Yanayin ƙasar Queensland
Yanayin Queensland a arewa maso gabashin Australia, ya bambanta. Ya haɗa da tsibirai na wurare masu zafi, rairayin bakin teku, filayen kogi masu laushi waɗanda ke ambaliya bayan ruwan sama, yankunan da ba su da kyau, wuraren da suka bushe, belin noma masu arziki da wuraren birane masu yawan jama'a.
Jimlar ƙasar Queensland ta rufe kashi 22.5% na nahiyar Australiya, yanki na murabba'in kilomita 1,729,742, yana mai da shi jihar ta biyu mafi girma a Ostiraliya.[1] Jimlar tsawon bakin tekun Queensland shine kilomita 6,973 kilometres (4,333 mi) (4,333 tare da wani kilomita 6,374 kilometres (3,961 mi) (3,961 na bakin tekun tsibirin.[2] Wani fasalin ƙasa na musamman na jihar shine Babban Barrier Reef, [1] wani muhimmin katin yawon bude ido. Tropic na Capricorn ya haye jihar tare da kusan rabin yankin Queensland da ke arewacin layin.
Yankin
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Yankin yammacin da ke kusa da Yankin Arewa an daidaita shi tare da iyakar 138th meridian gabas har zuwa Poeppel Corner a tsakiya na wannan meridian da 29th parallel kudu. A nan ne Queensland ke iyaka da Kudancin Australia. Yankin ya bi wannan latitude har sai ya kai 141st meridian gabashin Haddon Corner inda iyakar ta juya kudu ta kai Cameron Corner a 29th parallel south, mafi yawan yammacin iyakar da New South Wales. Yankin yana bin wannan latitude zuwa gabar teku a kusan 154th meridian gabas kafin ya bi hanyoyin koguna da yawa, sannan a fadin tsaunuka da yawa har sai ya kai Point Danger. Wadannan koguna sune Kogin Macintyre, Kogin Severn da Kogin Weir, duk suna da alaƙa da Kogin Barwon kanta a cikin Kogin Darling.[3] Garuruwan kudancin iyaka sun hada da Mungindi, Goondiwindi da Texas.
Yankuna
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Jihar ta kasu kashi da yawa ba bisa ka'ida ba waɗanda ake amfani da su don komawa ga manyan yankuna na babban yanayin jihar. Wadannan sun hada da:
- Kudancin Gabashin Queensland a cikin iyakar bakin teku na kudu maso gabashin jihar, wani yanki na birni wanda ya haɗa da manyan birane uku na jihar: babban birnin Brisbane da shahararrun wuraren yawon bude ido na bakin teku Gold Coast da Sunshine Coast. A wasu ma'anoni, ya haɗa da birnin Toowoomba . Kudu maso Gabashin Queensland yana da sama da kashi 70% na yawan jama'ar jihar.
- Darling Downs a cikin yankin kudu maso gabas na jihar, wanda ya ƙunshi ƙasa mai kyau (musamman kiwon shanu) kuma a wasu ma'anoni sun haɗa da birnin Toowoomba. Yankin ya hada da tsaunuka masu tsaunuka na Granite, yankin da ya fi sanyi a jihar wanda a wasu lokuta ke fuskantar dusar ƙanƙara.
- Wide Bay-Burnett a yankin kudu maso gabashin jihar, zuwa arewacin yankin Kudu maso Gabashin Queensland. Yana da wadata a gonakin sukari kuma ya haɗa da biranen Bundaberg, Hervey Bay da Fraser Island, tsibirin yashi mafi girma a duniya.
- Tsakiyar Queensland a kan iyakar tekun tsakiya na jihar, wanda ke cike da gonar shanu da hakar kwal. Ya ƙunshi yankunan yawon bude ido na Capricorn Coast da Whitsunday Islands, da kuma biranen Rockhampton da Mackay.
- Arewacin Queensland a kan iyakar arewacin jihar, wanda ke cike da gonar shanu da hakar ma'adinai kuma wanda ya hada da Birnin Townsville.
