Yanayin ƙasar Spain

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Yanayin ƙasar Spain
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Taswirar ƙasa ta Spain

Taswirar Spain (Instituto Geográfico Nacional, 2000)

Taswirar Spain da Portugal, An gyara da Ƙara daga Taswirar da D. Tomas Lopez ya buga, 1810.

Spain ƙasa ce da ke kudu maso yammacin Turai da ke da mafi yawan (kimanin kashi 82) na Yankin Iberian . Har ila yau, ya haɗa da ƙaramin yanki a cikin Faransa da ake kira Llívia, da kuma Tsibirin Balearic a cikin Bahar Rum, Tsibirin Canary a cikin Tekun Atlantika 108 kilometres (67 mi) daga arewa maso yammacin Afirka, da wurare biyar na ikon mallaka (plazas de soberanía) a kan da kuma bakin tekun Arewacin Afirka: Ceuta, Melilla, Islas Chafarinas, Peñón de Alhucemas, da Peñón De Vélez de la Gomera.

Yankin Mutanen Espanya yana da iyaka a kudu da gabas kusan gaba ɗaya ta Bahar Rum (sai dai ga ƙaramin yankin Burtaniya na Gibraltar); zuwa arewa ta Faransa, Andorra, da Bay of Biscay; kuma zuwa yamma ta Tekun Atlantika da Portugal. Tare da yanki na kilomita 504,782 (194,897 sq a cikin tsibirin Iberian, Spain ita ce ƙasa mafi girma a Kudancin Turai, ƙasa ta biyu mafi girma a Yammacin Turai (bayan Faransa), kuma ƙasa ta huɗu mafi girma a nahiyar Turai (bayan Rasha, Ukraine, da Faransa). Yana da matsakaicin tsawo na 650 m. 

Its total area including Spanish island territories is 505,370 square kilometres (195,124 sq mi) of which 499,542 square kilometres (192,874 sq mi) is land and 5,240 square kilometres (2,023 sq mi) is water. It has the 30th largest Exclusive Economic Zone of 1,039,233 square kilometres (401,250 sq mi). Spain lies between latitudes 27° and 44° N, and longitudes 19° W and 5° E. Its Atlantic coast is 710 kilometres (441 mi) long. The Pyrenees mountain range extends 435 kilometres (270 mi) from the Mediterranean to the Bay of Biscay. In the extreme south of Spain's mainland lie the Straits of Gibraltar, which separate the Iberian peninsula and the rest of Europe from Ceuta and Morocco in North Africa.

Yankuna

Yawancin iyakokin Spain ruwa ne: Bahar Rum tare da gabas daga kan iyakar Faransa zuwa Gibraltar da mashigin Gibraltar, da Tekun Atlantika a arewa maso yamma da kudu maso yamma (a kudu kamar Gulf of Cádiz da a arewa kamar Bay na Biscay). Biranen Ceuta da Melilla masu cin gashin kansu na Spain wasu yankuna ne na Sipaniya da ke kwance a babban yankin Afirka a cikin yankin da Maroko ke ikirarin cewa suna gabar tekun Alboran, tare da Ceuta a bakin mashigar Gibraltar, da Melilla kusa da kan iyaka da Aljeriya. Tsibirin Canary, yanki da yanki na nahiyar Afirka, suna cikin Tekun Atlantika.

7Spain also shares land boundaries with France and Andorra along the Pyrenees in the northeast, with Portugal on the west, with the small British colonial Territory of Gibraltar near the southernmost tip, and with Morocco in its autonomous cities of Ceuta and Melilla, and certain other small but uninhabited enclaves, mostly capes and small isles. The affiliation of Gibraltar has continued to be a contentious issue between Spain and Britain, and the sovereignty of Spain's enclaves, or plazas de soberanía, on the Mediterranean coast of Morocco is disputed by Madrid.

Har ila yau, Spain tana da karamin yankin a cikin Faransa da ake kira Llívia, wanda ƙauyen dutse ne a cikin tarihin La Cerdanya, wanda ya zama wani ɓangare na yankunan tarihi na Catalonia.

