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Yanayin iska

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Yanayin iska
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na physical process (en) Fassara
Amfani Ingancin iska na cikin gida, thermal comfort (en) Fassara da cooling (en) Fassara
Uses (en) Fassara air conditioning equipment (en) Fassara
Akwai nau'ikan masu sanyaya iska daban-daban. Shahararrun misalai sun haɗa da: Mai sanyaya iska da aka ɗora a taga (China, 2023); Mai sanyaya ikuku da aka ɗaga a cikin rufin (China, 2013); Mai sarrafa iska da aka ɗaura a cikin bango (Japan, 2020); Mai sarrafa iska (Har ila yau ana kiransa rufin da aka dakatar) mai sanyaya iska (China, 2033); da kuma mai sanyaya ikuku mai ɗaukar hoto (Vatican City, 2018).

Air conditioning, sau da yawa an taƙaita shi a matsayin A / C (Amurka) ko iska con (UK), [1] shine tsari na cire zafi daga sararin samaniya don cimma matsakaicin zafin jiki na ciki kuma, a wasu lokuta, sarrafa danshi na iska na ciki. Ana iya samun sanyaya iska ta amfani da 'yan sanyaya iska' na inji ko ta wasu hanyoyin, kamar sanyaya mai wucewa da sanyaya iska. Air conditioning memba ne na dangin tsarin da dabarun da ke samar da dumama, iska, da iska (A/C). Fump din zafi suna kama da hanyoyi da yawa ga masu sanyaya iska amma suna amfani da bawul mai juyawa, yana ba su damar zafi da sanyaya sararin samaniya.

Air conditioners, wanda yawanci yana amfani da firiji na matsin tururi, ya kasance a cikin girman daga ƙananan raka'a da aka yi amfani da su a cikin motoci ko ɗakuna guda ɗaya zuwa manyan raka'a waɗanda zasu iya sanyaya manyan gine-gine.[2] Fuskokin zafi na iska, wanda za'a iya amfani dashi don dumama da sanyaya, suna ƙara zama ruwan dare a yanayin sanyi.[3]

Air conditioners na iya rage Yawan mace-mace saboda yawan zafin jiki.[4] A cewar Hukumar Kula da Makamashi ta Duniya (IEA) an yi amfani da raka'a na iska biliyan 1.6 a duniya a cikin 2016. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi kira da a sanya fasahar ta zama mai dorewa don rage canjin yanayi da kuma amfani da madadin, kamar sanyaya mai wucewa, sanyaya mai narkewa, inuwa mai zaɓaɓɓu, masu kama iska, da kuma ingantaccen Ruwan zafi.   Air conditioning ya samo asali ne daga prehistory. An sami wuraren zama masu bangon biyu, tare da rata tsakanin ganuwar biyu don ƙarfafa iskar iska, a tsohuwar birnin Hamoukar, a Siriya ta zamani.[5] Gine-gine na tsohuwar Masar sun kuma yi amfani da fasahohin sanyaya iska iri-iri. Wadannan sun zama masu yawa daga Yankin Iberian ta hanyar Arewacin Afirka, Gabas ta Tsakiya, da Arewacin Indiya.[6]

Hanyoyin da ba a yarda da su ba sun kasance a ko'ina har zuwa karni na 20 lokacin da suka fadi daga fashion kuma an maye gurbinsu da iska mai sanyaya. Yin amfani da bayanai daga nazarin injiniya na gine-ginen gargajiya, ana farfado da dabarun da ba a yarda da su ba kuma ana gyara su don ƙirar gine-gine na ƙarni na 21.[6]

Jerin sassan kwantar da iska a waje da ginin ofishin kasuwanci

Air conditioners suna ba da damar yanayin cikin gida na ginin ya kasance mai ɗorewa, galibi mai zaman kansa daga canje-canje a yanayin yanayi na waje da nauyin zafi na ciki. Har ila yau, suna ba da damar ƙirƙirar gine-gine masu zurfi kuma sun ba da damar mutane su zauna lafiya a sassa masu zafi na duniya.[7]

