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Yanayin da ba shi da kyau

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.

 

Yanayin da ba shi da kyau
disease attributes (en) Fassara da type of disease (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na cuta, risk factor (en) Fassara da medical state (en) Fassara
Hashtag (mul) Fassara chronicillness
Has characteristic (en) Fassara continuation (en) Fassara
Handled, mitigated, or managed by (en) Fassara Kula da kai da Gudanar da kulawa mai tsanani
Hannun riga da Mai tsanani (magunguna)

A magani, ana bambanta cututtuka na yau da kullun da waɗanda ke da tsanani . Ciwon gaggawa yawanci yana shafar mutum na tsawon kwanaki zuwa makonni da yawa. A gefe guda kuma, ciwon na yau da kullun yana ci gaba na tsawon lokaci ko kuma yana rayuwa har abada, koda tare da magani. [1] Cututtuka na yau da kullun na iya samun lokutan gafara, inda mutum yana da ƙarancin alamun ko babu, da kuma sake dawowa, inda alamun suka sake bayyana. Ana yawan tattauna lokutan gafara da sake dawowa idan ana maganar cututtukan shan miyagun ƙwayoyi, waɗanda wasu ke ɗauka a matsayin waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin rukunin yanayin na yau da kullun. [2]

Cututtukan da ke dawwama galibi cututtuka ne da ba sa yaɗuwa, waɗanda ba sa haifar da kamuwa da cuta kuma ba sa yaɗuwa tsakanin mutane. Duk da haka, wasu cututtuka masu tsanani suna faruwa ne sakamakon kamuwa da cuta kamar HIV/AIDS. [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">ana buƙatar ambato</span> ] Kashi 63% na dukkan mace-macen da ake yi a duniya suna faruwa ne sakamakon cututtuka na yau da kullun. [3] Cututtuka na yau da kullun sune babban abin da ke haifar da mace-mace, kuma Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta danganta mace-mace miliyan 38 a kowace shekara ga cututtukan da ba sa yaɗuwa. A Amurka, kimanin kashi 40% na manya suna da aƙalla cututtuka na yau da kullun guda biyu. [4] Samun fiye da cuta na yau da kullun ana kiransa da multimorbidity . [5]

Nau'o'i

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Sau da yawa ana amfani da cututtuka na yau da kullun don bayyana yanayin lafiyar jikin ɗan adam daban-daban kamar su ciwo, nakasa ta jiki, nakasa da kuma cututtuka. Masana cututtuka sun gano sha'awar cututtuka na yau da kullun saboda suna ba da gudummawa ga cututtuka, nakasa, da raguwar ƙarfin jiki da/ko tunani. [6] Misali, hawan jini ko hauhawar jini ba wai kawai yanayi ne na yau da kullun ba, har ma yana da alaƙa da cututtuka kamar bugun zuciya ko bugun jini . Masu bincike, musamman waɗanda ke nazarin Amurka, suna amfani da Alamar Yanayi na Kullum (CCI) wanda ke taswirar lambobin ICD a matsayin "na yau da kullun" ko "marasa na yau da kullun". [7] Jerin da ke ƙasa ya haɗa da waɗannan yanayi na yau da kullun da cututtuka. A cikin 2015, Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta samar da rahoto kan cututtuka marasa yaduwa, tana ambaton manyan nau'ikan guda huɗu kamar:

Sauran misalan cututtuka na yau da kullun da yanayin lafiya sun haɗa da:

Abubuwan Haɗari

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Duk da cewa abubuwan da ke haifar da haɗari sun bambanta, yawancin cututtukan da ke haifar da cututtuka na yau da kullun ana haifar da su ne ta hanyar abinci, salon rayuwa, da abubuwan da ke haifar da haɗarin rayuwa. [9] Saboda haka, waɗannan yanayi na iya zama masu hana su ta hanyar canje-canje a halaye, kamar daina shan taba, ɗaukar abinci mai kyau, da ƙara yawan motsa jiki. Abubuwan da ke haifar da zamantakewa sune mahimman abubuwan da ke haifar da cututtuka na yau da kullun. [10] Abubuwan zamantakewa, misali, yanayin tattalin arziki, matakin ilimi, da launin fata/ƙabila, sune babban dalilin da ke haifar da bambance-bambancen da aka lura a cikin kula da cututtuka na yau da kullun. [10] Rashin samun dama da jinkiri wajen karɓar kulawa yana haifar da mummunan sakamako ga marasa lafiya daga tsiraru da kuma al'ummomin da ba a ba su kulawa sosai ba. Waɗannan shingen da ke hana kula da lafiya suna rikitar da sa ido da ci gaba da magani ga marasa lafiya. [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">ana buƙatar ambato</span> ] A Amurka, tsiraru da kuma al'umma masu ƙarancin kuɗi ba sa neman, samun dama da kuma karɓar ayyukan rigakafi da ake buƙata don gano yanayi tun da wuri. [11]

