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Yanayin ƙasar Romania

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Tare da fadin murabba'in kilomita 238,397 (92,046 sq mi), Romania ita ce ƙasa ta goma sha biyu mafi girma a Turai. Kasa ce dake kan mahadar Gabas da Kudu maso Gabashin Turai. Tana iyaka da Bahar Maliya, ƙasar tana da nisa tsakanin equator da Pole ta Arewa kuma tana da nisa daga yammacin yammacin Turai - Tekun Atlantika - kuma mafi gabas - tsaunin Ural. Romania tana da kilomita 3,195 (1,985 mi) na iyaka. Moldova da Ukraine suna kwance a gabas, Bulgaria a kudu, da Serbiya da Hungary zuwa yamma ta yankin Pannonian Plain. A kudu maso gabas, nisan kilomita 245 (152 mi) na bakin tekun teku yana ba da muhimmiyar hanyar shiga Tekun Bahar Rum da Tekun Atlantika.

Tarihi

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A al'adance Romania ta kasu kashi da yawa na tarihi waɗanda ba sa yin wani aikin gudanarwa:

Taswirar jiki da gudanarwa na Romania, tare da yankuna na tarihi a cikin launin toka (Țara Românească na nufin Wallachia).

Dobruja ita ce yankin da ya fi gabashin, wanda ya kai daga arewacin Danube zuwa gabar Tekun Baƙi.

Moldavia ta shimfiɗa daga Gabashin Carpathians zuwa Kogin Prut a kan iyakar Moldova da Ukraine.

Wallachia ya kai kudu daga Transylvanian Alps zuwa iyakar Bulgaria kuma Kogin Olt ya raba shi zuwa Oltenia a yamma da Muntenia a gabas. Kogin Danube ya zama iyaka tsakanin Muntenia da Dobruja.

Yankin yammacin tsakiya, wanda aka sani da Transylvania, an iyakance shi da kusurwar Carpathians, wanda ya raba shi daga Yankin Maramureș a arewa maso yamma; da yankin Crișana, wanda ke kan iyaka da Hungary a yamma; da kuma yankin Banat na kudu maso yamma, wanda ke kusa da Hungary da Serbians" id="mwNg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Serbia">Serbia. Wadannan yankuna ne a yammacin Carpathians wadanda ke dauke da mafi yawan kabilun kabilanci - 'Yan Hungary, Jamusawa, da Serbs.

Iyakokin waje na Romania sune sakamakon abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan. A lokacin barkewar yakin duniya na daya, yankin kasar ya hada da lardunan Walchia, Moldavia, da Dobruja kawai. Wannan yanki da aka fi sani da Regat ko Tsohuwar Mulki, ya samo asali ne tare da wargajewar daular Usmaniyya a tsakiyar karni na sha tara. A karshen yakin duniya na daya, Romania ta sami Transylvania da Banat. An rasa wasu daga cikin wannan yanki a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, amma tattaunawar ta mayar da shi zuwa Romania. Ko da yake wannan saye ya haɗa kusan kashi 85 cikin ɗari na al'ummar Romaniya na Gabashin Turai zuwa cikin ƙasa ɗaya, ya bar ƙabilar Hungarian da yawa a ƙarƙashin mulkin Romania. Takaddama tsakanin Hungary da Romania game da wannan yanki za su taso akai-akai, kamar yadda dukansu suka ɗauki yankin wani yanki na gadon ƙasarsu. An kuma yi tambayoyi akai-akai game da ingancin tarihi na iyakar Soviet da Romania. Bukovina da Bessarabia, tsoffin lardunan Romania inda yawancin kaso na jama'a ke magana da Romania, sun kasance ɓangare na Tarayyar Soviet tun daga ƙarshen yakin duniya na biyu zuwa wargajewarta, daga baya kuma wani ɓangare na (tsohuwar Soviet) jihohin Ukraine da Moldova. Duk da rikice-rikice masu gudana da yuwuwar, duk da haka, tun 1989 Romania ba ta da iƙirarin yanki da za ta yi.

Yankunan gudanarwa na yanzu na Romania sun hada da kananan hukumomi 41 da birni daya - Bucharest - tare da matsayi na musamman, duba Yankunan Gudanarwa na Romania.