Ci gaba

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Abubuwan da aka gano da suka gabata

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A cikin 1558, Giambattista della Porta ya bayyana hanyar sanyaya kankara zuwa Yanayin zafi da ke ƙasa da Yanayin daskarewa ta hanyar gauraya shi da potassium nitrate (wanda ake kira "nitre") a cikin littafin kimiyya mai suna Natural Magic . [8] A cikin 1620, Cornelis Drebbel ya nuna "Jayar da bazara zuwa hunturu" ga James I na Ingila, yana sanyaya wani ɓangare na Babban Hall na Westminster Abbey tare da na'urar kwari da kwano. Francis Bacon na zamani na Drebbel, kamar della Porta mai bi a cikin sadarwa ta kimiyya, bazai kasance a cikin zanga-zangar ba, amma a cikin wani littafi da aka buga daga baya a wannan shekarar, ya bayyana shi a matsayin "gwagwarmayar daskarewa ta wucin gadi" kuma ya ce "Nitre (ko kuma ruhunsa) yana da sanyi sosai, sabili da haka nitre ko gishiri lokacin da aka kara da sanyi na ƙarshe, nitre ta hanyar ƙarawa da sanyi, amma gishiri ta hanyar samar da aikin sanyi na dusar ƙanƙara.[9]

1758, Benjamin Franklin da John Hadley, farfesa a fannin ilmin sunadarai a Jami'ar Cambridge, sun gudanar da gwaje-gwaje da ke amfani da ka'idar evaporation a matsayin hanyar sanyaya abu cikin sauri. Franklin da Hadley sun tabbatar da cewa ana iya amfani da evaporation na ruwa mai saurin canzawa (kamar barasa da ether) don fitar da zafin jiki na wani abu da ya wuce wurin daskarewa na ruwa. Sun yi gwaji tare da kwararan fitila na a matsayin abin da suke da shi. Sun yi amfani da bellows don hanzarta evaporation. Sun saukar da zafin jiki na kwararan zafin jiki zuwa -14 ° C (7 ° F) yayin da zafin yanayi ya kasance 18 °C (64 °F) ° C (64 ° F). Franklin ya lura cewa ba da daɗewa ba bayan sun wuce wurin daskarewa na ruwa 0 ° C (32 ° F), wani fim mai laushi na kankara da aka kafa a saman kwararan fitila kuma cewa nauyin kankara ya kasance kusan 6 in) kauri lokacin da suka dakatar da gwajin bayan sun kai -14 ° C (7 ° F). Franklin ya kammala cewa: "Daga wannan gwaji, mutum na iya ganin yiwuwar daskarewa mutum zuwa mutuwa a ranar bazara mai dumi".1⁄4 inch (6 mm)

Karni na 19 ya haɗa da ci gaba da yawa a cikin fasahar matsawa. A cikin 1820, masanin kimiyya na Ingila kuma mai kirkiro Michael Faraday ya gano cewa matsawa da ammoniya mai narkewa na iya sanyaya iska lokacin da aka ba da izinin ammoniya ya narke. A cikin 1842, likitan Florida John Gorrie ya yi amfani da fasahar compressor don ƙirƙirar kankara, wanda ya yi amfani dashi don sanyaya iska ga marasa lafiyarsa a asibitin sa a Apalachicola, Florida. Ya yi fatan a ƙarshe ya yi amfani da na'urar yin kankara don daidaita zafin gine-gine.[10] Ya yi la'akari da sanyaya iska mai tsakiya wanda zai iya sanyaya dukkan biranen. An ba Gorrie takardar shaidar a shekara ta 1851, amma bayan mutuwar babban mai goyon bayansa, bai iya fahimtar abin da ya kirkira ba. A shekara ta 1851, James Harrison ya kirkiro na'urar yin kankara ta farko a Geelong, Ostiraliya, kuma an ba shi takardar shaidar tsarin sanyaya na ether a shekara ta 1855 wanda ya samar da tan uku na kankara a kowace rana. A cikin 1860, Harrison ya kafa kamfanin kankara na biyu. Daga baya ya shiga muhawara game da yin gasa da fa'idar Amurka ta sayar da naman sa mai sanyaya zuwa Ingila.[11]