Yawancin kuɗaɗen kula da lafiya da tattalin arziki da ke da alaƙa da yanayin lafiya suna faruwa ne sakamakon cututtuka da yanayi na yau da kullun da halayen haɗarin lafiya da ke da alaƙa. Kashi 84 cikin 100 na duk kuɗin da aka kashe a fannin kiwon lafiya a shekarar 2006 ya kasance ga kashi 50% na al'ummar da ke da ɗaya ko fiye da cututtukan da suka fi yawa a cikin su (CDC, 2014). Akwai dalilai da dama na haɗarin zamantakewa da juriya tsakanin yara masu fama da rashin lafiya na yau da kullun da 'yan uwansu. Manya masu fama da rashin lafiya na yau da kullun sun fi fuskantar rashin gamsuwa a rayuwa fiye da waɗanda ba su da rashin lafiya na yau da kullun. [12] Idan aka kwatanta da takwarorinsu masu lafiya, yaran da ke fama da rashin lafiya na yau da kullun suna da kusan ƙaruwa sau biyu a cikin cututtukan tabin hankali. [13] Babban baƙin ciki na iyaye da sauran damuwa na iyali sun annabta ƙarin matsaloli a tsakanin marasa lafiya. [14] Bugu da ƙari, matsalolin 'yan'uwa tare da nauyin rashin lafiya a kan iyali gaba ɗaya sun haifar da ƙarin damuwa ta tunani ga marasa lafiya da iyalansu. [14]

Afirka

Kasashen Afirka a halin yanzu suna fama da nau'ikan cututtuka biyu - yayin da cututtuka masu yaduwa ke ci gaba da zama babbar sanadin mace-mace, cututtuka masu tsanani suna ƙara zama masu kisa, musamman a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara . Wannan yanki ya ba da rahoton wasu daga cikin mafi girman adadin mace-macen cututtuka masu tsanani a duniya, wanda ke shafar maza da mata. [15] Yawan cututtuka masu tsanani kamar su ciwon suga, hawan jini, da cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini yana faruwa ne sakamakon rashin kyawun salon rayuwa kamar abinci mara kyau, rashin motsa jiki, shan taba, da kiba. Waɗannan halaye masu canzawa suna ƙara yaɗuwa a yankunan karkara da birane. Baya ga abubuwan da ke haifar da salon rayuwa, kwayoyin halitta suna taka rawa a cikin yanayin cututtukan da ke shafar yankin, musamman ga yanayi kamar hawan jini da ciwon suga. [16] Abin da ke ƙara ta'azzara matsalar shine yanayin tsarin kiwon lafiya, wanda galibi ba shi da kayayyakin more rayuwa, kuɗi, da wayar da kan jama'a da ake buƙata don mayar da martani yadda ya kamata ga wannan rikicin da ke ƙaruwa.

Asiya

Nauyin cututtuka na yau da kullun a Asiya yana ƙaruwa sosai, wanda ke haifar da haɗuwar yawan jama'a, yanayin kwayoyin halitta, da kuma saurin bunƙasa birane. Sauye-sauyen salon rayuwa mai zaman kansa da kuma abincin da aka saba ci da kuma ci gaban tattalin arziki da masana'antu da tattalin arziki suka haifar - ya taimaka sosai wajen ƙaruwar yawan cututtukan da ba sa yaɗuwa (NCDs). Musamman 'yan Asiya ta Kudu, suna cikin haɗari mafi girma, suna kamuwa da waɗannan yanayi tun suna ƙanana a rayuwa kuma galibi suna da ƙarancin nauyin jiki idan aka kwatanta da ƙa'idodin duniya, wanda ke haifar da hauhawar farashin kiwon lafiya da ƙarancin yawan aiki. [17] Shan taba ya kasance babban abin haɗari a duk faɗin Kudancin Asiya, tare da alaƙa mai ƙarfi da cututtuka na yau da kullun. Misali, Maldives ta ba da rahoton wasu daga cikin mafi girman adadin mace-mace da suka shafi NCD tsakanin mata. [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2025)">an buƙata</span> ] Rashin ingantaccen abinci mai gina jiki da shan taba suna cikin manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da mutuwa da nakasa da wuri, wanda hakan ya ƙara ta'azzara sakamakon ƙarancin damar samun kulawar lafiya da ƙarancin wayar da kan jama'a game da lafiya a cikin al'ummomi da yawa.