- Kudancin Arewacin Queensland a kan iyakar arewacin jihar tare da yankin Cape York, wanda ya haɗa da gandun daji na wurare masu zafi, dutsen da ya fi tsayi a jihar, Dutsen Bartle Frere, yankin makiyaya na Atherton Tablelands (wanda ya mamaye sukari da 'ya'yan itatuwa na wurare masu wurare masu zafi), ɓangaren da aka fi ziyarta na Babban Barrier Reef, da kuma birnin Cairns.
- Kudancin Yammacin Queensland a cikin yankin kudu maso yammacin jihar, wanda shine yankin noma da ke cike da gonar shanu, kuma wanda ya haɗa da yankin Channel Country na koguna masu haɗuwa.
- Tsakiyar Yammacin Queensland a cikin tsakiyar yammacin jihar, wanda ya mamaye gonar shanu kuma wanda ya haɗa da birnin Longreach.
- Arewa maso Yammacin Queensland, a cikin yankin arewa maso yammacin jihar tare da Gulf of Carpentaria, wanda Savanna da hakar ma'adinai suka mamaye kuma ya haɗa da birnin Dutsen Isa.
Yanayin jiki
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tsibirin
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Tsibirin Fraser, tsibirin yashi mafi girma a duniya yana kusa da bakin tekun Queensland.[1] Akwai rabin tabkuna na duniya a tsibirin Fraser . Wadannan tabkuna masu ban sha'awa, wadanda jimlar 80 na wannan nau'in a duk duniya, an kafa su ne a cikin ramuka tsakanin dunes na yashi kuma ba su da isar ko fitowar halitta. Magnetic Island, Heron Island, Great Keppel Island, Hamilton Island da Whitsunday Islands an san su da wuraren shakatawa na yawon bude ido. Tsibirin Mornington da Babban Tsibirin Palm suna tallafawa manyan al'ummomin asalin ƙasar. A cikin Torres Strait Alhamis Island shine cibiyar gudanarwa da kasuwanci na Torres Strait Islands. Tsibirin Hinchinbrook, babban tsibirin dutse daga Cardwell, an kiyaye shi gaba ɗaya a cikin wurin shakatawa na ƙasa. Tsibirin Arewa maso Yamma wani tsibiri ne na murjani wanda ke kula da muhimman wuraren zama ga tsuntsayen teku da tururuwa.
Tsibirin Bribie, Moreton, North Stradbroke da South Stradbrok suna cikin kusurwar kudu maso gabashin jihar. Tsibirin North Stradbroke shine tsibirin yashi na biyu mafi girma a duniya.[4] Kamar yadda tsibirin Bribie ya haɗa da gada a kan Hanyar Pumicestone ita ce tsibirin da ya fi bunkasa a yankin.
Jikin ruwa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
A arewa maso yammacin Queensland shine Tekun Carpentaria. Arewacin Cape York Peninsula shine Torres Strait tare da tsibiran Torres Strait da yawa, mafi arewancinsu shine tsibirin Boigu a layi na 10 a kudu. A gabashin Queensland akwai Tekun Coral, wani yanki na Tekun Fasifik. Manyan bakin tekun da ke bakin tekun sun hada da Gimbiya Charlotte Bay, Shoalwater Bay arewacin Yeppoon, Hervey Bay tsakanin Tsibirin Fraser da babban yankin, Trinity Bay daga Cairns da Moreton Bay daga Brisbane. Babban Mashigin Sandy wata hanya ce da ta shimfida kudu da Hervey Bay, tsakanin babban yankin da tsibirin Fraser. Tekun rairayin bakin teku a gabar tekun Gold da kuma Tekun Sunshine suna da tsayi da yashi, suna jan hankalin masu yawon bude ido ciki har da masu hawan igiyar ruwa. Ƙarin arewacin raƙuman ruwa suna raguwa ta hanyar shingen shinge.
