanda ya dogara da ƙarni da yawa ba kawai a kan ruwan da aka kawo zuwa ƙasar noma ba har ma da kayan da ruwa ya bari.

Masu bincike sun kiyasta cewa amfanin ajiyar yashi a cikin kwarin ya fara kimanin shekaru 10,000 da suka gabata. Matsakaicin ajiyar shekara-shekara na ƙasa mai noma ta hanyar kwarin kogi ya kai kimanin mita tara. Binciken kwararar ya nuna cewa tan miliyan 10.7 na abu mai ƙarfi ya wuce Alkahira a kowace shekara.

A yau Babban Dam din Aswan ya toshe mafi yawan wannan turɓaya, yanzu an riƙe shi a Tafkin Nasser. Ragewa a cikin ajiyar silt na shekara-shekara ya ba da gudummawa ga hauhawar teburin ruwa da karuwar gishiri a cikin Delta, rushewar bankunan kogi a Upper Egypt, da rushewar fan na alluvial tare da bakin tekun Bahar Rum.

Yammacin hamada

Hamadar Yamma ta mamaye fili kimanin kilomita 700,000, wanda hakan ya kai kusan kashi biyu bisa uku na daukacin fadin kasar Masar. Wannan katafaren hamada da ke yammacin kogin Nilu ya ratsa yankin daga tekun Bahar Rum zuwa kudu zuwa kan iyakar Sudan. Hamadar Jilf al Kabir Plateau, a matsakaicin tsayin kusan mita 1000, ya zama keɓanta ga ƙasa mara yankewa na ginshiƙan ginshiƙan ƙasa wanda ke rufe da yadudduka na gadaje a kwance wanda ya zama babban fili ko ƙasa ƙasa. Babban Tekun Sand ya ta'allaka ne a cikin filin hamada kuma ya tashi daga Siwa Oasis zuwa Jilf al Kabir. Ƙulla-ƙulle (ƙugiya) da zurfin baƙin ciki (basins) suna wanzu a sassa da yawa na Hamada ta Yamma, kuma babu koguna ko rafuka da ke matsewa cikin ko waje.

Gwamnati ta dauki Hamadar Yamma a matsayin yanki mai iyaka kuma ta raba shi gida biyu a kusan kusan ashirin da takwas a layi daya: Matruh zuwa arewa da New Valley (Al Wadi al Jadid) a kudu.  Akwai manyan bakin ciki guda bakwai a cikin Hamada ta Yamma, kuma dukkansu ana daukarsu kamar oases in ban da mafi girma, Qattara, ruwansa mai gishiri ne.  Bala'in Qattara, wanda ya haɗa da mafi ƙanƙanta wurin ƙasar, ya ƙunshi murabba'in kilomita 19,605 (7,570 sq mi), wanda yayi kama da girman tafkin Ontario.  Ya fi ƙasa da matakin teku kuma yana da nisan mita 133 (436 ft) ƙasa da matakin teku a mafi ƙanƙanta.  Badlands, marshes gishiri da tafkunan gishiri sun rufe ƙanƙancewar Qattara.

Ƙayyadadden samar da aikin noma, kasancewar wasu albarkatun halitta, da ƙauyuka na dindindin ana samun su a cikin sauran ɓarkewa shida, dukansu suna da ruwa mai kyau da Kogin Nilu ya bayar ko kuma ruwan ƙasa na gida. Siwah Oasis, kusa da iyakar Libya da yammacin Qattara, an ware shi daga sauran Masar amma ya ci gaba da rayuwa tun zamanin d ̄ a. Haikali na Amun na Siwa da aka rataye a kan dutse ya shahara saboda maganganunsa sama da shekaru 1,000. Herodotus da Alexander the Great suna daga cikin fitattun mutane da yawa da suka ziyarci haikalin a zamanin kafin Kiristanci.

Sauran manyan oases sun samar da sarkar tasoshin da ke fitowa daga Faiyum oasis (wani lokacin ana kiranta Fayyum Depression) wanda ke da nisan kilomita 60 (37 kudu maso yammacin Alkahira, kudu zuwa Bahariya, Farafirah, da Dakhilah oases kafin ya kai ga mafi girman oasis na kasar, Kharijah. Wani tafki mai laushi, Birket Qarun, a arewacin Al Fayyum Oasis, ya shiga cikin Kogin Nilu a zamanin d ̄ a. Shekaru da yawa rijiyoyin ruwa mai zaki a cikin Fayyum Oasis sun ba da izinin noma mai yawa a cikin wani yanki mai ban ruwa wanda ya kai sama da kilomita 1,800 (695 sq .

Gabashin Gabas

Wani babban gashin ƙurar hamadar Sahara (pixel mai launin ruwan kasa) da aka hura a fadin Libya da Masar zuwa arewacin Bahar Rum zuwa Gabas ta Tsakiya, a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu, 2003.

Abubuwan da ke cikin yankin hamada a gabashin Nilu sun bambanta da waɗanda ke yammacin Nilu. Yankin Gabas na Gabas yana da tsaunuka. Tsayin yana tashi ba zato ba tsammani daga Kogin Nilu, kuma wani tsaunin yashi mai saukowa yana ba da hanya a cikin kilomita 100 zuwa busasshiyar, defoliated, tsaunuka masu duwatsu da ke gudana a arewa da kudu tsakanin iyakar Sudan da Delta. Duwatsun sun kai sama da 1,900 m. 

