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Yanayin Ingila

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Yanayin Ingila
geography of geographic location (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na Bayanan na Ƙasar Ingila sauyin yanayi da Yanayin Turai
Fuskar Ingila

Ingila ta ƙunshi mafi yawan tsakiya da kudancin kashi biyu bisa uku na tsibirin Biritaniya, ban da wasu ƙananan tsibirai wanda mafi girma shine Isle of Wight . 33 kilometres (21 mi) tana da iyaka a arewa da Scotland da yamma da Wales. Yana kusa da nahiyar Turai fiye da kowane ɓangare na Burtaniya, ya raba daga Faransa kawai da gibin teku mai nisan (21 , Channel Channel.[1] Ramin Channel mai nisan kilomita 50 kilometres (31 mi), kusa da Folkestone, kai tsaye yana haɗa Ingila zuwa nahiyar Turai.[2] Yankin Ingilishi / Faransanci yana tsakiyar hanyar ramin.[3]

Yawancin Ingila sun ƙunshi ƙananan tsaunuka da filayen fili, tare da tudu da tsaunuka a arewa da yamma. Tsaunuka a arewa sun hada da Pennines, sarkar saman da ke raba gabas da yamma, gundumar tafkin, mai dauke da manyan tsaunuka a kasar, Cheviot Hills da ke kan iyakar Anglo-Scottish, da Moors na Arewacin York kusa da Tekun Arewa. Filayen sama a yamma sun haɗa da Dartmoor da Exmoor a kudu maso yamma da Shropshire Hills kusa da Wales. Matsakaicin layin rarraba tsakanin nau'ikan ƙasa ana yawan nuna shi ta layin Tees-Exe. A kudu na wannan layin, akwai manyan yankuna na ƙasa mai faɗi, gami da Gabashin Anglia da Fens, kodayake wuraren tuddai sun haɗa da Cotswolds, Chilterns, da Arewa da Kudu Downs.

Babban tashar jiragen ruwa a Ingila yana a Poole, a kudu maso tsakiyar gabar teku. Wasu suna ɗaukar shi a matsayin tashar jiragen ruwa ta biyu mafi girma a duniya, bayan Sydney, Ostiraliya, kodayake wannan gaskiyar tana jayayya (duba tashar jiragen sama don jerin wasu manyan tashar jiragen teku).

Yanayi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
England 1971–2000[4]
Climate chart (explanation)
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Imperial conversion
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Ingila tana da yanayi mai zafi, tare da yawan ruwan sama duk shekara.  Yana da yanayi mai sauƙi fiye da wurare da yawa a wurare masu kama da juna: misali Newfoundland a Kanada, da Sakhalin a Rasha.  Lokutan suna da sauƙin canzawa a yanayin zafi;  duk da haka yanayin zafi da wuya ya faɗi ƙasa -5 °C (23 °F) ko ya haura sama da 30 °C (86 °F).  Iskar da ke tafe tana daga kudu maso yamma, yawanci tana kawo sanyi da sanyi yanayi zuwa Ingila daga Tekun Atlantika.  Ya fi bushewa a gabas kuma mafi zafi a kudu, wanda ke kusa da babban yankin Turai.  Dusar ƙanƙara na iya faruwa a lokacin sanyi da farkon bazara, kodayake ba a cika samun yawa daga ƙasa mai tsayi ba.  Ingila tana da zafi mafi girma da mafi ƙarancin zafi a duk shekara fiye da sauran ƙasashen Burtaniya, kodayake Wales tana da ƙarancin ƙarancin daga Nuwamba zuwa Fabrairu, kuma Ireland ta Arewa tana da mafi zafi daga Disamba zuwa Fabrairu.  Har ila yau Ingila ta fi rana a duk shekara, amma ba kamar Wales, Ireland ta Arewa da Scotland ba, watan da ya fi rana shi ne Yuli, jimlar sa'o'i 192.8 a matsakaici.

