Yanayin Missouri

Missouri, jihar da ke kusa da cibiyar ƙasa ta Amurka, tana da bangarori uku na physiographic:

wani fili na arewa maso yamma ko yankin filayen wani bangare na yankin da ke cikin gida (yankuna Osage Plain 12f da Dissected Till Plains 12e) wanda aka sani da filayen arewa
wani lowland a cikin matsanancin kudu maso gabashin yankin bootheel na Missouri, wani ɓangare na Atlantic Plain da aka sani da Mississippi Alluvial Plain (yanki na 3) ko Mississippi embaymentRashin ruwa na Mississippi
yankin Missouri na Ozark Plateau (yanki 14a da 14b) wanda ke tsakanin Mississippi Alluvial Plain da Central lowland.

Yankin tsakanin filayen arewa da yankin Ozark ya bi Kogin Missouri daga bakin sa a St. Louis zuwa Columbia. Wannan kuma ya dace da kudancin kudancin glaciation a lokacin Pre-Illinoian Stage wanda ya lalata ragowar tudu zuwa arewa amma ya bar tsoffin yanayin ƙasa zuwa kudu ba tare da canzawa ba. Yankin Ozark yana gudana zuwa kudu maso yamma daga can zuwa Joplin a kusurwar kudu maso gabashin Kansas. Yankin tsakanin Ozark da yankuna masu ƙasƙanci yana gudana kudu maso yamma daga Cape Girardeau a kan Kogin Mississippi zuwa iyakar Arkansas kawai kudu maso yammacin Poplar Bluff. Missouri tana da iyaka da wasu jihohin Amurka guda takwas, fiye da kowane jiha sai dai Tennessee, wanda kuma ke da iyaka ga jihohi takwas.

Yankuna

Filayen Arewa

Yankin da aka raba Till Plains na yankin filayen arewacin yana cikin ɓangaren jihar arewacin Kogin Missouri, yayin da ɓangaren filayen Osage ya kai ga yankin kudu maso yammacin jihar da ke kan iyakar Ozark Plateau. Don haka filayen arewacin ya rufe yanki dan kadan fiye da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na jihar. Wannan yankin kyakkyawa ce, ƙasa mai juyawa, tare da yalwar rafi.

Ya fi tsaunuka kuma ya karye a rabin yamma fiye da rabin gabashin. Tsayin da ke cikin iyakar arewa maso yammacin Missouri yana da kimanin 1,200 feet (370 m) . kuma a cikin matsanancin arewa maso gabas game da 500 feet (150 m) . , yayin da gefen yankin zuwa kudu maso gabas, tare da iyakar yankin Ozark, yana da tsawo na kimanin 900 feet (270 m) . Kwarin da suka fi girma raƙuman ruwa suna da zurfin 250 zuwa 300 feet (91 m) kuma wani lokacin 8 zuwa 20 miles (32 km) a fadin tare da ƙasar da ke iyakance su ita ce mafi lalacewa a yankin.

Ƙananan raƙuman ruwa sun lalata dukan fuskar ƙasar da za a iya ganin kaɗan daga cikin asalin asalin ƙasar. Kogin Mississippi yana gudana tare da tsawon gefen gabashin Missouri kuma an kewaye shi a ko'ina ta hanyar sauƙin hoto na 400 zuwa 600 feet (180 m) . tsawo.

Filayen Ozark

Yankin Ozarks yana da ƙananan dome, tare da lalacewar gida da ƙananan motsi, wanda ya mamaye dutse ko, daidai, wani bel na tsaunuka wanda ke gudana daga kusa da kogin Mississippi game da Ste. Genevieve zuwa McDonald County a kan iyakar Arkansas. Babban dutsen dutse ya tashi da sauri a kan Mississippi, wani lokacin zuwa tsawo na 150 feet (46 m) ko haka sama da ruwa, daga bakin Kogin Meramec zuwa Ste. Genevieve Wadannan suna nuna inda wannan kogi ya yanke Ozark ridge. A gefen Kogin Mississippi, wannan tudun ya ci gaba da Shawnee Hills a Illinois.