Yawancin yankin Spain sun hada da Meseta Central, wani tsaunin tsaunuka da tsaunuka suka shimfiɗa kuma suka rarraba ta hanyar tsaunuka. Sauran siffofin ƙasa sun haɗa da ƙananan filayen bakin teku da wasu kwarin kogi, mafi shahara daga cikinsu shine Andalusian Plain a kudu maso yamma. Ana iya raba ƙasar zuwa yankuna goma na halitta ko yankuna: mafi rinjaye Meseta Central, Dutsen Cantabrian (Cordillera Cantabrica) da yankin arewa maso yamma, yankin Ibérico, Pyrenees, yankin Penibético a kudu maso gabas, Filayen Andalusian, Ebro Basin, filayen bakin teku, Tsibirin Balearic, da Tsibirin Canary. Wadannan galibi ana rarraba su cikin nau'o'i huɗu: Meseta ta Tsakiya da tsaunuka masu alaƙa, wasu yankuna masu tsaunuka, yankuna masu ƙasƙanci, da tsibirai.

Inner Plateau da tsaunuka masu alaƙa

Meseta Central ("Inner Plateau") babban tudu ne a tsakiyar Spain, wanda ke da tsaunuka da ke tsakanin 610 zuwa 760 m. Tsakiyar Meseta tana da tsaunuka, tana gangara a hankali zuwa yamma da kuma jerin koguna waɗanda suka samar da wasu kan iyaka da Portugal. Sistema Central, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin "dorsal spine" na Meseta Central, ya raba Meseta zuwa yankuna na arewa da na kudu, tsohon ya fi girma a tsawo kuma karami a yanki fiye da na ƙarshe. Sistema Central yana gefen babban birnin Madrid tare da tsaunuka da suka tashi sama da 2,400 m a cikin yankin Madrid. Kudu maso yammacin Madrid, Sistema Central yana nuna mafi girman tsawo, Pico Almanzor, na kusan 2,600 m. Duwatsun Sistema Central, waɗanda ke ci gaba zuwa yamma zuwa Portugal, suna nuna wasu siffofi na kankara; mafi girman tsaunuka suna rufe da dusar ƙanƙara a mafi yawan shekara. Duk da tsayinsu, duk da haka, tsarin dutsen ba ya haifar da babbar shinge tsakanin arewa da kudancin Meseta ta Tsakiya saboda hanyoyi da yawa suna ba da izinin sufuri na hanya da jirgin ƙasa zuwa arewa maso yamma da arewa maso gabas.   

Yankin kudancin Meseta (Spanish: Submeseta Sur) ya kara raba shi da tsaunuka biyu, Montes de Toledo yana gudana zuwa gabas tare da Sierra de Guadalupe, zuwa yamma. Tushen su ba ya tashi sama da 1,500 m. Tare da sauƙin wucewa da yawa, gami da waɗanda ke haɗa Meseta da Filayen Andalusian, Montes de Toledo da Sierra de Guadalupe ba su gabatar da cikas ga sufuri da sadarwa ba. Duwatsun biyu sun rabu da Sistema Central ta Kogin Tagus .  

Picos de Europa a Arewacin Spain

Yankunan tsaunuka da ke kewaye da Meseta ta Tsakiya kuma suna da alaƙa da ita sune Sierra Morena, Cordillera Cantábrica, da Sistema Ibérico . Ya zama gefen kudancin Meseta ta Tsakiya, Sierra Morena ya haɗu a gabas tare da tsawo na kudancin Sistema Iberico kuma ya kai yamma tare da gefen arewacin kwarin Rio Guadalquivir don shiga duwatsu a kudancin Portugal. Dutsen Sierra Morena ya kai arewa zuwa Río Guadiana, wanda ya raba shi daga Sistema Central . Duk da ƙananan tsaunuka, da wuya su wuce 1,300 m, duwatsun Sierra Morena suna da tsaunuka a gefen kudancin su. 

Cordillera Cantábrica, wani tsari na dutse, yana gudana a layi daya da, kuma kusa da, gabar arewa kusa da Bay of Biscay . Matsayinta mafi girma shine Picos de Europa, wanda ya wuce 2,500 m. Cordillera Cantábrica ya kai kilomita 182 kuma ba zato ba tsammani ya sauka 1,500 m kimanin kilomita 30 daga bakin tekun. A yamma akwai tuddai na yankin arewa maso yamma kuma a gabas akwai tsaunukan Basque da ke haɗa su da Pyrenees.    