Dam mafi girma a Queensland shine Dam din Burdekin, sannan Lake Awoonga ya biyo baya. Babu manyan tabkuna na halitta a cikin jihar. Akwai wasu tabkuna na halitta da aka kirkira ta hanyar craters na dutsen wuta da lagoons na bakin teku galibi a Kudu maso Gabashin Queensland. Tafkunan da ke cikin yankuna masu bushewa da tsaka-tsaki na Queensland suna fuskantar ƙarancin ruwan sama, sauye-sauye masu yawa tare da ƙimar evaporation sosai.[5]
Queensland ta ƙunshi daruruwan koguna da ƙananan koguna da yawa. Rashin ruwa daga waɗannan koguna, musamman a arewacin arewacin jihar, yana da kashi 45% na ruwan da ke cikin ƙasar. Manyan koguna na bakin teku sun hada da Kogin Mitchell, Kogin Fitzroy, Kogin Mary da Kogin Brisbane tare da Kogin Flinders shine mafi tsawo a 840 kilometres (520 mi) . A cikin ƙasa akwai kogin arewacin Kogin Murry ciki har da Kogin Maranoa, Kogin Warrego da Kogin Condamine . Koguna na Lake Eyre Basin sun hada da Cooper Creek tare da manyan koguna biyu na Thomson River da Barcoo River da Georgina River. Kogin Wenlock ya ƙunshi mafi yawan kifin ruwa mai laushi na dukkan koguna na Australiya.
Barron Falls a arewacin jihar yana daya daga cikin mafi ban mamaki. A lokacin ruwan sama mai yawa wuri mai faɗi ya canza zuwa rafi mai gudana. Hakazalika Purlingbrook Falls a cikin Gold Coast Hinterland ya fi ban sha'awa bayan ruwan sama mai ƙarfi. Wallaman Falls yammacin Ingham a Arewacin Queensland shine mafi girman ruwan da ya sauka a Australia.[6] Sauran sanannun magudanan ruwa sun hada da Milla Milla Falls, Purlingbrook Falls da Coomera Falls .
Wasu daga cikin garuruwan Queensland suna kan ƙasa mai faɗi a bakin koguna. A lokacin ambaliyar ruwa mai tsanani, kamar ambaliyar Queensland ta 2010, ambaliyar garuruwa da yawa ta cika yayin da ambaliyar ta tashi. Levees sun sauƙaƙa wasu ƙananan ambaliyar ruwa amma bayan dogon lokaci na ruwan sama mai yawa ba za a iya riƙe yawan ruwan ambaliyar ba. Rashin jituwa daga ambaliyar ruwa ya zama karɓa a cikin garuruwan cikin gida kamar Charleville kuma zuwa ƙarami a cikin garuruwansu na bakin teku kamar Gympie.
Duwatsu da tsaunuka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Gabashin Queensland ya mamaye Babban Yankin Rarraba ya bambanta da ƙananan yankuna na yamma. Gabashin Babban Yankin Rarraba wani yanki ne na bakin teku, wanda aka sani da yankin arewa maso gabashin Australia wanda ya ƙunshi mafi yawan jama'ar jihar. Yana tare da wannan yanki ne mafi mahimmancin kayan aikin gona na jihar, sukari, ana shuka shi a cikin ƙasa mai kyau da yanayin zafi.
Sauran yankuna masu tsawo sun haɗa da sassan gabashin Barkly Tableland, Atherton Tablelands, Tsakiyar Highlands da ke dauke da Carnarvon Gorge da Granite Belt, yankin samar da ruwan inabi na Queensland. Duwatsun Bunya wani bangare ne mai ban sha'awa na Babban Rarraba musamman kuma suna samar da muhimmiyar wurin zama a yankin da ya sha wahala daga wuce gona da iri. Kusa da bakin tekun shine Dutsen Glasshouse, jerin matattarar dutsen mai fitattun wuta wanda mai binciken Kyaftin James Cook ya ba da suna. Wani abin mamaki na halitta shine jerin tsaunuka a Kudu maso Gabashin Queensland da aka sani da Scenic Rim .