Latin Amurka da Caribbean

A Latin Amurka da Caribbean, sauyin salon rayuwa da yanayin muhalli sune manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da karuwar cututtuka masu tsanani. Matasa da yawa, ciki har da ɗalibai, suna shiga cikin halaye kamar rashin abinci mai gina jiki, yawan cin abinci da aka sarrafa da abubuwan sha masu sukari, da ƙarancin motsa jiki wanda duk ke ƙara musu rauni ga cututtuka kamar ciwon suga da cututtukan zuciya. [18] Saurin ci gaban birane da tasirin yankin a fannin abinci da kafofin watsa labarai na duniya sun kuma canza ayyukan yau da kullun zuwa ga yanayin zama da rashin lafiya. Tare da ƙalubalen zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da ake da su, waɗannan canje-canjen suna ƙara matsin lamba ga tsarin lafiyar jama'a, suna nuna buƙatar gaggawa na dabarun rigakafi da kuma ƙarfafa manufofin jama'a.

Rigakafi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Akwai shaidu da ke ƙara nuna cewa rigakafi yana da tasiri wajen rage tasirin cututtuka na yau da kullun; musamman, gano cutar da wuri yana haifar da sakamako marasa tsanani. Ayyukan rigakafi na asibiti sun haɗa da tantance wanzuwar cutar ko kuma yiwuwar ci gabanta, ba da shawara da rigakafi ga cututtukan da ke yaɗuwa. Duk da ingancinsu, amfani da ayyukan rigakafi yawanci yana ƙasa da na ayyukan likita na yau da kullun. Sabanin farashin da ake tsammani a lokaci da kuɗi, marasa lafiya ba sa fahimtar fa'idodin ayyukan rigakafi kai tsaye saboda tasirinsu yana kan dogon lokaci ko kuma yana iya zama mafi girma ga al'umma gaba ɗaya fiye da matakin mutum ɗaya.

Shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiyar jama'a suna da mahimmanci wajen ilmantar da jama'a, da kuma haɓaka salon rayuwa mai kyau da wayar da kan jama'a game da cututtuka na yau da kullun. Duk da cewa waɗannan shirye-shiryen za su iya amfana daga kuɗaɗen tallafi a matakai daban-daban (jiha, tarayya, masu zaman kansu), aiwatar da su galibi yana da alhakin hukumomin gida da ƙungiyoyi na al'umma . [19] Bincike ya nuna cewa shirye-shiryen lafiyar jama'a suna da tasiri wajen rage mace-mace da ke da alaƙa da cututtukan zuciya, ciwon suga da ciwon daji, amma sakamakon ya ɗan bambanta dangane da nau'in yanayin da kuma nau'in shirye-shiryen da ke ciki. [20] Misali, sakamakon da aka samu daga hanyoyi daban-daban na rigakafin cutar kansa da tantancewa ya dogara sosai akan nau'in ciwon daji. [21] Yawan marasa lafiya da ke fama da cututtuka na yau da kullun ya sake sabunta sha'awar rigakafi da yuwuwar rawar da take takawa wajen taimakawa wajen rage farashi. A cikin 2008, Trust for America's Health ta samar da wani rahoto wanda ya kiyasta cewa zuba jarin dala $10 ga kowane mutum kowace shekara a cikin shirye-shiryen al'umma waɗanda aka tabbatar da inganci da kuma haɓaka salon rayuwa mai kyau (ƙara yawan motsa jiki, abinci mai kyau da hana shan taba) zai iya adana sama da dala biliyan 16 kowace shekara cikin tsawon shekaru biyar kacal. [22]