Yanayin yanayi na Romania [1]
Taswirar jiki ta Romania da ke nuna Dutsen CarpathianDuwatsun Carpathian
Geology na Romania da makwabta
Duwatsun Făgăraș sune mafi tsawo a Romania

Yanayin yanayi na Romania kusan an raba shi daidai tsakanin duwatsu (kashi 23), filayen (kashi 39), da tuddai (kashi 35). Wadannan nau'ikan taimako daban-daban sun bazu daidai daga tsaunukan Carpathian, waɗanda suka kai sama da mita 2,500, zuwa Danube Delta, wanda ke da 'yan mita sama da matakin teku.[2]

Yankin Carpathians ya kai sama da kilomita 1,000 ta tsakiyar kasar, yana rufe yanki na murabba'in kilomita 71,000. Wadannan duwatsu suna da ƙananan zuwa matsakaici kuma ba su da faɗi fiye da kilomita 100. An raba su sosai ta hanyar kwari masu tsayi da kuma ƙetare su da manyan koguna da yawa. Wadannan fasalulluka da gaskiyar cewa akwai hanyoyi da yawa na taron - wasu a tsawo har zuwa mita 2,256 - sun sanya Carpathians ƙasa da shingen motsi fiye da sauran kewayon Turai. Wani fasalin bambanci shine dandamali da yawa da suka lalace wanda ke samar da tsaunuka a tsawo mai tsawo. Akwai mazauna dindindin a nan sama da mita 1,200.

An bambanta Carpathians na Romania zuwa jeri uku: Gabas Carpathians, Kudancin Carpathians ko Transylvanian Alps, da Yammacin Romanian Carpathians. Kowane ɗayan waɗannan jeri yana da mahimman fasalulluka masu rarrabewa. Gabashin Carpathians sun ƙunshi ginshiƙai guda uku masu kama da juna waɗanda ke gudana daga arewa maso yamma zuwa kudu maso gabas. Dutsen da ke yammacin yamma wani yanki ne na tsattsauran ra'ayi wanda ke da manyan mazugi da ramuka da yawa. Yankin yana da manyan bakin ciki da yawa, a cikin mafi girma wanda birnin Brașov yake. Ana samun mahimman wuraren hakar ma'adinai da cibiyoyin masana'antu da kuma wuraren noma a cikin waɗannan baƙin ciki. Mutanen Carpathians na Gabas suna rufe da dazuzzuka - kusan kashi 32 cikin dari na gandun daji na ƙasar suna can. Har ila yau, sun ƙunshi ma'adanai masu mahimmanci, ciki har da zinariya da azurfa, kuma maɓuɓɓugar ruwan ma'adinan su suna ciyar da wuraren shakatawa masu yawa.

Sphinx na Romania wanda ke kan tsaunin Dutsen Bucegi a 2,216 m. tsawo, ya auna mita 8 a tsawo da mita 12 a faɗin

Kudancin Carpathians suna ba da mafi girman tsaunuka a Moldoveanu Peak (2,544 m) da Negoiu (2,535 m) da kuma fiye da tabkuna 150 na glacial. Suna da manyan wuraren ciyawa da wasu gandun daji amma ƙananan manyan ramuka da albarkatun ƙasa. A tsaunuka masu tsawo, iska da ruwan sama sun juya duwatsu zuwa adadi mai ban mamaki kamar Sphinx da Babele.

Yankin ya ratsa ta hanyar tsohuwar hanyar sadarwa ta hanyoyin Carpathian, kuma har yanzu ana iya ganin alamun tsohuwar hanyar Roman. Hanyoyi da yawa da kwarin kogin Olt, Jiu, da Danube suna ba da hanyoyi don hanyoyi da jiragen kasa ta hanyar duwatsu.

Yammacin Romania Carpathians sune mafi ƙasƙanci daga cikin kewayon uku kuma an ragargaje su ta hanyar zurfin lalacewar tsari. Sun yi aiki a tarihi a matsayin "ƙofofi," wanda ke ba da damar sauƙin wucewa amma ana iya kare su cikin sauƙi. Mafi shahara daga cikin waɗannan shine Ƙofar Ƙarfe a kan Danube . Yammacin Romania Carpathians sune mafi yawan jama'a, kuma a arewacin wannan kewayon, Dutsen Apuseni, ana iya samun mazauna dindindin a mafi girman tsawo.