Duwatsu mafi girma a cikin jihar sune Dutsen Bartle Frere a 1,622 metres (5,322 ft) , Dutsen Bellenden Ker a 1,593 metres (5,226 ft) , Dutsen Superbus a 1,375 metres (4,511 ft) , a Dutsen Barney 1,359 metres (4,459 ft) da Thornton Peak wanda ya kai 1,374 metres (4,508 ft) sama da matakin teku.
Yanayi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Saboda girmansa, akwai bambancin yanayi a duk fadin jihar. Akwai isasshen ruwan sama a bakin tekun, tare da lokacin damina a arewacin wurare masu zafi, da kuma yanayin zafi a kudancin bakin tekun. Rashin ruwan sama da lokacin zafi mai zafi suna da kyau ga cikin gida da yamma. Yankunan da ke cikin kudu maso gabashin ƙasa na iya fuskantar yanayin zafi a ƙasa da daskarewa a tsakiyar hunturu yana ba da sanyi kuma, da wuya, dusar ƙanƙara. Yanayin yankunan bakin teku yana rinjayar ruwan teku mai dumi, yana kiyaye yankin daga matsanancin zafin jiki da samar da danshi don ruwan sama.[7]
Akwai manyan yankuna shida na yanayi a Queensland, [8] bisa ga zafin jiki da danshi:
- Lokacin zafi mai zafi, hunturu mai zafi mai zafi (daga arewa da bakin teku): Cairns, InnisfailRashin daidaituwa
- Lokacin zafi mai zafi, hunturu mai zafi (arewa da bakin teku): Townsville, Mackay
- Lokacin zafi mai zafi, hunturu mai sanyi (yanki masu tsawo na bakin teku da kudu maso gabas): Brisbane, Bundaberg, Rockhampton
- Lokacin rani mai zafi, hunturu mai sanyi (tsakiyar ciki da arewa maso yamma): Mt Isa, Emerald, LongreachTsawon Lokaci
- Lokacin rani mai zafi, sanyi mai sanyi mai sanyi (kudancin cikin ƙasa): Roma, Charleville, Goondiwindi
- Lokacin zafi mai zafi, sanyi mai sanyi (yanki masu tsawo na kudu maso gabas): Toowoomba, Warwick, Stanthorpe
An nuna ƙididdigar yanayi na shekara-shekara [9] don zaɓaɓɓun biranen Queensland a ƙasa:
| Birni | Min. | Max. wucin gadi | A'a. Kwanaki masu haske | Ruwan sama |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brisbane | 15.7 °C (60.3 °F) | 25.5 °C (77.9 °F) | 113.1 | 1,149.1 millimetres (45.24 in) |
| Mackay | 19.0 °C (66.2 °F) | 26.4 °C (79.5 °F) | 123.0 | 1,570.7 millimetres (61.84 in) |
| Cairns | 21.0 °C (69.8 °F) | 29.2 °C (84.6 °F) | 89.7 | 1,982.2 millimetres (78.04 in) |
| Birnin | 19.8 °C (67.6 °F) | 28.9 °C (84.0 °F) | 120.9 | 1,136.7 millimetres (44.75 in) |
Yankin bakin teku da ke arewacin jihar shine yankin da ya fi ruwan sama a Ostiraliya, tare da Dutsen Bellenden Ker, kudu da Cairns, yana riƙe da yawancin rikodin ruwan sama na Australiya tare da matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara sama da mita 8.[10] Snow yana da wuya a Queensland, kodayake yana faɗuwa tare da wasu lokuta a kan iyakar kudancin New South Wales, galibi a cikin gundumar Stanthorpe kodayake a lokuta masu wuya a arewa da yamma. Mafi yawan dusar ƙanƙara da aka taɓa yin rikodin a Ostiraliya ya faru a kusa da Mackay; duk da haka, wannan ya kasance na musamman.[11]
Bala'o'i sau da yawa barazana ne a cikin Queensland: mummunar guguwa mai zafi na iya yin tasiri ga gaɓar tekun tsakiya da arewa tare da haifar da mummunar lalacewa, [tare da misalan kwanan nan ciki har da Larry, Yasi, Ita da Debbie. Ambaliyar ruwa daga tsarin ruwan sama na iya zama mai tsanani kuma yana iya faruwa a ko'ina cikin Queensland. Ambaliyar ruwa mafi muni da barna a tarihin jihar ta afku ne a farkon shekarar 2011. Tsawa mai tsanani da ake fama da ita a lokacin bazara gaba daya tana shafar yankin kudu maso gabas da cikin jihar kuma tana iya haifar da iska mai lahani, da mamakon ruwan sama, da ƙanƙara har ma da guguwa[3]. Guguwa mafi ƙarfi da aka taɓa yin rikodin a Ostiraliya ta faru a Queensland kusa da Bundaberg.[4] Hakanan fari da gobarar daji na iya faruwa; duk da haka, na baya-bayan nan gabaɗaya ba su da ƙarfi fiye da waɗanda ke faruwa a jihohin kudanci.