Wani bita na 2017 (wanda aka sabunta a 2022) ya gano cewa ba a da tabbas ko manufofin makaranta kan nisantar da abubuwan da ke haifar da haɗari ga cututtuka masu tsanani kamar manufofin cin abinci mai kyau, manufofin motsa jiki, da manufofin taba na iya inganta halayen lafiyar ɗalibai ko ilimin ma'aikata da ɗalibai. [23] [ buƙatun sabuntawa ] Binciken da aka sabunta a shekarar 2022 ya tabbatar da ɗan ci gaba a ma'aunin kiba da motsa jiki yayin da amfani da ingantattun dabarun ke haifar da ƙarin hanyoyin aiwatarwa amma ya ci gaba da kira da a ƙara yin bincike don magance tambayoyin da suka shafi shan barasa da haɗarin. [23] Ƙarfafa waɗanda ke da cututtuka na yau da kullun su ci gaba da kula da marasa lafiya ( masu tafiya a asibiti ) da kuma halartar alƙawarin likita da aka tsara na iya taimakawa wajen inganta sakamako da rage farashin magani saboda rashin alƙawari. [24] An ba da shawarar nemo madadin marasa lafiya maimakon likitoci ko masu ba da shawara don tsara alƙawarin likita a matsayin hanyar inganta adadin mutanen da ke da cututtuka na yau da kullun waɗanda ke rasa alƙawarin likita, duk da haka babu wata shaida mai ƙarfi da ke nuna cewa waɗannan hanyoyin suna da bambanci. [24]

Aikin jinya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Aikin jinya na iya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen taimaka wa marasa lafiya da ke fama da cututtuka na yau da kullun su sami tsawon rai da kuma samun lafiya. [25] Masana sun nuna cewa zamanin neoliberal na yanzu yana mai da hankali kan kula da kai, a cikin al'ummomin masu arziki da marasa galihu. [26] Wannan mayar da hankali kan kula da kai ya shafi kula da marasa lafiya da ke fama da cututtuka na yau da kullun, yana maye gurbin aikin jinya mafi girma tare da mai da hankali kan kula da lafiyarsu. Masu suka sun lura cewa wannan yana da ƙalubale ko ba zai yiwu ba ga marasa lafiya da ke fama da cututtuka na yau da kullun a cikin al'ummomin da ke da ƙarancin kuɗi inda tsarin kiwon lafiya, da tsarin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa ba su da cikakken goyon bayan wannan aikin. [26]

Wani bincike da aka gudanar a Habasha ya nuna wata hanya mai matuƙar muhimmanci ta kula da marasa lafiya don magance cututtuka masu tsanani. Binciken ya nuna cewa marasa lafiya suna ƙara buƙatar kulawa. Yana amfani da ma'aikatan jinya da jami'an lafiya don cike gibin da ba a cika ba na maganin cututtuka masu tsanani ta hanyar da ba ta da tsada. [27] Sun jagoranci cibiyoyin kiwon lafiyarsu waɗanda ma'aikatan jinya da jami'an lafiya ke aiki; don haka, akwai takamaiman horo da ake buƙata don shiga cikin shirye-shiryen da aka tsara dole ne a yi akai-akai, don tabbatar da cewa an ilmantar da sabbin ma'aikata wajen gudanar da kula da cututtuka masu tsanani. [27] Shirin ya nuna cewa kulawa da ilimi bisa ga al'umma, wanda galibi ma'aikatan jinya da jami'an lafiya ke jagoranta, suna aiki. [27] Yana nuna mahimmancin ma'aikatan jinya su bi diddigin daidaikun mutane a cikin al'umma, da kuma ba da damar ma'aikatan jinya su kasance masu sassauci wajen biyan buƙatun marasa lafiyarsu da kuma ilmantar da su don kula da kansu a gidajensu. [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">ana buƙatar ambato</span> ]

Ilimin Cututtuka

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Cututtukan da ke shafar cututtuka na yau da kullun sun bambanta kuma cututtukan da ke shafar wasu cututtuka na yau da kullun na iya canzawa dangane da sabbin magunguna. A cikin maganin cutar HIV, nasarar magungunan hana sake kamuwa da cuta yana nufin cewa marasa lafiya da yawa za su fuskanci wannan kamuwa da cuta a matsayin cuta mai ɗorewa wanda ga mutane da yawa zai ɗauki shekaru da yawa na rayuwarsu ta yau da kullun. [28] Wasu cututtukan da ke shafar cututtuka na yau da kullun na iya shafar ganewar asali da yawa. Kiba da rarraba kitsen jiki misali suna ba da gudummawa kuma sune abubuwan haɗari ga cututtuka da yawa na yau da kullun kamar ciwon sukari, zuciya, da cututtukan koda. [29]