Sistema Ibérico ya shimfiɗa daga Cordillera Cantábrica kudu maso gabas kuma, kusa da Bahar Rum, ya bazu daga Río Ebro zuwa Río Júcar . Yankunan da ba su da kyau, masu tsawo na wannan tsaunuka sun rufe yanki na kusa da murabba'in kilomita 21,000. Duwatsun sun wuce 2,000 m a yankin arewacin su kuma sun kai matsakaicin tsawo sama da 2,300 m a gabashin kogin Rio Duero . Tsawon tsaunuka masu tsawo a cikin wannan kewayon galibi ana yanke su da zurfi, ƙananan gorges.  

Yankunan da ba su da kyau

Teide, dutse mafi tsawo a Spain (Tenerife, Canary Islands)

Manyan yankuna masu ƙasƙanci sune Filayen Andalusian a kudu maso yamma, Basin Ebro a arewa maso gabas, da filayen bakin teku. Filayen Andalusian ainihin kwarin kogi ne wanda Río Guadalquivir ke gudana. Kogin ya fadada tare da hanyarsa, ya kai mafi faɗin sa a Golfo de Cadiz . Filayen Andalusian yana da iyaka a arewacin Sierra Morena kuma a kudu da Sistema Penibético; ya ƙuntata zuwa saman a gabas inda waɗannan sarkar tsaunuka biyu suka haɗu. Kogin Ebro ya samo asali ne daga kwarin Río Ebro, wanda ke dauke da duwatsu a bangarori uku - Sistema Ibérico zuwa kudu da yamma, Pyrenees zuwa arewa da gabas, da kuma tsawo na bakin teku da ke daidai da bakin teku zuwa gabas. Ƙananan kwarin kogi da ke kusa da iyakar Portugal suna kan Tagus da Río Guadiana .

Yankunan Coastal Plains ƙananan sassan ne tsakanin tsaunukan bakin teku da teku. Sun fi faɗi tare da Golfo de Cádiz, inda filin bakin teku ke kusa da filin Andalusian, da kuma kudancin da tsakiyar gabas. Yankin da ya fi ƙanƙanta a bakin tekun yana gudana tare da Bay of Biscay, inda Cordillera Cantábrica ya ƙare kusa da bakin teku.

Tsibirin

Yankin Bahar Rum na Spain

Sauran yankuna na Spain sune Tsibirin Balearic da Tsibirin Canary, tsohon yana cikin Bahar Rum kuma na ƙarshe a cikin Tekun Atlantika. Tsibirin Balearic, wanda ke da jimlar murabba'in kilomita 5,000, yana da nisan kilomita 80 daga gabar gabashin Spain. Duwatsun da suka tashi sama da Bahar Rum don samar da waɗannan tsibirai tsawo ne na Sistema Penibetico . Manyan wurare na tsibirin, waɗanda suka kai mita 1,400, suna arewa maso yammacin Mallorca, kusa da bakin teku. Yankin tsakiya na Mallorca fili ne, wanda ke da iyaka a gabas da kudu maso gabas da tsaunuka masu fashewa.

The Canary Islands, ninety kilometers off the west coast of Africa, are of volcanic origin. The large central islands, Tenerife and Gran Canaria, have the highest peaks. Pico de Las Nieves, on Gran Canaria, rises to 1,949 meters, and the Teide, on Tenerife, to 3,715 meters. Teide, a dormant volcano, is the highest peak of Spain and the third largest volcano in the world from its base.

Rashin ruwa, ambaliyar ruwa, da damuwa na ruwa

Kogin kogin Spain

Daga cikin kusan koguna 1,800 da rafi a Spain, Tagus ne kawai ya fi kilomita 960 tsawo; duk sai 90 sun kai kasa da kilomita 96. Wadannan gajerun koguna suna ɗauke da ƙananan ruwa ba bisa ka'ida ba, kuma suna da koguna masu bushewa a lokacin rani; duk da haka, lokacin da suke gudana, sau da yawa suna da sauri da ambaliyar ruwa. Yawancin manyan koguna suna tashi a cikin tsaunuka suna kewaye ko rarraba Meseta ta Tsakiya kuma suna gudana zuwa yamma a fadin tudu ta hanyar Portugal don kwashewa cikin Tekun Atlantika. Ɗaya daga cikin mahimman banbanci shine Ebro, wanda ke gudana zuwa gabas zuwa Bahar Rum. Koguna a cikin iyakar arewa maso yamma da kuma a cikin ƙanƙanin bakin teku na arewa suna gudana kai tsaye zuwa cikin Tekun Atlantika. Yankin arewa maso yammacin gabar teku kuma an yanke shi da rias, ruwa mai kama da fjords.