The highest official maximum temperature recorded in the state was 49.5 °C (121.1 °F) at Birdsville Police Station on 24 December 1972,[12] although the Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA's Aqua satellite measured a ground surface temperature of 69.3 °C (156.7 °F). Queensland has the highest average maximums of any Australian state, and Stanthorpe, Hervey Bay, Mackay, Atherton, Weipa and Thursday Island are the only large population centres not to have recorded a temperature above 40 °C (104 °F). The lowest recorded minimum temperature is −10.6 °C (12.9 °F) at Stanthorpe on 23 June 1961 and at The Hermitage (near Warwick) on 12 July 1965.[13] Temperatures below 0 °C (32 °F) are, however, generally uncommon over the majority of populated Queensland.
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Birane da garuruwa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Babban birnin Queensland, Brisbane yana cikin yankin da ya fi yawan jama'a a Kudu maso Gabashin Queensland. Har ila yau, a nan akwai Gold Coast, Ipswich, Logan, Redcliffe City da Toowoomba birni na biyu mafi girma a cikin gida a Ostiraliya yana da nisan kilomita 120 a yammacin Brisbane a kan Darling Downs da Warwick.
Townsville ita ce Birnin mafi girma a arewacin jihar. Sauran biranen da ke arewacin jihar sun hada da Dutsen Isa wani gari mai hakar ma'adinai, Charters Towers, Mackay, babbar mai fitar da sukari a kasar kuma daya daga cikin manyan masu fitar da kwal a kasar da Cairns. A cikin yankuna na tsakiya na jihar akwai biranen Rockhampton, Bundaberg, Gladstone tare da mahimman wuraren fitar da kwal na tattalin arziki, Maryborough da Hervey Bay. Tashoshin jiragen ruwa mafi girma a Queensland sune Port of Gladstone, sannan Port of Brisbane sannan Port of Townsville.
Wasu garuruwa da ƙauyuka na Queensland an san su da al'ummomin asali. Palm Island da Cherbourg sune sanannun misalai guda biyu.
Sufuri
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Cibiyoyin sadarwa na dogo sun kai gabar gabas daga Gold Coast zuwa Kuranda. Manyan layin reshe sun kai cikin ƙasa zuwa Longreach da Charleville da Dutsen Isa. Hanyar Pacific Highway ta haɗa Brisbane da Sydney tare da bakin teku yayin da New England ta haɗa biranen cikin gida. Hanyar Newell ta haɗa Goondiwindi zuwa jihohin kudanci ta tsakiyar New South Wales. Hanyar Bruce, wacce ke tafiya a bakin tekun daga Brisbane zuwa Townsville, tana da sassan kusa da Gympie waɗanda aka bayyana a cikin rahoton 2006 a matsayin wasu daga cikin mafi munin babbar Hanyar ƙasa a Ostiraliya.