Na'urori na farko

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Willis Carrier, wanda aka yaba da gina na'urar sanyaya iska ta zamani ta farko

A cikin 1901, mai kirkirar Amurka Willis H. Carrier ya gina abin da ake la'akari da na'urar sanyaya iska ta zamani ta farko.[12][13][14][15] A cikin 1902, ya shigar da tsarin sanyaya iska na farko, ya ba da izini ga "yanayin iska" a cikin 1906, kuma a shekara ta 1914, an shigar da sanyaya iska ta farko ta cikin gida. [16] Sabuntawa a ƙarshen rabin karni na 20 ya ba da damar amfani da iska mai sanyaya. A shekara ta 1945, Robert Sherman na Lynn, Massachusetts, ya kirkiro na'urar sanyaya iska a cikin taga wanda ke sanyaya, dumama, sanyaya, kuma ya tace iska. An saki na'urorin sanyaya iska na farko a cikin 1980-1981. [17][18]

Wutar lantarki ta sa ci gaban sassan da suka dace ya yiwu. A cikin 1901, mai kirkirar Amurka Willis H. Carrier ya gina abin da ake la'akari da na'urar sanyaya iska ta zamani ta farko.[19][20][21][22] A cikin 1902, ya shigar da tsarin sanyaya iska na farko a cikin Kamfanin Sackett-Wilhelms Lithographing & Publishing a Brooklyn, New York. [23] Abubuwan da ya kirkira sun sarrafa zafin jiki da danshi, wanda ya taimaka wajen kula da girman takarda da kuma daidaitaccen tawada a masana'antar bugawa. Daga baya, tare da wasu ma'aikata shida, Carrier ya kafa Kamfanin Carrier Air Conditioning Company of America, kasuwancin da a cikin 2020, ya dauki mutane 53,000 aiki kuma an kimanta shi da dala biliyan 18.6.

A cikin 1906, Stuart W. Cramer na Charlotte, North Carolina, yana bincika hanyoyin ƙara danshi ga iska a cikin masana'antar sa. Cramer ya kirkiro kalmar "yanayin iska" a cikin wata da'awar da ya gabatar a wannan shekarar, inda ya ba da shawarar cewa sanyaya iska yayi kama da "yanayin ruwa", sannan sanannen tsari ne don sauƙaƙa kayan aiki. Ya haɗu da danshi tare da iska zuwa "yanayi" kuma ya canza iska a cikin masana'antu, don haka ya sarrafa danshi da ake buƙata a cikin tsire-tsire. Willis Carrier ya karɓi kalmar kuma ya haɗa shi cikin sunan kamfaninsa.

Ba da daɗewa ba na'urar sanyaya iska ta gida ta tashi. A cikin 1914, an shigar da na'urar sanyaya iska ta farko a Minneapolis a gidan Charles Gilbert Gates . Yana yiwuwa, duk da haka, babban na'urar (c. 7 ft × 6 ft × 20 ft (2.1 m × 1.8 m × 6.1 m) ) ba a taɓa amfani da shi ba, saboda gidan ya kasance ba kowa (Gates ya riga ya mutu a watan Oktoba 1913.)

A cikin 1931, H.H. Schultz da J.Q. Sherman sun haɓaka abin da zai zama mafi yawan nau'in mai sanyaya iska na ɗaki: wanda aka tsara don zama a kan gefen taga. An sayar da raka'a a 1932 a US $ 10,000 zuwa $ 50,000 (kimanin $ 200,000 zuwa $ 1,200,000 a 2024.) Shekara guda bayan haka, an ba da tsarin sanyaya iska na farko don motoci don sayarwa. Chrysler Motors ya gabatar da na'urar sanyaya iska ta farko a cikin 1935, kuma Packard ya zama masana'antar mota ta farko da ta ba da na'ura mai sanyaya iska a cikin motocinsa a cikin 1939. [24]