Manyan koguna da ke gudana zuwa yamma a ko'ina cikin Meseta ta Tsakiya sun haɗa da Duero, Tagus, Guadiana, da Guadalquivir . Rio Guadalquivir yana daya daga cikin manyan koguna a Spain saboda yana ban ruwa a kwarin mai kyau, don haka yana haifar da yankin noma mai arziki, kuma saboda yana iya tafiya a cikin ƙasa, yana mai da Seville kawai tashar jiragen ruwa ta cikin gida don zirga-zirgar teku a Spain. Babban kogi a yankin arewa maso yamma shine Miño .

Dam din El Atazar babban madatsar ruwa ne da aka gina kusa da Madrid don samar da ruwa.

Ambaliyar ruwa da rushewa

Ambaliyar ruwa ta Santa Teresa.

• 15 ga Oktoba 1879, a Murcia, ambaliyar Santa Teresa.
• 13-15 Oktoba 1957, a Valencia, ruwan sama mai yawa ya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa, akalla mutane 81 sun rasa rayukansu.
• A shekara ta 1982, kogin Jucar (Valencia, Spain) ya karya maɓuɓɓugar Tous wanda ya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa wanda ya kashe mutane 30.

Matsalar ruwa ko Rashin ruwa, yana haifar da babbar barazana a Spain. Rashin ruwa muhimmiyar matsala ce a yankuna da yawa a ko'ina cikin Spain kuma Canjin yanayi na iya kara matsalar, tare da lokutan fari mai tsawo. Matsalolin samarwa suna faruwa a kai a kai a cikin kwandon Jucar a lokacin rani. A cikin tafkin Segura, karancin ruwa ya haifar da karuwar farashin ruwa da kashi 30% ga gidaje. Gabaɗaya, yankuna a kudu maso gabashin Spain suna da haɗari ga ƙarancin ruwa. Bugu da ƙari, manyan yankuna na Bahar Rum suna shafar shigar Ruwan gishiri.  

Taswirar Spain na rarraba yanayi na Köppen.

Peninsular Spain tana fuskantar manyan nau'ikan yanayi guda huɗu: tsaka-tsaki, busasshiyar ruwa, teku, da Bahar Rum.

Yanayin da aka samar gida ya rufe mafi yawan Spain, yana rinjayar Meseta Central, tsaunuka masu kusa da gabas da kudu, da Ebro Basin . Wannan yanayin yana da bambancin rana da na yanayi zafin jiki da kuma ƙananan ruwan sama mara kyau tare da yawan evaporation wanda ke barin ƙasar busasshiyar. Ruwan sama na shekara-shekara gabaɗaya yana da 30 zuwa 64 centimeters (12 zuwa 25 in); yawancin yankin Meseta suna karɓar kusan 50 centimeters (20 in). Arewacin Meseta, Sistema Central, da Ebro Basin suna da lokutan rigar, daya a cikin bazara (Afrilu-Mayu) ɗayan kuma a cikin kaka (Oktoba-Nuwamba), tare da ƙarshen bazara shine lokacin da ya fi ruwan sama na shekara. A kudancin Meseta, kuma, lokutan da suka fi ruwan sama sune bazara da kaka, amma bazara ta kasance a baya (Maris), kuma kaka ta kasance daga baya (Satumba). Ko da a lokacin bazara da kaka, ruwan sama ba daidai ba ne kuma ba abin dogaro ba ne. Lokacin hunturu a cikin waɗannan yankuna yana da sanyi, tare da iskõki masu ƙarfi da zafi mai yawa, duk da ƙarancin ruwan sama. Sai dai ga yankunan tsaunuka, tuddai na arewacin Sistema Iberico sune yankin da ya fi sanyi, kuma sanyi ya zama ruwan dare. Lokacin bazara yana da zafi kuma ba shi da girgije, yana samar da matsakaicin yanayin zafi na rana wanda ya kai tsakiyar ko sama da 30s ° C (ƙasa 90s zuwa ƙasa 100s ° F) a arewacin Meseta da sama da 30S ° C (sama 90s zuwa ƙananan 100s a kudancin Meseta; yanayin zafi na dare, duk da haka, ya sauka zuwa saman matasa ° C (kasa zuwa tsakiyar 60s ° F). Kogin Ebro, a ƙasa, yana da zafi sosai a lokacin rani, kuma yanayin zafi na iya wucewa 43 °C (109 °F) ° C (109 ° F). Rashin zafi na lokacin rani yana da ƙanƙanta a cikin Meseta Tsakiya da Ebro Basin, sai dai a gefen kogin Rio Ebro, inda zafi yake da yawa.