An kewaye shi a cikin babban baka na Carpathians akwai filayen da ba su da ƙarfi da ƙananan tuddai na Plateau na Transylvanian - mafi girma a tebur a cikin ƙasa da tsakiyar Romania.  Wannan muhimmin yanki na noma kuma ya ƙunshi tarin iskar gas methane da gishiri.  A kudu da gabas na Carpathians, Sub-Carpathians suna samar da wani yanki na jujjuyawa daga 396 zuwa mita 1,006 a tsayi.  Wannan filin yana daidaitawa a yamma da ƙananan ƙananan tsaunin Western.  Misalin taimako na Romania yana ci gaba tare da Getic Tableland zuwa kudu na Sub-Carpathians, Moldavian Tableland a gabas tsakanin Sub-Carpathians da Prut River, da Dobrujan Tableland a kudu maso gabas tsakanin Danube da Bahar Black Sea.  Kungiyar Carpathians da Coblanda Tebpathians suna ba da yanayi mai kyau ga subin ɗan adam kuma wasu yankuna ne masu mahimmanci don fruitan 'ya'yan itace girma, vitictulture, da sauran ayyukan noma.  Har ila yau, sun ƙunshi manyan ma'auni na gawayi mai launin ruwan kasa da iskar gas.

Bayan tuddai da tsaunuka na Carpathian, filayen sun bazu kudu da yamma. A cikin sassan kudancin ƙasar, ƙananan Kogin Danube ya raba shi da Kogin Olt; gabashin kogin yana da Filayen Wallachia (ciki har da mahimmancin Ƙofar Focșani), kuma zuwa yamma shine Oltenian ko Yammacin Filayen. Ƙasar a nan tana da wadataccen ƙasa kuma tana samar da yankin noma mafi muhimmanci a Romania. Ana amfani da ban ruwa a ko'ina, kuma an yi amfani da wuraren da ke cikin ambaliyar Danube kuma an zubar da su don samar da ƙarin ƙasar da za a iya nomawa.

Ƙasar da ta fi ƙasƙanci a Romania tana kan iyakar arewacin yankin Dobruja a cikin Danube Delta. Delta yanki ne mai laushi mai laushi, tsibirai masu iyo, da sandbanks, inda Danube ya ƙare tafiyarsa ta kusan kilomita 3,000 kuma ya kasu kashi uku kafin ya shiga cikin Black Sea. Kogin Danube yana ba da babban ɓangare na samar da kifi na ƙasar, kuma ana amfani da igiyoyinsa don ƙera cellulose. Yankin kuma yana aiki ne a matsayin adana yanayi ga nau'ikan shuke-shuke da dabbobi masu ban sha'awa ciki har da tsuntsaye masu ƙaura.

Rubuce-rubucen ruwa

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Cheile Turzii da Kogin Hășdate a cikin Transylvania .

Koguna

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Bayan ya shiga kasar a kudu maso yamma a Bazias, Danube ya yi tafiya kimanin kilomita 1,075 (kusan 40% na tsawonsa) ta hanyar ko tare da yankin Romania, ya kafa iyakar kudancin tare da Serbia da Bulgaria. Kusan dukkan koguna na kasar suna da alaƙa da Danube, ko dai kai tsaye ko a kaikaice, kuma a lokacin da hanyar Danube ta ƙare a cikin Tekun Baƙi, suna da kusan kashi 40 cikin dari na jimlar fitarwa. Mafi mahimmancin waɗannan koguna sune Kogin Mureș, Kogin Olt, Prut, Kogin Siret, Kogin Ialomița, Kogin Someș, da Kogin Argeș. Kogin Olt mai nisan kilomita 615 (382 shine kogin da ya fi tsayi wanda ke cikin iyakokin ƙasar Romania.

Kogunan Romania da farko suna gudana gabas, yamma, da kudu daga tsakiya na Carpathians. Ana ciyar da su ta hanyar ruwan sama da narkewar dusar ƙanƙara, wanda ke haifar da canji mai yawa a cikin fitarwa kuma a wasu lokuta ambaliyar ruwa. A gabas, Siret da Prut suna tattara ruwan kogi. A kudu, koguna suna gudana kai tsaye zuwa Danube, kuma a yamma, Tisza ne ke tattara ruwa a yankin Hungary.