Sauran abubuwan da ke haifar da cututtuka, kamar zamantakewa, tattalin arziki, da muhalli ba su da alaƙa kai tsaye da sanadi da tasirin cutar na yau da kullun. Duk da cewa yawanci yanayin tattalin arziki mai girma yana da alaƙa da ƙarancin kamuwa da cututtuka na yau da kullun, ba a san ko akwai alaƙa kai tsaye da sanadi da tasiri tsakanin waɗannan masu canji biyu ba. [30] Cututtukan cututtuka na yau da kullun da ke yaɗuwa kamar AIDS suma sun bambanta da na cututtukan na yau da kullun da ba sa yaɗuwa. Duk da cewa abubuwan zamantakewa suna taka rawa wajen yaɗuwar cutar AIDS, ana buƙatar fallasa kawai don kamuwa da wannan cutar na yau da kullun. Cututtuka na yau da kullun da ke yaɗuwa galibi ana iya magance su ne kawai ta hanyar magani, maimakon canjin salon rayuwa kamar yadda ake iya magance wasu cututtukan na yau da kullun da ba sa yaɗuwa. [31]

Amurka

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tun daga shekarar 2003, akwai wasu shirye-shirye da ke da nufin samun ƙarin ilimi kan cututtukan da ke damun mutane ta hanyar tattara bayanai. Fatan waɗannan shirye-shiryen shine tattara bayanai kan cututtuka daban-daban na yau da kullun a faɗin Amurka da kuma nuna yadda wannan ilimin zai iya zama da amfani wajen magance cututtuka na yau da kullun. [32] A Amurka, tun daga shekarar 2004, kusan ɗaya cikin Amurkawa biyu (miliyan 133) yana da aƙalla yanayin rashin lafiya na yau da kullun guda ɗaya, tare da yawancin mutane (58%) tsakanin shekaru 18 zuwa 64. [7] Ana hasashen cewa adadin zai ƙaru da fiye da kashi ɗaya cikin ɗari a kowace shekara nan da shekarar 2030, wanda ke haifar da kimanin mutane miliyan 171 da ke fama da rashin lafiya na yau da kullun. [7] Mafi yawan cututtukan da ke damun mutane sune hawan jini, amosanin gabbai, cututtukan numfashi kamar emphysema, da kuma yawan cholesterol . [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">ana buƙatar ambato</span> ]

Dangane da bayanai daga Binciken Kwamitin Kashe Kuɗi na Likitanci na 2014 (MEPS), an kiyasta cewa kusan kashi 60% na manyan Amurkawa suna da rashin lafiya guda ɗaya ta dindindin, tare da kusan kashi 40% suna da fiye da ɗaya; wannan ƙimar ba ta canza ba tun daga 2008. [33] Bayanan MEPS daga 1998 sun nuna cewa kashi 45% na manyan Amurkawa suna da aƙalla rashin lafiya guda ɗaya ta dindindin, kuma kashi 21% suna da fiye da ɗaya. [34] A cewar binciken da CDC ta gudanar, cututtuka na yau da kullun suma abin damuwa ne musamman ga tsofaffi a Amurka. Cututtuka na yau da kullun kamar bugun jini, cututtukan zuciya, da ciwon daji suna cikin manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da mace-mace tsakanin Amurkawa masu shekaru 65 ko sama da haka a 2002, wanda ya kai kashi 61% na dukkan mace-macen da ke tsakanin wannan rukunin jama'a. [35] An kiyasta cewa aƙalla kashi 80% na tsofaffin Amurkawa a halin yanzu suna rayuwa da wani nau'in rashin lafiya na yau da kullun, tare da kashi 50% na wannan yawan suna da cututtuka biyu ko fiye na yau da kullun. [35] Cututtuka biyu da suka fi yawa a cikin tsofaffi sune hawan jini da ciwon gaɓɓai, inda ake samun rahoton ciwon suga, cututtukan zuciya, da ciwon daji a tsakanin tsofaffi. [36]

A yayin nazarin kididdigar cututtuka masu tsanani a tsakanin tsofaffi masu rai, yana da mahimmanci a lura da kididdigar da ta shafi mace-mace sakamakon cututtuka masu tsanani. Ciwon zuciya shine babban abin da ke haifar da mace-mace daga manya masu shekaru 65, sai kuma ciwon daji, bugun jini, ciwon suga, cututtukan numfashi na ƙasa da na yau da kullun, mura da ciwon huhu, kuma a ƙarshe, cutar Alzheimer. [35] Duk da cewa adadin cututtuka masu tsanani ya bambanta da launin fata ga waɗanda ke fama da cututtuka masu tsanani, kididdigar manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da mace-mace tsakanin tsofaffi kusan iri ɗaya ne a tsakanin kabilu/ƙabilu. [35] Cututtuka masu tsanani suna haifar da kusan kashi 70% na mace-mace a Amurka da kuma a cikin 2002 cututtuka masu tsanani (cututtukan zuciya, ciwon daji, bugun jini, cututtukan numfashi na yau da kullun, ciwon suga, cutar Alzheimer, cututtukan hankali da cututtukan koda) su ne shida daga cikin manyan dalilai guda goma da ke haifar da mace-mace a cikin al'ummar Amurka gaba ɗaya.