Operation

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Operating principles

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A simple stylized diagram of the refrigeration cycle: 1) condensing coil, 2) expansion valve, 3) evaporator coil, 4) compressor

Ana yin sanyaya a cikin tsarin na'urar kwandishan na gargajiya ta hanyar amfani da zagayowar tururi, wanda ke amfani da na'urar sanyaya karfin sanyaya da canjin lokaci tsakanin gas da ruwa don canja wurin zafi. Zagayowar tururi na iya faruwa a cikin naúrar, ko kunshin kayan aiki, ko a cikin na'ura mai sanyaya da ke da alaƙa da na'urorin sanyaya tasha (kamar na'urar murɗa a cikin mai sarrafa iska) a gefen evaporator da kayan kin zafi kamar hasumiya mai sanyaya a gefen na'urar sanyaya. Tushen zafi na tushen iska yana raba abubuwa da yawa tare da tsarin kwandishan, amma ya haɗa da bawul mai juyawa, wanda ke ba da damar yin amfani da naúrar don zafi da sanyaya sarari. [25]

Kayan sanyaya iska za su rage cikakken danshi na iska da tsarin ke sarrafawa idan farfajiyar coil ɗin evaporator ya fi sanyi fiye da raɓa na iska da ke kewaye. Wani mai sanyaya iska da aka tsara don sararin samaniya zai kai kashi 30% zuwa 60% na danshi a cikin sararin samaniya.[26]

Yawancin tsarin na'urorin kwantar da iska na zamani suna da yanayin damfara a lokacin da compressor ke gudana. A lokaci guda, ana jinkirin fan don rage yawan zafin jiki da kuma tara ruwa mai yawa. Mai dehumidifier yana amfani da tsarin sake firji iri ɗaya amma yana haɗa duka biyun da mai fitar da ruwa da na'ura zuwa hanyar iska iri ɗaya; iskar ta fara wucewa ta kan coil ɗin evaporator, inda aka sanyaya [27] kuma a cire humided, kafin ta wuce kan na'urar na'urar, inda ta sake dumama kafin a sake shi ta koma cikin ɗakin. []

Ana iya zaɓar sanyaya kyauta a wasu lokuta lokacin da iska ta waje ta fi sanyi fiye da iska ta ciki. A wannan yanayin, ba a buƙatar amfani da compressor, wanda ke haifar da ingancin sanyaya mai yawa don waɗannan lokutan. Hakanan ana iya haɗa wannan tare da ajiyar wutar lantarki ta yanayi.[28]

Wasu tsarin kwandishan na iya juyar da sake zagayowar firji kuma suyi aiki azaman famfo mai zafi na iska, don haka dumama maimakon sanyaya yanayin cikin gida. Ana kuma kiransu da sunan "masu sanyaya iska mai juyi". Famfu na zafi yana da mahimmanci fiye da ingantaccen makamashi fiye da dumama juriya na lantarki, saboda yana motsa makamashi daga iska ko ruwan ƙasa zuwa sararin samaniya mai zafi da zafi daga siyan makamashin lantarki. Lokacin da famfo mai zafi yana cikin yanayin dumama, na'urar evaporator na cikin gida yana canza matsayi kuma ya zama na'urar na'ura, yana samar da zafi. Na'urar na'urar na'ura ta waje kuma tana canza matsayi don zama mai fitar da iska kuma tana fitar da iska mai sanyi (mai sanyi fiye da iskan waje).

Tsarin sarrafawa

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Ikon nesa mara waya

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Mai sarrafa ramut mara waya
Infrared mai watsa LED akan ramut
Mai karɓar infrared akan kwandishan

Mai sarrafa waya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Yawancin masu sarrafa waya ( Indonisiya, 2024)

Wired controller, wanda kuma ake kira “wired thermostat,” na’ura ce da ke sarrafa na’urar sanyaya iska ta hanyar kunna dumama ko sanyaya ko kashewa. Yana amfani da na'urori daban-daban don auna yanayin zafi da kunna ayyukan sarrafawa. Ma'aunin zafi da sanyio na injina galibi suna amfani da tsiri bimetallic, suna canza canjin zafin jiki zuwa matsuguni na inji, don kunna ikon kwandishan. Ma'aunin zafin jiki na lantarki, maimakon haka, suna amfani da thermistor ko wasu firikwensin semiconductor, canjin yanayin aiki azaman siginar lantarki don sarrafa kwandishan.