Kogin Danube shine mafi mahimmancin kogin Romania, ba kawai don sufuri ba, har ma don samar da wutar lantarki. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan tashoshin wutar lantarki na Turai yana cikin Iron Gates, inda Danube ke tashi ta hanyar gorges na Carpathian. Danube muhimmiyar hanyar ruwa ce don jigilar kaya, da kuma cinikayya ta duniya. Yana iya tafiya ga jiragen ruwa na kogi a duk hanyarsa ta Romania da kuma jiragen ruwa har zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa ta Brăila. Matsalar da ke tattare da amfani da Danube don sufuri na cikin gida shine nisanta daga mafi yawan manyan cibiyoyin masana'antu. Bugu da ƙari, bankunan marshy da ambaliyar ruwa na kullum suna hana kewayawa a wasu yankuna.

Tafkuna

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There are over 3,500 lakes in Romania. Lake Razelm is the largest, with an area of 511 square kilometres (197.30 sq mi).

Taswirar Romania na rarraba yanayi na Köppen, bisa ga Clima României daga Administrația Națională de Meteorologie, Bucharest 2008

Saboda matsayinta a yankin kudu maso gabashin 8 °C (46.4 °F) Turai, Romania tana da yanayin da ke gabaɗaya na nahiyar. Yanayin yanayi ya ɗan canza ta hanyar sauye-sauye daban-daban na ƙasar. Carpathians suna aiki ne a matsayin shingen ga iska ta Atlantic, suna ƙuntata tasirin teku zuwa yamma da tsakiyar ƙasar, inda suke yin hunturu mai sauƙi da 29 °C (84.2 °F)ruwan sama mai nauyi. Duwatsun kuma suna toshe tasirin nahiyar na babban fili a arewacin Ukraine, wanda ke kawo hunturu mai sanyi da karancin ruwan sama a kudu da kudu maso gabas. matsanancin kudu maso gabas, tasirin Bahar Rum yana ba da sauƙin yanayi, na teku. Matsakaicin zafin shekara-shekara shine 11 °C (51.8 °F) ° C (51.8 ° F) a kudu da 8 ° C (46.4 ° F) A arewa. A Bucharest, zafin jiki ya kasance daga -29 ° C (−20.2 ° F) a watan Janairu zuwa 29 ° C (84.2 ° F), tare da matsakaicin yanayin zafi na -3 ° C (26.6 ° F) A watan Janairu da 23 °C (73.4 °F) ° C (73.4 ° F) Ruwan sama, kodayake ya isa a duk faɗin ƙasar, yana raguwa daga yamma zuwa gabas kuma daga duwatsu zuwa filayen. Wasu yankunan tsaunuka suna karɓar fiye da 1,010 millimetres (39.8 in) in) na ruwan sama a kowace shekara. Ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yana da kimanin 635 millimetres (25 in) mm () a tsakiyar Transylvania, 521 millimetres (20.5 in) in) a Iași a Moldavia, kuma kawai 381 millimetres (15 in) mm (15 in) a Constanța a kan Tekun Baƙi.

Yanayi; sanyi, hunturu mai hazo tare da dusar ƙanƙara da hazo; lokacin rani mai hasken rana tare da ruwan sama da tsawa. Lokacin hunturu yawanci daga Nuwamba zuwa Maris ne. maɓuɓɓugar ruwa gajere ne, wani lokaci yakan juya dama zuwa lokacin rani. Lokacin bazara yana faruwa daga Mayu zuwa Agusta. Suna da dogon kaka, daga Satumba zuwa Nuwamba. Matsakaicin zafin Janairu shine 34 °F (1.1 °C) ° F (1.1 ° C) kuma matsakaicin zabin Yuli shine 69 °F (20.6 °C) ° F (20.6 ° C). Gaskiya: Rubuce-rubuce Babban Zafin jiki: 44.5 °C (112.1 °F) - Agusta 10, 1951 Kudu maso Gabashin Romania; Rubuce Rubuce Mahimmanci: -38.5  : Janairu 24, 1942 (Tsakiyar Romania)

Wurin da yake

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Kudu maso gabashin Turai, iyaka da Tekun Baƙi da Danube, tare da tsaunukan Carpathian a tsakiya. Kula da hanyar ƙasa mafi sauƙin wucewa tsakanin Balkans, Moldova da Ukraine