Yankunan da aka kare
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Queensland ta ƙunshi yankuna masu mahimmanci na gandun daji da sauran wurare na bambancin halittu. Wuraren Tarihi na Duniya sun haɗa da Babban Barrier Reef, Wet Tropics na Queensland da Gondwana Rainforests na Ostiraliya. Queensland tana da wuraren shakatawa na kasa 226. Mafi girma shine Simpson Desert National Park a tsakiyar tsakiyar yammacin jihar. Wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa da aka fi ziyarta a Kudu maso Gabashin Queensland sune Tamborine National Park, Lamington National Park da Noosa National Park. Waɗannan wuraren shakatawa suna kusa da cibiyoyin manyan jama'a kuma sune mafi dacewa a cikin jihar. Lamington da sauran wuraren shakatawa da ke kewayen Rim mai ban sha'awa irin su Babban Range National Park, an haɗa su a cikin Gadon Duniya na Gondwana Rainforests na Ostiraliya.
alamar tsaunuka masu tsayi suna ƙazantar da ƙoƙoramomi masu tudu da farkon tuddai bayyanar ke kan iyakar tsakiyar fili. yawan koguna, ciki har da Nan, Ping, Wang, da Yom, sun rayuwa a cikin wurare na yankin arewa da tsakiyar tsakiyar. Kogin Ping da Kogin Nan sun Uba don samar da kogin Chao Phraya. Yankin arewa maso gabas yana gudãnar ne ta koguna da ke kasuwanci cikin kwarin Mekong, kamar Kok da Ing. Ruwan ruwa na Thi Lo Su da ke lardin Tak ana da'awar shi ne ruwa mafi tsayi da tsayi a Thailand.[14]
- 1 2 3 "Australia in Brief". Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Archived from the original on 11 September 2014. Retrieved 5 October 2014. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "dfa" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ "Border Lengths – States and Territories". Geoscience Australia. Commonwealth of Australia. Archived from the original on 24 December 2020. Retrieved 5 October 2014.
- ↑ "New South Wales-Queensland border rivers". National Water Commission. Commonwealth of Australia. 22 June 2009. Archived from the original on February 27, 2011. Retrieved 23 December 2009.
- ↑ "About North Stradbroke Island". Centre for Marine Studies. University of Queensland. Archived from the original on 2 November 2013. Retrieved 18 August 2010.
- ↑ Sue Gardner (April 2010). "Arid and Semi-arid Lakes" (PDF). Queensland Wetlands Program. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 6, 2011. Retrieved 12 July 2011.
- ↑ "Places and Drives – The Southern Tropics – Wallaman Falls". Wet Tropics Management Authority. Archived from the original on September 13, 2009. Retrieved 23 December 2009.
- ↑ National Climate Centre. "Australian Government, Bureau of Meteorology – Climate of Queensland". Bureau of Meteorology. Archived from the original on 17 March 2009. Retrieved 4 August 2010.
- ↑ "Australian Government, Bureau of Meteorology – Australian climatic zones". Bom.gov.au. Archived from the original on 12 December 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2010.
- ↑ "Australian Government, Bureau of Meteorology – Climate statistics for Australian locations". Bureau of Meteorology. 19 July 2010. Archived from the original on 24 February 2011. Retrieved 4 August 2010.
- ↑ "Rainfall and Temperature Records". Climate Extremes. Bureau of Meteorology. 28 February 2013. Archived from the original on 13 March 2014. Retrieved 26 March 2014.
- ↑ "Queensland Snow Events". Weather Armidale. Archived from the original on 10 December 2013. Retrieved 16 May 2014.
- ↑ "Rainfall and Temperature Records". Bureau of Meteorology (Australian Government). Archived from the original on 4 June 2013. Retrieved 13 June 2013.
- ↑ "Rainfall and Temperature Records: National" (PDF). Bureau of Meteorology. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 November 2010. Retrieved 14 November 2009.
- ↑ "Marine parks". Department of Environment and Resource Management. The State of Queensland. 22 February 2007. Archived from the original on January 16, 2010. Retrieved 23 December 2009.