Tasirin tattalin arziki

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Amurka

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Cututtuka masu tsanani su ne babban abin da ke haifar da ci gaba da ƙaruwar kashe kuɗi a fannin kula da lafiya. [37] A shekara ta 2002, Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Ayyukan Dan Adam ta Amurka ta bayyana cewa kula da lafiya ga cututtuka masu tsanani ya fi kashe kuɗi a cikin dukkan matsalolin lafiya a Amurka Healthy People 2010 ta ba da rahoton cewa fiye da kashi 75% na dala tiriliyan 2 da ake kashewa a kowace shekara a fannin kula da lafiya na Amurka ya faru ne saboda cututtuka masu tsanani; kashe kuɗi ya fi yawa ga masu cin gajiyar Medicare (masu shekaru 65 zuwa sama). [11] Bugu da ƙari, a shekara ta 2017 an kiyasta cewa kashi 90% na dala biliyan 3.3 da aka kashe a fannin kiwon lafiya a Amurka ya faru ne saboda maganin cututtuka da cututtuka masu tsanani. [38] [33] Ci gaban kashe kuɗi yana faruwa ne sakamakon yawan kamuwa da cututtuka masu tsanani da tsawon rai na jama'a. Haka kuma, inganta jiyya ya tsawaita rayuwar marasa lafiya da cututtuka masu tsanani sosai amma yana haifar da ƙarin farashi a cikin dogon lokaci. Nasarar da ta fi ban mamaki ita ce haɓaka haɗakar magungunan rigakafi waɗanda suka haifar da ingantaccen ci gaba a cikin ƙimar rayuwa da ingancin rayuwar marasa lafiya da ke ɗauke da cutar HIV . [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">ana buƙatar ambato</span> ]

Baya ga kuɗaɗen da ake kashewa kai tsaye a fannin kula da lafiya, cututtuka masu tsanani suna da matuƙar nauyi ga tattalin arziki, ta hanyar iyakance ayyukan yau da kullun, asarar yawan aiki da kuma asarar kwanakin aiki. Abin damuwa musamman shine ƙaruwar yawan kiba da kiba a dukkan sassan al'ummar Amurka. [11] Kiba kanta yanayi ne na lafiya ba cuta ba, amma tana haifar da babban haɗarin kamuwa da cututtuka masu tsanani, kamar su ciwon suga, bugun jini, cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini da kuma ciwon daji. Kiba yana haifar da kashe kuɗi mai yawa a fannin kula da lafiya da kuma kuɗaɗen da ba a kaikaice ba, kamar yadda wani bincike da aka yi kwanan nan daga babban jami'in kula da lafiya na Texas ya nuna cewa kiba kaɗai ta kashe wa 'yan kasuwar Texas ƙarin dala biliyan 9.5 a shekarar 2009, gami da sama da dala biliyan 4 don kula da lafiya, dala biliyan 5 don asarar yawan aiki da rashin zuwa aiki, da kuma dala miliyan 321 don nakasa.

Kanada

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

The Public Health Agency of Canada states that chronic disease has a negative impact on the labor force participant of individuals. In particular, people with chronic diseases "are likely to have recurrent sick leave, long-term absences from work, and often face an early retirement from the labour force."[39] In 2000, the Public Health Agency of Canada stated that the total economic burden of arthritis totaled 6.4 billion Canadian dollars per year, representing 28.9% of all musculoskeletal disease expenditures. 65% of the total economic cost was incurred by those aged 35-64 years old. It is anticipated that people aged 55 and older will most significantly contribute to the prevalence of arthritis. This is projected to result in reduced labor force participant and a substantial increase in morbidity costs. The Public Health Agency of Canada recommends focusing on prevention strategies, minimizing costs by improving health and reducing disability, and providing support to people with arthritis to remain active in the workforce.[40]