Nau'ukan

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A wuraren da ke ƙasa da daskarewa da daddare a lokacin hunturu, ana iya tattara dusar ƙanƙara da ƙanƙara a adana su a cikin gidajen kankara don amfani da su daga baya wajen sanyaya. Wannan dabara ta wuce shekaru 3,700 a Gabas ta Tsakiya. [29] Girbin kankara a waje lokacin hunturu da jigilar kaya da adanawa don amfani a lokacin rani Turawa masu arziki ne suka yi su a farkon shekarun 1600, kuma ya shahara a Turai da Amurka zuwa ƙarshen 1600s. [30] An maye gurbin wannan aikin da masu yin ƙanƙara-matsawa na inji.

Haɓakar sanyi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Na'urar sanyaya evaporative

A cikin bushewa, yanayin zafi, ana iya amfani da tasirin sanyaya mai fitar da ruwa ta hanyar sanya ruwa a wurin shan iska, kamar yadda daftarin ya jawo iska akan ruwa sannan zuwa cikin gida. Don haka, a wasu lokuta ana cewa maɓuɓɓugar, a cikin gine-ginen yanayi mai zafi, bushewa, kamar murhu a cikin gine-ginen yanayin sanyi. Sanyaya mai fitar da iska kuma yana sa iska ta zama ɗanɗano, wanda zai iya zama da amfani a cikin busasshiyar yanayin hamada. [31]

Na'urar sanyaya mai fitar da iska takan ji kamar ba sa aiki a lokutan zafi mai zafi, lokacin da babu busasshiyar iskar da na'urorin sanyaya za su yi aiki da ita don sanya iskar ta yi sanyi sosai ga mazauna gida. Ba kamar sauran nau'ikan na'urorin sanyaya iska ba, na'urorin sanyaya iska suna dogara ne da iskar waje da za a bi ta hanyar na'urorin sanyaya da ke sanyaya iska kafin ta isa cikin gida ta hanyar tsarin bututun iska; dole ne a bar wannan iskar da aka sanyaya ta fitar da iska mai zafi a cikin gidan ta hanyar buɗaɗɗen shaye kamar buɗaɗɗen kofa ko taga.

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

.