Yanayin teku yana da yawa a arewacin ƙasar, daga Pyrenees zuwa yankin arewa maso yamma, wanda ke da sanyi mai sauƙi, zafi amma ba lokacin zafi ba, kuma yawan ruwan sama ya bazu a cikin shekara. Yanayin zafi ya bambanta kadan, duka a rana da kuma yanayi. Sakamakon matsakaici na teku, duk da haka, ya ragu a yankunan cikin gida, inda yanayin zafi ya kasance 9 zuwa 18 ° C (48 zuwa 64 ° F) ya fi matsananci fiye da yanayin zafi a bakin tekun. Tsakanin daga Tekun Atlantika yana shafar hazo, kuma akwai karancin ruwan sama a gabas fiye da yamma. Autumn (Satumba zuwa Nuwamba) shine lokacin da ya fi ruwan sama, yayin da Yuli shine watan da ya fi bushewa. Babban danshi da iskar da ke kan iyaka suna sa hazo da hazo ya zama ruwan dare a bakin tekun arewa maso yamma; wannan abin da ya faru ba ya faruwa akai-akai a cikin ƙasa, duk da haka, saboda duwatsu suna samar da shingen da ke hana danshi na teku.

Yankin yanayi na Bahar Rum ya taso ne daga Filin Andalusia tare da bakin tekun kudanci da gabas har zuwa Pyrenees, a gefen tekun tsaunin da ke kan gabar teku. Jimlar ruwan sama a wannan yanki ya yi ƙasa da na sauran Spain, kuma yana mai da hankali ne a ƙarshen lokacin kaka – lokacin hunturu.[] Gabaɗaya, ruwan sama kaɗan ne, sau da yawa ba ya isa, ba daidai ba, kuma ba abin dogaro ba ne.[1] Yanayin zafi a yankin Bahar Rum yawanci yana da matsakaici a duka lokacin rani da hunturu, kuma canjin yanayin zafin rana ya fi na yankin nahiyoyi iyaka. Zazzabi a watan Janairu yawanci matsakaita 10 zuwa 13 °C (50 zuwa 55 °F) a yawancin yankin Bahar Rum, kuma sun fi sanyi 9 °C (48 °F) a yankin arewa maso gabashin gabar tekun kusa da Barcelona. A cikin hunturu, yanayin zafi a cikin ƙasar Andalusian Plain yana ɗan ƙasa kaɗan fiye da na bakin teku. Zazzabi a watan Yuli da Agusta matsakaita 22 zuwa 27 °C (72 zuwa 81 °F) a bakin teku da 29 zuwa 31 °C (84 zuwa 88 °F) mafi nisa cikin ƙasa, tare da ƙarancin zafi.[1] Yankin Bahar Rum yana da alamar iskar Leveche-zafi, bushewa, kogin gabas ko kudu maso gabas wanda ya samo asali daga Arewacin Afirka.[1] Waɗannan iskoki, waɗanda wasu lokuta suke ɗaukar ƙura, sun fi yawa a lokacin bazara.[1] Iska mai sanyin gabas, Levante, tana ratsawa tsakanin Sistema Penibetico da tsaunin Atlas na Arewacin Afirka.

Birane da yanayin jama'a

Manyan birane a Spain

Albarkatun kasa na Spain. Karfe suna cikin shuɗi: Fe - ƙarfe, Cu - jan ƙarfe, Sn - tin, Hg - mercury, W - tungsten, U - uranium, PM don polymetals (Pb, Zn da sauransu), PY don pyrite. Abubuwan da ke cikin burbushin halittu suna cikin ja: C - kwal, L - lignite, O - mai, G - iskar gas, OS - mai. A cikin rawaya: K - potash, P - phosphorite.