Yankunan tsauraran tsibirin Burtaniya

Mafi girman zafin jiki da aka rubuta a Ingila shine 40.3 ° C (104.5 ° F) a ranar 19 ga Yuli 2022 a Coningsby . [5] Mafi ƙarancin zafin jiki da aka rubuta a Ingila shine -26.1 ° C (-15.0 ° F) a ranar 10 ga Janairun 1982 a Edgmond, Shropshire. yanayin kudu maso yammacin Ingila ya bambanta kuma ya fi sauran Ingila sauƙi. Za'a iya shuka amfanin gona, furanni da tsire-tsire a baya fiye da sauran Ingila da Burtaniya.    

Ingila galibi tana cikin yankin hardiness 8, amma Pennines da Cumbrian Mountains suna cikin yankin sanyi 7, kuma kudu maso yammacin Ingila, bakin tekun Irish, bakin tekuna na Kudu da London suna cikin yankin zafi 9. Wani karamin yanki, Isles of Scilly, yana cikin yankin da ya fi zafi a cikin Isles na Burtaniya, yankin 10 wanda ke kusa da subtropical.

Climate data for {{{location}}}
Watan Janairu Fabrairu Maris Afrilu Mayu Yuni Yuli Ogusta Satumba Oktoba Nuwamba Disamba Shekara
[Ana bukatan hujja]

Ilimin ƙasa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Geology na Ingila yafi zama mai laushi. Ƙananan duwatsu suna cikin kudu maso gabas, suna ci gaba da shekaru a arewa maso yamma. Layin Tees-Exe yana nuna rarrabuwa tsakanin ƙananan duwatsu, masu laushi da ƙananan duwatsu a kudu maso gabas da tsofaffi, da wuya, kuma gabaɗaya taimako mafi girma a arewa maso yamma. Ilimin ilimin ƙasa na Ingila ana iya gane shi a cikin shimfidar wuri na yankunanta, alal misali Cumbria, Kent da Norfolk duk suna da bambanci sosai kuma sun bambanta da juna. Ilimin ƙasa na Arewacin Ingila da Yammacin Ingila ya kasance kusa da na maƙwabtanta na kusa, Wales da Scotland, tare da ilimin ƙasa na Kudancin Ingila da Gabashin Ingila suna da alaƙa da abin da aka samu a fadin Tekun Arewa da Channel a Arewacin Faransa, Belgium, da Netherlands.

Yanayin ƙasa
  • Cheddar Gorge - mafi girma gorge a Burtaniya
  • Jurassic Coast - Gidan Tarihin Duniya na UNESCO
  • Filin Salisbury
  • Layin Tees-Exe
  • Whin Sill
  • Kogin Landan
  • Hampshire Basin
  • Dutsen London-Brabant
  • Dartmoor - daya daga cikin jerin moors a Kudu maso Yammacin Ingila da ke bunkasa tors a kan wani granitic Batolite
  • Lizard Complex - tsohuwar yanki na teku, a Yankin teku (watau Ophiolite).
 Abubuwan da ke tattare da yanayin ƙasa
  • Karfe
  • Man Fetur na Tekun Arewa
  • Yashi da Kabari
  • Yumbu na kasar Sin
  • Jan ƙarfe da Tin
  • Dutse
  • Gas na Tekun Arewa
  • Potash

kuma ba su da yawa,

  • Ikon zafi
  • Man fetur a bakin teku

Manyan garuruwa da birane

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Landan ita ce, mafi girman birni a Ingila kuma ɗaya daga cikin manyan biranen da suka fi yawan jama'a a duniya. Sauran biranen, galibi a tsakiya da arewacin Ingila, suna da girma da tasiri. Jerin manyan biranen Ingila ko birane suna buɗewa don muhawara saboda, kodayake ma'anar birni ta yau da kullun ita ce "yanki mai ci gaba da ginawa", wannan na iya zama da wahala a bayyana, musamman saboda yankunan gudanarwa a Ingila galibi ba su dace da iyakokin ci gaban birane ba, kuma garuruwa da birane da yawa sun girma, a cikin ƙarni, don samar da birane masu rikitarwa. Don ma'anar hukuma na birni na Burtaniya (sabili da haka Ingilishi), duba Matsayin birni a Ƙasar Ingila.