Japan

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ya zuwa shekarar 2004, an kiyasta nauyin tattalin arziki na cututtukan huhu na yau da kullun (COPD) shine yen biliyan 805.5 a kowace shekara. Kuɗaɗen kai tsaye, waɗanda suka haɗa da kulawar marasa lafiya a asibiti, kulawar marasa lafiya a asibiti, da kuma maganin iskar oxygen a gida, sun kai yen biliyan 645.1 a kowace shekara. A halin yanzu, ana kiyasta cewa kuɗaɗen da ba a kai tsaye ba za su kashe yen biliyan 160.4 a kowace shekara a asarar yawan aiki saboda rashin zuwa aiki. Yawan shan taba da ƙaruwar yawan tsofaffi na iya ƙara ta'azzara tasirin tattalin arziki na COPD a Japan. [41] Manyan kuɗaɗen da ba a kai tsaye ba na COPD sune raguwar shiga cikin ma'aikata, ƙaruwar farashin kiwon lafiya saboda kuɗaɗen rayuwa da ake tallafawa, ƙaruwar yawan mutuwar da wuri, da kuma kuɗin tallafin mai kulawa. A cikin 1999, wani bincike ya nuna cewa marasa lafiya da ke fama da cutar bronchitis mai tsanani, COPD, ko emphysema sun rasa matsakaicin kwanaki 42.2 na aiki a kowace shekara saboda yanayinsu. [41]

Tasirin zamantakewa da na mutum

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Akwai alaƙa tsakanin abubuwan zamantakewa da yawaitar cututtuka da kuma sakamakon cututtuka masu tsanani kwanan nan.

Lafiyar kwakwalwa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An yi nuni da alaƙar da ke tsakanin kaɗaici, lafiyar gabaɗaya, da kuma cututtuka masu tsanani kwanan nan. Wasu bincike sun nuna cewa kaɗaici yana da illa ga lafiya kamar ta shan taba da kiba. [42] Wani bincike ya gano cewa jin kaɗaici yana da alaƙa da yawan bayar da rahoton lafiya a matsayin mara kyau, kuma jin kaɗaici yana ƙara yiwuwar kamuwa da cututtukan tabin hankali a cikin mutane. [43] An tabbatar da alaƙar da ke tsakanin rashin lafiya mai ɗorewa da kaɗaici, amma sau da yawa ana yin watsi da shi a cikin magani. Misali, wani bincike ya gano cewa adadin cututtuka masu ɗorewa a kowane mutum yana da alaƙa da jin kaɗaici. [44] Wasu daga cikin dalilan da za su iya haifar da wannan sune rashin iya riƙe 'yancin kai da kuma rashin lafiya mai ɗorewa wanda shine tushen damuwa ga mutum. Wani bincike kan kaɗaici a cikin manya sama da shekaru 65 ya gano cewa ƙarancin kaɗaici da kuma yawan tallafin iyali suna da alaƙa da sakamako mafi kyau na cututtuka masu ɗorewa da yawa kamar hawan jini da ciwon suga. [44]

Akwai wasu sauye-sauye na baya-bayan nan a fannin likitanci don magance waɗannan alaƙar yayin kula da marasa lafiya da ke fama da rashin lafiya na dogon lokaci. Misali, hanyar biopsychosocial, wacce aka haɓaka a 2006, ta mayar da hankali kan "halin majiyyaci, iyali, al'ada, da kuma yanayin lafiyarsa." Likitoci suna karkata zuwa ga tsarin psychosocial ga cututtuka na dogon lokaci don taimakawa ƙaruwar adadin mutanen da aka gano suna da waɗannan yanayi. Duk da wannan motsi, har yanzu akwai suka cewa ba a kula da cututtuka na dogon lokaci yadda ya kamata ba, kuma babu isasshen fifiko kan halayen cututtuka na dogon lokaci ko nau'ikan tallafi na tunani ga marasa lafiya. [45]

Bambancin lafiyar kwakwalwa tsakanin waɗanda ke da cututtuka na yau da kullun babban al'amari ne da likitoci ke yawan mantawa da shi. Kuma masu ilimin cututtuka na yau da kullun suna nan don tallafawa don taimakawa wajen magance matsalar kwakwalwa ta cututtukan na yau da kullun saboda galibi ana raina shi a cikin al'umma. Manya da ke da cututtuka na yau da kullun waɗanda ke iyakance rayuwarsu ta yau da kullun suna da ƙarin baƙin ciki da ƙarancin girman kai fiye da manya masu lafiya da manya masu rashin lafiya na yau da kullun. [46] Tasirin motsin rai na rashin lafiya na yau da kullun yana da tasiri akan ci gaban tunani da ilimi na mutum. [47] Misali, mutanen da ke zaune tare da ciwon sukari na nau'in 1 suna jure tsawon rayuwa na kulawa da lafiya mai wahala wanda yawanci ya haɗa da sa ido kan glucose na jini na yau da kullun, allurar insulin, da kula da kai akai-akai. Wannan nau'in kulawa akai-akai da ciwon sukari na nau'in 1 da sauran cututtuka na yau da kullun ke buƙata na iya haifar da rashin daidaituwar tunani. Akwai ka'idoji da yawa, wato wanda ake kira ka'idar juriyar ciwon suga, wanda ke nuna cewa hanyoyin kariya suna kare tasirin abubuwan haɗari akan ci gaban mutum da aikinsa. [48]