Tsawon tsaunuka a Missouri ya bambanta daga 1,100 zuwa 1,700 feet (520 m) . Wannan yanki na biyu ya ƙunshi ƙasa da kashi biyu bisa uku na yankin jihar. Burlington escarpment na duwatsun Mississippi, wanda a wurare yana da kusan 250 zuwa 300 feet (91 m) m) a tsawo, yana gudana tare da gefen yammacin tsarin Ordovician kuma ya raba yankin zuwa gabas da yammacin yankin, wanda aka sani bi da bi ga masu ilimin lissafi kamar Salem Plateau da Springfield Plateau. Rushewar kai tsaye ta kudancin da ke gudana zuwa White River a arewacin Arkansas ya haifar da kudancin kudancin zuwa duka tsaunuka na Springfield da Salem wanda ke gudana daga McDonald ta hanyar Barry, Stone, Christian, Douglas, da Howell counties. A kudancin wannan tsaunin akwai wasu daga cikin sassan da suka fi tsayi da tsayi na Missouri Ozarks. Shahararren Makiyayi na yankin Hills kusa da Branson yana cikin wannan yanki mai tsawo. A gabashin filin West Plains akwai kwarin da aka rarraba na Kogin Eleven Point da Kogin Current.

A saman, kowannensu yana da tsaunuka masu sauƙi, wanda ya lalace sosai ta hanyar rushewa (ko da yake yankuna masu yawa da ba a raba su ba waɗanda tashoshin karkashin kasa suka kasance), musamman a gabas, kuma suna cike da tuddai. Wasu daga cikin wadannan su ne raguwa daga dutsen dutse na Mississippi da aka rushe zuwa yamma, kuma wasu su ne taron kolin Precambrian topography a sama da kuma kewaye da abin da aka ajiye tsari na sedimentary sannan kuma ya rushe. Babu wani tsari a cikin sarƙoƙi, amma kawai tsaunuka masu zagaye da gajerun tuddai, tare da kwari masu juyawa game da su.

Abubuwa biyu mafi girma a cikin jihar sune Taum Sauk Mountain a 1,772 feet (540 m) a cikin St. Francois Mountains a cikin Iron County da Lead Hill a gabashin al'ummar Cedar Gap a 1,744 feet (532 m) a kusurwar kudu maso yammacin Wright County. Ƙananan wurare suna da tsawo sama da 1,400 feet (430 m) . Kyakkyawan, kwari masu santsi, tuddai masu lalacewa tare da tsaunuka masu zagaye, kuma duk da tsaunukan da ke da santsi da layin sama, suna nuna yawancin yankin Ozark.

Filayen Ruwan Ruwan Ruwa na Mississippi

Yankin na uku, ƙasashen da ke kudu maso gabas da kuma wani ɓangare na Mississippi Alluvial Plain, yana da yanki na kimanin km2). Kasar ce mai motsi, ga mafi yawanci an zubar da ruwa sosai, amma mai santsi a cikin mafi ƙasƙanci. Kogin Mississippi yana kewaye da lagoons, tabkuna da morasses daga Ste. Genevieve zuwa iyakar Arkansas, kuma a wasu wurare an kulle shi da digues. Wadannan ƙasashe sune mafi girman arewacin Mississippi embayment. Yankin yana cikin New Madrid Seismic Zone kuma ya haɗa da wurin da girgizar ƙasa ta 1811-12 ta New Madrid a New Madrid, Missouri.

Yanayi

Missouri gabaɗaya yana da ɗanɗanar yanayi na nahiyar tare da sanyi, wani lokacin sanyi, lokacin sanyi da zafi, ɗanɗano, da kuma lokacin rani. A yankin kudancin jihar, musamman a cikin Bootheel, yanayin ya zama ƙasa mai ɗanɗano. Da yake cikin cikin Amurka, Missouri galibi yana fuskantar matsanancin zafi. Ba tare da tsaunuka masu tsayi ko tekuna kusa da matsakaicin zafin jiki ba, yanayinsa yana yin tasiri ta wani yanayi ta hanyar iska daga Arctic sanyi da kuma Tekun Fashin Mexico mai zafi da ɗanɗano. Mafi girman zafin jiki da aka yi rikodin Missouri shine 118 °F (48 °C) a Warsaw da Union ranar 14 ga Yuli, 1954, yayin da mafi ƙarancin zafin jiki da aka yi rikodin shine -40 °F (-40 °C) shima a Warsaw a ranar 13 ga Fabrairu, 1905.