  1. ↑ "Air Con". Cambridge Dictionary. Archived from the original on May 3, 2022. Retrieved January 6, 2023.
  2. ↑ "Earth Tubes: Providing the freshest possible air to your building". Earth Rangers Centre for Sustainable Technology Showcase. Archived from the original on January 28, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
  3. ↑ https://www.bbc.com/hausa/news/story/2010/03/100302_majalisarudani
  4. ↑ Barreca, Alan; Clay, Karen; Deschenes, Olivier; Greenstone, Michael; Shapiro, Joseph S. (February 2016). "Adapting to Climate Change: The Remarkable Decline in the US Temperature-Mortality Relationship over the Twentieth Century". Journal of Political Economy. 124 (1): 105–159. doi:10.1086/684582.
  5. ↑ "Air-conditioning found at 'oldest city in the world'". The Independent. 2000-06-24. Archived from the original on 2023-12-08. Retrieved 2023-12-09.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Ford, Brian (September 2001). "Passive downdraught evaporative cooling: principles and practice". Architectural Research Quarterly. 5 (3): 271–280. doi:10.1017/S1359135501001312. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "PDEC" defined multiple times with different content
  7. ↑ "Heating, Ventilation and Air-Conditioning Systems, Part of Indoor Air Quality Design Tools for Schools". US EPA. 2014-10-17. Archived from the original on 2022-07-05. Retrieved 2022-07-05.
  8. ↑ Beck, Leonard D. (October 1974). "Things Magical in the collections of the Rare Book and Special Collections Division" (PDF). Library of Congress Quarterly Journal. 31: 208–234. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 24, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
  9. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named conquest2
  10. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Green-2015
  11. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named adb
  12. ↑ Palermo, Elizabeth (May 1, 2014). "Who Invented Air Conditioning?". livescience.com. Archived from the original on January 16, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
  13. ↑ Varrasi, John (June 6, 2011). "Global Cooling: The History of Air Conditioning". American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Archived from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
  14. ↑ Simha, R. V. (February 2012). "Willis H Carrier". Resonance. 17 (2): 117–138. doi:10.1007/s12045-012-0014-y. ISSN 0971-8044. S2CID 116582893.
  15. ↑ Gulledge III, Charles; Knight, Dennis (February 11, 2016). "Heating, Ventilating, Air-Conditioning, And Refrigerating Engineering". National Institute of Building Sciences. Archived from the original on April 20, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021. Though he did not actually invent air-conditioning nor did he take the first documented scientific approach to applying it, Willis Carrier is credited with integrating the scientific method, engineering, and business of this developing technology and creating the industry we know today as air-conditioning.
  16. ↑ "Willis Carrier – 1876–1902". Carrier Global. Archived from the original on February 27, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
  17. ↑ "IEEE milestones (39) Inverter Air Conditioners, 1980–1981" (PDF). March 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 21, 2024. Retrieved February 9, 2024.
  18. ↑ "Inverter Air Conditioners, 1980–1981 IEEE Milestone Celebration Ceremony" (PDF). March 16, 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 21, 2024. Retrieved February 9, 2024.
  19. ↑ Palermo, Elizabeth (May 1, 2014). "Who Invented Air Conditioning?". livescience.com. Archived from the original on January 16, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
  20. ↑ Varrasi, John (June 6, 2011). "Global Cooling: The History of Air Conditioning". American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Archived from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
  21. ↑ Simha, R. V. (February 2012). "Willis H Carrier". Resonance. 17 (2): 117–138. doi:10.1007/s12045-012-0014-y. ISSN 0971-8044. S2CID 116582893.
  22. ↑ Gulledge III, Charles; Knight, Dennis (11 February 2016). "Heating, Ventilating, Air-Conditioning, And Refrigerating Engineering". National Institute of Building Sciences. Archived from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021. Though he did not actually invent air-conditioning nor did he take the first documented scientific approach to applying it, Willis Carrier is credited with integrating the scientific method, engineering, and business of this developing technology and creating the industry we know today as air-conditioning.
  23. ↑ "Willis Carrier – 1876–1902". Carrier Global. Archived from the original on February 27, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
  24. ↑ "Michigan Fast Facts and Trivia". 50states.com. Archived from the original on June 18, 2017. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
  25. ↑ "What is a Reversing Valve". Samsung India. Archived from the original on February 22, 2019. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
  26. ↑ "Humidity and Comfort" (PDF). DriSteem. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 16, 2018. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
  27. ↑ Perryman, Oliver (April 19, 2021). "Dehumidifier vs Air Conditioning". Dehumidifier Critic. Archived from the original on May 13, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
  28. ↑ Snijders, Aart L. (July 30, 2008). "Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage (ATES) Technology Development and Major Applications in Europe" (PDF). Toronto and Region Conservation Authority. IFTech International. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
  29. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  30. ↑ Nagengast, Bernard (February 1999). "Comfort from a Block of Ice: A History of Comfort Cooling Using Ice" (PDF). ASHRAE Journal. 41 (2): 49. ISSN 0001-2491. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 13, 2021. Retrieved May 13, 2021.
  31. ↑ Bahadori, Mehdi N. (February 1978). "Passive Cooling Systems in Iranian Architecture". Scientific American. 238 (2): 144–154. Bibcode:1978SciAm.238b.144B. doi:10.1038/SCIENTIFICAMERICAN0278-144.
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