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
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  32. ↑ Remington PL, Simoes E, Brownson RC, Siegel PZ (July 2003). "The role of epidemiology in chronic disease prevention and health promotion programs". Journal of Public Health Management and Practice. 9 (4): 258–65. doi:10.1097/00124784-200307000-00003. PMC 3760604. PMID 12836507.
  33. 1 2 Buttorff C, Ruder T, Bauman M (May 26, 2017). "Multiple Chronic Conditions in the United States" (in Turanci). Retrieved 2019-06-13. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  34. ↑ Anderson G, Horvath J (2004). "The growing burden of chronic disease in America". Public Health Reports. 119 (3): 263–270. doi:10.1016/j.phr.2004.04.005. PMC 1497638. PMID 15158105.
  35. 1 2 3 4 "The state of aging and health in America 2007" (PDF). U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The Merck Company Foundation. 2007. Archived (PDF) from the original on Jun 20, 2024.
  36. ↑ "Common Chronic Conditions and Aging at Home". Parentgiving. Archived from the original on Sep 24, 2022.
  37. ↑ Roehrig C, Miller G, Lake C, Bryant J (2009). "National health spending by medical condition, 1996-2005". Health Affairs. 28 (2): w358–67. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.28.2.w358. PMID 19240056.
  38. ↑ Kelly C, Clennin MN, Barela BA, Wagner A (March 2021). "Practice-Based Evidence Supporting Healthy Eating and Active Living Policy and Environmental Changes". Journal of Public Health Management and Practice. 27 (2): 166–172. doi:10.1097/PHH.0000000000001099. PMID 31688744. S2CID 207893468.
  39. ↑ Canada, Public Health Agency of (2018-04-12). "Economic Burden of Illness in Canada, 2010". www.canada.ca. Retrieved 2025-03-17.
  40. ↑ Canada, Public Health Agency of (2010-07-19). "Chapter 6: Life with arthritis in Canada: a personal and public health challenge – Economic burden of arthritis". www.canada.ca. Archived from the original on 2025-03-18. Retrieved 2025-03-17.
  41. 1 2 Nishimura, Shuzo; Zaher, Carol (2004). "Cost impact of COPD in Japan: Opportunities and challenges?". Respirology (in Turanci). 9 (4): 466–473. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1843.2004.00617.x. ISSN 1440-1843. PMID 15612957.
  42. ↑ Tiwari SC (October 2013). "Loneliness: A disease?". Indian Journal of Psychiatry. 55 (4): 320–2. doi:10.4103/0019-5545.120536. PMC 3890922. PMID 24459300.
  43. ↑ Coyle CE, Dugan E (December 2012). "Social isolation, loneliness and health among older adults". Journal of Aging and Health. 24 (8): 1346–63. doi:10.1177/0898264312460275. PMID 23006425. S2CID 25329890.
  44. 1 2 Theeke LA (October 2009). "Predictors of loneliness in U.S. adults over age sixty-five". Archives of Psychiatric Nursing. 23 (5): 387–96. doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2008.11.002. PMID 19766930.
  45. ↑ Clark NM, Gong M (February 2000). "Management of chronic disease by practitioners and patients: are we teaching the wrong things?". BMJ. 320 (7234): 572–5. doi:10.1136/bmj.320.7234.572. PMC 1117606. PMID 10688569.
  46. ↑ Huurre TM, Aro HM (April 2002). "Long-term psychosocial effects of persistent chronic illness. A follow-up study of Finnish adolescents aged 16 to 32 years". European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 11 (2): 85–91. doi:10.1007/s007870200015. PMID 12033749. S2CID 22198568.
  47. ↑ Turner J, Kelly B (February 2000). "Emotional dimensions of chronic disease". The Western Journal of Medicine. 172 (2): 124–8. doi:10.1136/ewjm.172.2.124. PMC 1070773. PMID 10693376.
  48. ↑ Hilliard ME, Harris MA, Weissberg-Benchell J (December 2012). "Diabetes resilience: a model of risk and protection in type 1 diabetes". Current Diabetes Reports. 12 (6): 739–48. doi:10.1007/s11892-012-0314-3. PMID 22956459. S2CID 41753257.
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