Dangane da yawan mutanen birane na ONS don ci gaba da gina yankuna, waɗannan su ne manyan birane 15 (ƙididdigar yawan jama'a daga ƙidayar shekara ta 2001):

Matsayi Yankin birni [6] Yawan jama'a (ƙidayar jama'a ta 2001)
Wuraren [yanawa da ake buƙata]
  		Manyan yankuna
1 Babban Birnin London 8,278,251 67 [Hasiya]Bromley
2 Yankin Birnin West Midlands 2,284,093 22 Birmingham, Wolverhampton, Dudley, Walsall
3 Babban Birnin Manchester 2,240,230 57 Manchester, Salford, Bolton, Stockport, Oldham
4 Yankin Birnin Yammacin Yorkshire 1,499,465 26 Leeds, Bradford, Huddersfield, Wakefield
5 Tyneside 879,996 25 Newcastle a kan Tyne, Arewacin Shields, Kudancin ShieldsJarrow
6 Yankin Birnin Liverpool 816,216 8 Liverpool, St Helens, Bootle, Huyton-with-RobyHuyton-tare da Roby
7 Yankin Birnin Nottingham 666,358 15 Nottingham, Beeston da Stapleford, Carlton, Long EatonTsawon Eaton
8 Yankin Birnin Sheffield 640,720 7 Sheffield, Rotherham, Chapeltown, Mosborough / Highlane
9 Yankin Birnin Bristol 551,066 7 Bristol, Kingswood, Mangotsfield, Stoke Gifford
10 Brighton / Worthing / Littlehampton 461,181 10 Brighton, Worthing, Hove, Littlehampton, Shoreham, LancingFitarwa
11 Yankin Birnin Portsmouth 442,252 7 Portsmouth, Gosport, Waterlooville, Fareham
12 Yankin Birnin Leicester 441,213 12 Leicester, Wigston, Oadby, Birstall
13 Yankin Birnin Bournemouth 383,713 5 Bournemouth, Poole, Christchurch, New MiltonSabon Milton
14 Karatu / Wokingham Urban Area 369,804 5 Karatu, Bracknell, Wokingham, Crowthorne
15 Gidan shayi 365,323 7 [Hasiya]Billingham

Physical geography

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Abubuwa masu tsanani

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Ingila da Wales daga sararin samaniya

Abubuwan da suka fi dacewa a Ingila sune:

Wurin da yake Ƙasar kawai Ciki har da tsibirai
  • Yankin da ya fi arewa
  • Ƙasar da ta fi arewa
  • Yankin kudu
  • Ƙauyen kudu
  • Yammacin Yamma
  • Ƙasar da ta fi yamma
  • Yankin Gabas
  • Gidauniyar Gabas

Yanayin ƙasa, duwatsu da tuddai

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ingila gabaɗaya tana ƙasa da ƙasa fiye da sauran Birtaniyya, amma tana da manyan sassa guda biyu a cikin tsarinta - yankunan ƙasa na kudanci, gabas, da tsakiyar ƙasa da mafi ƙanƙanta da wuraren tudu na arewa da yamma.  Gabashin Anglia shine yanki mafi ƙasƙanci na Ingila, ba shi da tsaunuka ko tsaunuka kuma yana ɗaukar yanki na Fens, yanki mafi ƙasƙanci na Ingila.  Mafi girman yanki na Ingila shine Arewa maso Yamma, wanda ya ƙunshi manyan tsaunuka da tsaunuka na Ingila, ciki har da mafi girma - Scafell Pike.

A Ingila, an bayyana dutse a hukumance a matsayin ƙasa sama da mita 600, don haka mafi yawan sun fadi a Arewacin Ingila. Wasu tsaunuka da tsaunuka a Ingila sune:

  • Lardin Lake (Dutsen Cumbrian) - tsaunuka mafi tsayi a Ingila, wanda ya ƙunshi Scafell Pike. Cheviot Hills - wani lokaci ana ɗaukarsa azaman haɓaka ko dai Kudancin Uplands a Scotland ko Pennines. Moors na kan iyaka da dazuzzuka - tsaunuka zuwa kudu na Cheviot Hills. Pennines wanda ke nuna yawancin Arewacin Ingila kuma ana kiransa "kashin bayan Ingila". Gundumar Peak - tuddai waɗanda ke kafa ƙarshen ƙarshen Pennines a tsakiya da arewacin Ingila. Kudancin Pennines - yanki na Kudancin Pennines tsakanin gundumar Peak, dajin Bowland da Yorkshire Dales. Dajin Bowland - yankin yammacin Pennines a cikin Lancashire. Yorkshire Dales – yanki ne na tudu na arewacin Pennines. Arewacin Pennines - tuddai waɗanda ke samar da ƙarshen ƙarshen Pennines. Howgill Fells - tsaunuka a cikin Cumbria tsakanin gundumar tafkin da Yorkshire Dales. Orton Fells - tuddai a cikin Cumbria tsakanin gundumar tafkin da kwarin Eden. Moors na Arewacin York - yanki na tuddai da tuddai kusa da Tekun Arewa. Exmoor - tsaunuka kusa da tashar Bristol. Dartmoor – yanki ne na tuddai a cikin zuciyar Devon. The Cotswolds – yanki ne na ƙauyen Ingilishi na zahiri da siffa. Chilterns - tarin ƙananan tsaunuka. Kudu Downs - ƙananan tuddai kusa da tashar Turanci wanda ke samar da fararen dutse na Kudancin Kudancin Ingila. Shropshire Hills - tsaunuka kusa da Wales.

Biranen da ke da mafi girman tsawo a cikin birane sun haɗa da Sheffield, Bradford, Stoke-on-Trent da Birmingham. Biranen da ke kusa da matakin teku sun hada da London, Liverpool, Norwich da York.

Tsibirin

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Fayil:English eez.PNG
Taswirar Ingilishi EEZ a cikin tsibirin Burtaniya.
Tsibirin Wight

Manyan tsibirai na Ingila ta yanki da yawan jama'a sune:

Matsayi Tsibirin Yankin (sq mi) Yankin (km2)
1 Tsibirin Wight 147.09 380.99
2 Tsibirin Sheppey 36.31 94.04
3 Tsibirin Hayling 10.36 26.84
4 Tsibirin Wauta 10.09 26.84
5 Tsibirin Portsea 9.36 24.25
6 Tsibirin Canvey 7.12 18.45
7 Tsibirin Mersea 6.96 18.04
8 Tsibirin Walney 5.01 12.99
9 Portland 4.44 11.5
10 Tsibirin Wallasea 4.11 10.65

Tsibirin Ingila ta yawan jama'a

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Matsayi Tsibirin Yawan jama'a (ƙidayar jama'a ta Burtaniya ta 2001)
1 Tsibirin Portsea 147,088
2 Tsibirin Wight 132,731
3 Tsibirin Sheppey 37,852
4 Tsibirin Canvey 37,473
5 Tsibirin Hayling 16,887
6 Portland 12,800
7 Tsibirin Walney 11,391
8 Tsibirin Mersea game da 7,200
9 Tsibirin Barrow 2,606
10 St Mary's 1,668
11 Tsibirin Thorney 1,079
12 Rashin hankali 212
13 Tresco 180
14 Lindisfarne 162
15 St Martins 142
16 Tsibirin Roa game da 100
17 Bryher 92
18 St Agnes 73
19 Lundy game da 35

Koguna

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kogin da ya fi tsayi a Ingila shine Kogin Severn wanda ke da asalinsa a Wales, ya shiga Ingila a wurin haɗuwa da Kogin Vyrnwy kuma yana gudana cikin Bristol Channel. Kogin da ya fi tsayi gaba ɗaya a cikin Ingila shine Kogin Thames wanda ke gudana ta hanyar babban birnin Ingila da Burtaniya, London. Vale of York da The Fens suna karbar bakuncin manyan koguna da yawa na Ingila.

Yankin bakin teku

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ingila tana da kilomita 4,422 kilometres (2,748 mi) (2,748 na bakin teku, [7] ƙasa da zurfin bakin teku na Scotland. Yankin bakin tekun Ingila ya bambanta sosai ta teku da yankunan da ke kan iyaka. Yankin Tekun Arewa Ingila yafi faɗi kuma yana da yashi tare da dunes da yawa kuma yana kama da bakin teku a fadin teku a cikin Netherlands. Yankin Tekun Arewacin Ingila wani muhimmin yanki ne na rayuwar tsuntsaye kuma wurin zama ne ga tsuntsaye da yawa. Tare da Channel na Ingilishi, Kudancin Kudancin ya gina cikin tsaunuka masu tsawo, fararen dutse a Dover, waɗanda galibi ana ganinsu a matsayin alama ce ta Ingila da Burtaniya.