Babban fasalin yankin shine jerin tsaunuka masu tsawo, Dutsen Bahar Maliya, wanda ya kai daga kwarin Nilu zuwa gabas zuwa Tekun Suez da Bahar Maliya. Wannan yanki mai tsawo yana da tsarin ruwa na halitta wanda ba ya aiki sosai saboda karancin ruwan sama. Har ila yau, yana da rikitarwa na wadis mara kyau, wanda aka yanke sosai wanda ya kai yamma zuwa ga Kogin Nilu. Yanayin hamada ya kai har zuwa gabar Bahar Maliya.

Dutsen Catherine a Sinai, mafi girman matsayi na Masar.

2" href="./Sinai_Peninsula" id="mwATY" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Sinai Peninsula">Yankin Sinai yanki ne mai siffar triangular, kimanin 61,100 km² a yankin da ya fi karami fiye da Latvia (64 573 km2). Kamar yadda yake da hamada, tsibirin ya ƙunshi duwatsu a yankin kudancin da ke da tsawo na Red Sea Hills, ƙananan kewayon tare da bakin tekun Red Sea wanda ya haɗa da Dutsen Catherine (Jabal Katrinah), mafi girman matsayi na ƙasar, a 2,642 m sama da matakin teku. Wataƙila an sanya sunan Bahar Maliya ne bayan waɗannan duwatsu, waɗanda suke ja.  

Yankin kudancin tsibirin yana da tsaunuka masu kaifi wanda ya ragu bayan wani karamin bakin teku wanda ya gangara cikin Bahar Maliya da Tekun Aqaba. Tsawon kudancin Sinai yana da kimanin 1,000 m. Motsawa zuwa arewa, tsawo na wannan dutse mai laushi yana raguwa. Kashi na uku na arewacin Sinai fili ne, mai yashi a bakin teku, wanda ya kai daga Suez Canal zuwa Gaza Strip da Isra'ila.

Kafin sojojin Isra'ila suka mamaye Sina'i a lokacin Yakin Yunin 1967 (Yaƙin Larabawa da Isra'ila, wanda aka fi sani da Yakin Kwanaki Shida), gwamnan Masar guda ɗaya ta gudanar da dukan tsibirin. A shekara ta 1982 bayan da aka mayar da dukkan Sina'i zuwa Masar, gwamnatin tsakiya ta raba tsibirin zuwa gwamnatoci biyu. Arewacin Sinai yana da babban birninta a Al Arish kuma Kudancin Sinai yana le babban birninta ne a El Tor .

Yawan rayuwa a yankin Sinai na iya zama ba zai bayyana nan da nan ba. Wannan kuma ya samo asali ne daga yadda dabbobin jeji suka saba da rayuwa a nan. Yawancin nau'ikan, dabbobi masu shayarwa musamman, amma har da dabbobi masu rarrafe har ma da tsuntsaye irin su mujiya, suna cikin dare. Suna ciyar da sa'o'in hasken rana a cikin yanayin sanyi na burrows, ƙarƙashin duwatsu ko a cikin ramuka da fashe a cikin dutsen. Yawancin waɗannan halittu za su bayyana ne kawai daga hanyarsu da hanyoyinsu ko kuma daga hangen nesa na gerbil, ko kuren zig-zigging, a cikin fitilun mota da dare. Hatta dabbobin da ke da ƙarfin zafin rana suna aiki ne kawai da sassafe ko yamma.

Yankunan birane da karkara

A cikin ƙidayar 1971, kashi 57 na al'ummar Masar an ƙidaya su a matsayin ƙauye, ciki har da waɗanda ke zaune a yankunan noma a cikin kwarin Nilu da Delta, da kuma mafi ƙarancin adadin mutanen da ke zaune a yankunan hamada. Ƙauye ya bambanta da na birane ta fuskar talauci, yawan haihuwa, da sauran abubuwan zamantakewa. Noma wani muhimmin bangaren tattalin arziki ne a yankunan karkara, ko da yake wasu mutane suna aiki a masana'antar yawon shakatawa ko wasu sana'o'in da ba na noma ba. A shekarar 1992, yawan mutanen Masar da ke aikin noma ya kai kashi 33 cikin dari. Masana'antar noma ta dogara ne da ban ruwa daga kogin Nilu

Abubuwa masu tsanani

Wannan jerin manyan wurare ne na Masar, wuraren da ke arewa, kudu, gabas ko yamma fiye da kowane wuri.

• Yankin arewacin - ba a san sunansa ba nan da nan arewa maso yammacin Sidi Barrani, Gwamnatin Matruh
• Yankin Gabas - Ras Hadarba (Cape Elba), Gwamnatin Bahar Maliya *
• Yankin kudu - Jabal Bartazuga a kan iyakar Sudan, Gwamnatin Bahar Maliya**
• Yammacin Yamma - wanda ba a san shi ba a kan iyaka da Libya nan da nan a gabashin rushewar Qasr al Qarn a Libya, Gwamnatin Matruh

\* Ras Hadarba yana cikin triangle Hala'ib wanda Sudan ke da'awar amma Masar ke gudanarwa. Idan an cire shi, to, gabashin gabashin Masar shine tsibirin Ras Banas a kan babban yankin ko, gami da tsibirin, Tsibirin Mukawwa