Yanayin ƙasa: 46°00′N 25°00′E / 46.000°N 25.000°E / 46.000.46°00′N 25°00′E / 46.000°N 25.000°E / 46.000; 25.000

Abubuwan da suka fi dacewa a Romania:

Yankin

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Jimillar: kilomita 239,391 (92,429 sq

  • Ƙasar:: kilomita 231,231 (89,279 sq
  • Ruwa: kilomita 7,160 (2,760 sq

Yankunan ƙasa

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  • Jimillar: 3,149.9 kilometres (1,957.3 mi) ƙasashen iyaka: Bulgaria 631 km (392 mi), Hungary 448 km (278 mi), Moldova 681 km (423 mi), Serbia 546 km (339 mi), da Ukraine zuwa arewa da gabas don 649 km (403 mi).
    • Kasashen iyaka: Bulgaria 631 kilometres (392 mi) , Hungary 448 kilometres (278 mi) , Moldova 681 kilometres (423 mi) , Serbia 546 kilometres (339 mi) , da Ukraine zuwa arewa da gabas don 649 kilometres (403 mi) .

Yankin bakin teku

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  • Length: 245 kilometres (152 mi)
  • Maritime claims: Snake Island
  • contiguous zone: 24 nautical miles (44.4 km; 27.6 mi)
  • continental shelf: 200 m depth or to the depth of exploitation
  • exclusive economic zone: 23,627 square kilometres (9,122 sq mi) with 200 nautical miles (370.4 km; 230.2 mi)
  • territorial sea: 12 nautical miles (22.2 km; 13.8 mi)
Turda gishiri mine

Tsakiyar Transylvanian Basin ta raba daga Filayen Moldavia a gabas ta Dutsen Carpathian kuma ta raba daga Wallachian Plain a kudu ta Transylvinian Alps.

  • mafi ƙasƙanci: Tekun Baƙi 0 m
  • mafi girman matsayi: Moldoveanu Peak 2,544 m, Negoiu Peak 2,535 m
  • man fetur (tsayawa zuwa raguwa), katako, iskar gas, kwal, ƙarfe, gishiri, ƙasa mai noma, wutar lantarki
  • ƙasar noma: 41%
  • amfanin gona na dindindin: 3%
  • makiyaya na dindindin: 21%
  • gandun daji da gandun daji: 29%
  • wani: 6% (1993 ya kasance)

Yankin da ake ban ruwa:

  • 31,02 km2 (1993 gabas)  
  • Batutuwan yanzu: rushewar ƙasa da lalacewa; gurɓataccen ruwa; gurɓatar iska a kudu daga magudanar masana'antu; gurɓatawa na wuraren ruwa na Danube Delta
  • Muhalli: yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa: jam'iyya ga: Rashin Ruwan iska, Yarjejeniyar Antarctic, Biodiversity, Canjin Yanayi, Yaduwa, Dabbobi masu haɗari, Canjin Muhalli, Rashin haɗari, Dokar Tekun, haramtacciyar Gwajin Nukiliya, Kare Yankin Ozone, Rashin Jirgin, Yankin da aka sanya hannu, amma ba a tabbatar da shi ba: Rashin Rashin Ruwar Ruwa-Rashin Ruwan Yanayi, Yarjejeniya na Antarctic-Mongo, Yarjejeniyoyin Yanayi-Kyoto
    • jam'iyya zuwa: Rashin Ruwan iska, Yarjejeniyar Antarctic, Biodiversity, Canjin Yanayi, Yankin hamada, Dabbobi masu haɗari, Canjin Muhalli, Rashin haɗari, Dokar Tekun, haramta gwajin nukiliya, Kare Yankin Ozone, Rashin Jirgin, Rashin Ruwa
    • sanya hannu, amma ba a tabbatar da shi ba: Rashin gurɓata iska-Rashin gurɓatawa na kwayoyin halitta, Yarjejeniyar Antarctic-Environmental, Yarjejeniya ta Canjin Yanayi-KyotoYarjejeniyar Kyoto
  1. ↑ Florin Achim, (in Romanian) Geografia Fizică a României, Editura Transversal, Bucharest, 2015
  2. ↑ Florin Achim, (in Romanian) Geografia Fizică a României, Editura Transversal, Bucharest, 2015
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