Kudancin Kudancin ya ci gaba zuwa Isle of Wight, amma a ƙarshe ya ba da hanyar zuwa Jurassic Coast of Dorset, bakin teku mai wadata da kyau, tarihi da burbushin halittu.

Yankin Jurassic Coast.

A Devon da Cornwall, bakin tekun ya zama dutse da tsayi, tare da dutse da yawa da ƙananan ƙauyukan kamun kifi a bakin tekun. Wannan iyakar bakin teku ta shimfiɗa daga Devon zuwa Land's End a Cornwall, ɓangaren yammacin Ingila. Yankin bakin teku na Devon da Cornwall yana da kamanceceniya da na Brittany a Faransa kai tsaye a gaban.

Biye da bakin tekun zuwa arewa bakin tekun ya kasance daidai da kudancin Devon da Cornwall amma yana kusa da Tekun Celtic har sai ya kai Bristol Channel, wani muhimmin yanki na jigilar kaya da tashar jiragen ruwa.

Yankin gabar tekun Ingila ya sake bullowa a Arewacin Yammacin Ingila. Yankin bakin tekun a nan yayi kama da gabar Tekun Arewa domin galibi yana da lebur da yashi, tare da sanannen tsaunin tsaunuka a wannan bakin tekun yana a St Bees Head a Cumbria. Tekun Tekun Irish na Ingilishi muhimmin yanki ne na ciyayi da rayuwar tsuntsaye, tare da Wirral yanki ne mai iyaka da koguna biyu, Kogin Dee da Kogin Mersey. Liverpool da Merseyside yankuna ne na yawan jama'a da kuma masana'antu masu mahimmanci a wannan gabar teku, tare da wuraren shakatawa na Southport da Blackpool suna gaba zuwa arewa. Tekun Tekun Irish na Ingilishi ya ƙunshi mahimman yankuna biyu, Morecambe Bay, babban bay, da Furness da Walney Island. Ci gaba da arewa zuwa Cumbria tashar wutar lantarki ta Sellafield tana kan wannan bakin teku. Yankin Ingilishi na bakin tekun Tekun Irish ya ƙare a kan iyaka da Scotland a cikin Solway Firth.

Ƙofar Durdle a kan Tekun Jurassic
  • Tekun Arewa
  • Tashar Turanci
  • Tekun Celtic
  • Tashar Bristol
  • Tekun Irish

Babbar tabkuna da tafkuna

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

  Kodayake babbar al'umma ce a cikin Burtaniya, Ingila ba ta da manyan tabkuna, tare da yawancin tsoffin wuraren da ake zubar da ruwa a cikin Zamanin Tsakiya. Yawancin tabkuna mafi girma suna cikin Gundumar Lake da ke Cumbria, Arewacin Ingila.

Tafkunan da suka fi girma a Ingila
Tafkin Yankin
1 Windermere 5.69 square miles (14.7 km2)
2 Ruwan Kielder 3.86 square miles (10.0 km2)
3 Ullswater 3.44 square miles (8.9 km2)
4 Tafkin Bassenthwaite 2.06 square miles (5.3 km2)
5 Ruwa mai zubar da ruwa 2.06 square miles (5.3 km2)

Yanayin ɗan adam

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

The total land area of England, excluding inland water, is 130,310 square kilometres (50,313 sq mi). Crops and fallow land accounts for 30% of the land area, grasses and rough grazing 36%, other agricultural land 5%, forest and woodland 8%, and urban development 21%.