Located in Tornado Alley, Missouri kuma yana karɓar matsanancin yanayi a cikin nau'in tsawa mai ƙarfi da guguwa. A ranar 22 ga Mayu, 2011, guguwar EF-5 ta kashe mutane 158 tare da lalata kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na birnin Joplin. Guguwar ta haddasa asarar da ta kai kimanin dala biliyan 1-3 tare da raunata fiye da mutane dubu yayin da ta ratsa cikin birane. Wannan shi ne karo na farko da EF5 da ta afkawa jihar tun 1957 kuma mafi muni a Amurka tun 1947, abin da ya sa ta zama guguwa ta bakwai mafi muni a tarihin Amurka kuma ta 27 mafi muni a duniya. Har ila yau, St. Louis da kewayenta suna da tarihin fuskantar mahaukaciyar guguwa mai tsanani, na baya-bayan nan na bayanin kula shine EF4 wanda ya lalata Lambert-St. Louis International Airport a ranar 22 ga Afrilu, 2011. Daya daga cikin munanan guguwa a tarihin Amurka ta afkawa St. Louis a ranar 27 ga Mayu, 1896, inda ta kashe a kalla mutane 255 tare da haddasa asarar dala miliyan 10 (daidai da dala biliyan 3.9 a shekara ta 2009 ko kuma dala biliyan 5.72 a dalar yau).

Magudanar ruwa

Rashin ruwa na jihar yana cikin Kogin Mississippi, kai tsaye ko a kaikaice, zuwa babban matsayi a cikin wannan kogi ko Kogin Missouri a cikin iyakokin jihar. Kogin na ƙarshe, yana ƙetare jihar kuma yana yanke iyakokin gabas da yamma a ko kusa da St Louis da Kansas City bi da bi, yana da tsawon Missouri na mil 430 (kilomita 690). Yankunan da suka shiga cikin Mississippi a waje da jihar ta hanyar St. Francis, White da sauran ƙananan rafi suna da ƙananan ƙananan. Mafi girma raƙuman ruwa na Ozark dome suna da sha'awa ga masanin ilimin lissafi. Wadanda ke cikin tsarin White suna da kwarin da ke kewaye da tuddai a cikin manyan hanyoyin su da canyons a cikin ƙananan hanyoyin su.

Dukansu yankin Ozark da yankin arewa na fili an raba su da ƙananan ƴan ƙaya zuwa yankuna goma ko goma sha biyu. Akwai bambance-bambance na ban mamaki a wuraren magudanar ruwa na bangarorin biyu, tare da zane-zane masu ban sha'awa na canza rabe-raben ruwa; da kuma Farin, Gasconade, Osage da sauran koguna suna da ban mamaki ga miyagu na sama, suna kwance, ba akan filayen ambaliya ba, amma a kewayen wata ƙasa mai tudu. An fassara waɗannan ƙeƙasassun ma'anoni da cewa sun samo asali ne ta hanyar zazzagewar ƙasa bayan an ɗaga tsohuwar saman peneplain.

Yawancin koguna a Missouri ana kiransu "koguna" kodayake suna da ƙananan ƙila watakila ana kiransu ""koguna". Wannan ya faru ne saboda fassarar kai tsaye na kalmar Faransanci "rivière" wanda ke nuna girman rafi karami fiye da kalmar Faransashi "fleuve", ma'ana "kogi da ke gudana zuwa teku". Misali na wannan shine "River Loutre", daga "Rivière Loutre", ko "Otter Stream".

koguna

Yankin Ozarks yana da taswirar karst mai kyau tare da yankuna da yawa na sinkholes, kama rafi, da ci gaban kogon.

koguna, a cikin yankunan dutse mai laushi da dutse mai zurfi, suna faruwa da yawa a ciki da kusa da yankin Dutsen Ozark a kudu maso yammacin Missouri. Fiye da ɗari an gano su a cikin Stone County kadai, kuma akwai da yawa a cikin yankunan Kirista, Greene da McDonald.

Marvel Cave yana da ɗan gajeren nesa kudu maso gabashin tsakiyar yankin Stone. Ƙofar da farko ta kasance ta hanyar babban rami a saman Dutsen Roark, kodayake yanzu an yi ƙofar da ta fi sauƙi. Marvel Cave yana da babban dakin da ke kama da 350 feet (110 m) tsawo da kuma kimanin 125 feet (38 m) fadi tare da bangon dutse mai launin shudi, da rufin rufi, wanda ya tashi daga 100 zuwa 295 feet (90 m) ft (90 . Saboda kaddarorin sauti an kira dakin Auditorium. A gefe ɗaya akwai babban tsari na stalagmite game da 65 feet (20 m) a tsawo kuma game da 200 feet (61 m) a cikin girth, wanda ake kira White Throne.

Binciken Jacobs Cavern, kusa da 2 feet (0.61 m), gundumar McDonald, ya bayyana kwarangwal na mutum da dabba tare da kayan aiki marasa kyau. Crystal Cave, kusa da Joplin, gundumar Jasper, yana da dukkan farfajiyarsa da aka haɗa da lu'ulu'u na calcite da tsarin scalenohedron, daga 1 zuwa 2 a tsawon.

Jerin wuraren shakatawa na jihar Missouri
Dutsen tsaunuka na Missouri