Kasashen makwabta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ingila tana da iyakoki biyu na ƙasa: iyakar 96 kilometres (60 mi) (60 tare da Scotland wanda ke bin Cheviot Hills da iyakar kilomita 257 kilometres (160 mi) (160 tare le Wales wanda ke bin hanyar Offa's Dyke. A yamma, Tekun Irish ya raba Ingila daga Ireland da Isle of Man; a gabas, Tekun Arewa ya raba Ingila da Denmark, Jamus, Netherlands da Belgium kuma a kudu, Channel Channel Channel ya raba Ingila zuwa Faransa da Channel Islands.Samfuri:Geographic Location

Yanayin tattalin arziki

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Nighttime photograph of illuminated buildings and bridge, with their lights reflected in the water.

Ingila tana alfahari da daya daga cikin manyan tattalin arziki a Turai kuma hakika a duniya, tare da matsakaicin GDP na kowane mutum na £ 22,907. Tattalin arzikin Ingila yawanci ana ɗaukarsa azaman tattalin arzikin kasuwa mai gauraye, ya karɓi ƙa'idodin kasuwa masu yawa na kyauta sabanin Rhine Capitalism na Turai, duk da haka yana kula da ingantaccen kayan aikin jin dadin jama'a. Kudin a Ingila shine fam, wanda aka fi sani da GBP. Ingila tana buga takardun banki nata waɗanda ake rarraba a Wales. Tattalin arzikin Ingila shine mafi girman bangare na Tattalin arzikin Burtaniya.

Taswirar Ingila da aka raba ta matsakaicin GVA ga kowane mutum a cikin 2007 yana nuna rarraba dukiya

Ƙarfin tattalin arzikin Ingilishi ya bambanta daga yanki zuwa yanki. GDP, da GDP na kowane mutum ya fi girma a London. Gabaɗaya yankunan Arewa da Yammacin Ingila sune mafi talauci, tare da yankunan Kudancin da Gabas sune mafi arziki. Tebur mai zuwa yana nuna GDP (2004) ga kowane mutum na Ingila gaba ɗaya kuma kowane ɗayan yankuna tara.

Matsayi Wuri GDP ga kowane kyaftin Yuro
a cikin Yuro
Ingila 26 904
1. Landan 44 401
2. Kudu maso Gabas 31 300
3. Gabashin Ingila 27 778
4. Kudu maso Yamma 27 348
5. Gabashin Midlands 26 683
6. Yammacin Midlands 25 931
7. Arewa maso Yamma 25 396
8. Yorkshire da Humber 25 300
9. Arewa maso Gabas 22 886

Biyu daga cikin yankuna 10 mafi karfi a cikin Tarayyar Turai suna cikin Ingila. Inner London shine lamba 1 tare da € 71 338 GDP ga kowane mutum (303% sama da matsakaicin EU); Berkshire, Buckinghamshire & Oxfordshire shine lamba 7 tare da € 40 937 GDP ga kowane kowane mutum (174% sama da matsakaiciyar EU).

Yanayin siyasa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ingila, tsohuwar masarauta da ƙasa mai zaman kanta, ta haɗu da Scotland don samar da abin da zai zama Burtaniya (an bi da Wales a matsayin wani ɓangare na Ingila a wannan lokacin).

Ingila tana cikin matsayi na musamman da rikice-rikice na kasancewa ƙungiya ta siyasa a cikin Burtaniya kuma tun daga 2015 ba ta da ikon cin gashin kanta. Ingila tana wakiltar 'yan majalisa a majalisar dokokin Burtaniya kuma al'amuran da suka shafi Ingila kawai majalisar dokokin Burtani ce ke magance su. An raba Ingila zuwa yankuna da yawa waɗanda suka aika da wakilai zuwa Majalisar Tarayyar Turai kafin Brexit.

  1. ↑ Dornbusch, U (October 2002). "CoastView – What happens offshore?". University of Sussex. Retrieved 29 October 2012.
  2. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 17 July 2015. Retrieved 29 October 2012.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  3. ↑ "TravelBritain – Kent". Archived from the original on 7 September 2008.
  4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named england
  5. ↑ "UK climate extremes".
  6. ↑ Pointer, Graham (2005). "The UK's major urban areas" (PDF). Focus on People and Migration. Office for National Statistics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 August 2011. Retrieved 2009-06-06.
  7. ↑ "England Coast Path: Frequently Asked Questions (June 2012)" (PDF). Natural England. Retrieved 30 October 2012.
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