Yanayin jikin mutum

Jikin mutum (Gr. ἀνατομία, "rarraba", daga ἀνά, "sama", da τέμνειν, "yanke") shine da farko binciken kimiyya na Yanayin jikin mutum.^[1] An raba Anatomy zuwa kashi daban daban anatomy da microscopic anatomy.^[1] Gross anatomy (wanda kuma ake kira macroscopic anatomy, topographical anatomy, yanki anatomy, ko anthropotomy) shine nazarin tsarin jikin mutum wanda za'a iya gani da ido.^[1] Microscopic anatomy shine nazarin tsarin jikin mutum wanda aka taimaka da microscopes, wanda ya haɗa da histology (bincike na tsarin kyallen takarda), ^[1] da cytology (binciken sel). Anatomy, ilimin lissafi na mutum (bincike na aiki), da biochemistry (bincike kan ilmin sunadarai na tsarin rayuwa) sune ilimin likitanci na asali waɗanda gabaɗaya suke tare (ko a cikin tandem) ga ɗaliban da ke karatun kimiyyar likita.

A wasu bangarorin jikin mutum yana da alaƙa da ilimin embryology, kwatankwacin jikin mutum da kwatankwacin embryology,^[1] ta hanyar tushen juyin halitta; alal misali, yawancin jikin mutum yana kula da tsohuwar tsarin sashi wanda ke cikin dukkan dabbobi tare da maimaita raka'a na asali, wanda yake a bayyane a cikin ginshiƙi na kashin baya da kuma a cikin ribcage, kuma ana iya gano shi daga farkon embryos.

Jikin mutum ya ƙunshi tsarin halittu, wanda ya ƙunshi gabobin, waɗanda suka ƙunshi ƙwayoyin, waɗanda suka haɗa da ƙwayoyin halitta da ƙwayoyi masu haɗawa.

Tarihin jikin mutum an bayyana shi, a tsawon lokaci, ta hanyar ci gaba da fahimtar ayyukan gabobin jiki da tsarin jiki. Hanyoyi sun kuma ci gaba sosai, suna ci gaba daga nazarin Dabbobi ta hanyar dissection na sabbin gawawwakin da aka adana (gawarwaki) zuwa dabarun fasaha masu rikitarwa da aka haɓaka a karni na 20.

Nazarin

Gabaɗaya, likitoci da, likitocin haƙori, likitocin physiotherapist na ji ma’aikatan jinya, ma’aikatan jinya, masu aikin rediyo, da ɗalibai na wasu ƙwararrun ilimomin halitta, suna koyon cikakken ilimin halittar jiki da ƙananan ƙwayoyin halittar jiki daga ƙirar jikin mutum, kwarangwal, littattafan rubutu, zane-zane, hotuna, laccoci, da koyawa. Za a iya taimakawa nazarin ilimin halittar jiki (ko histology) ta hanyar kwarewa mai amfani da ke nazarin shirye-shiryen histological (ko nunin faifai) a karkashin na'ura mai kwakwalwa; Bugu da ƙari, ɗaliban likitanci da na hakori gabaɗaya kuma suna koyon ilimin jiki tare da ƙwarewar aiki na rarrabawa da duba gawarwakin (matattu jikin ɗan adam). Ana buƙatar cikakken ilimin aikin jiki na jiki ga duk likitocin likita, musamman likitocin fiɗa, da likitocin da ke aiki a wasu ƙwararrun bincike, irin su histopathology da radiology.

Jikin jikin mutum, ilimin lissafi, da ilmin sunadarai sune ilimin likitanci na asali, wanda galibi ana koya wa ɗaliban likitanci a shekara ta farko a makarantar likita. Ana iya koyar da jikin mutum a yanki ko tsarin; ^[1] wato, bi da bi, nazarin jikin mutum ta yankuna na jiki kamar kai da kirji, ko nazarin takamaiman tsarin, kamar tsarin juyayi ko numfashi. Babban littafin ilimin jikin mutum, Gray's Anatomy, kwanan nan an sake tsara shi daga tsarin tsarin zuwa tsarin yanki, wanda ya dace da koyarwar zamani.^[2]^[3]

Anatomy a cikin zane-zane

Gross anatomy ya zama muhimmin bangare na zane-zane. Tunanin asali na yadda tsokoki da ƙasusuwa ke aiki da kuma lalacewa tare da motsi shine mabuɗin zane, zane ko rayar da mutum. Littattafai da yawa kamar Human Anatomy for Artists: The Elements of Form, an rubuta su azaman jagora don zana jikin mutum daidai. Leonardo da Vinci ya nemi inganta fasaharsa ta hanyar fahimtar jikin mutum. A cikin tsari ya ci gaba da jikin mutum da wakilcinsa a cikin fasaha.

Saboda tsarin kwayoyin halitta mai rai yana da rikitarwa, an tsara jikin mutum ta matakan, daga mafi ƙanƙanta abubuwan sel zuwa gaɓoɓin da suka fi girma da alaƙarsu da sauran gabobin.

Hanyoyi

Ƙungiyoyin Yankin

Kai da wuyansa - sun haɗa da duk abin da ke sama da ƙofar kirji shigar da kirji
Hagu na sama - ya haɗa da hannu, wuyan hannu, gaban hannu, wuyansa, hannu, kafada
Thorax - yankin kirji daga bakin ciki zuwa diaphragm na kirji
Abun Ciki na mutum zuwa gefen pelvic ko zuwa bakin ciki na pelvic
Kayan baya - kashin baya da abubuwan da ke ciki, kashin baya, sacrum, coccyx, diski na ƙashin baya
Pelvis da perineum - pelvis ya ƙunshi komai daga ƙofar ƙafar ƙafar ƙashin ƙafar ƙashi zuwa diaphragm; perineum shine yankin tsakanin gabobin jima'i da anus
Ƙananan gaɓoɓin - duk abin da ke ƙasa da ƙuƙwalwar inguinal, gami da cinya, gwiwa, ƙafafun, idon kafa, ƙafa

Kwayoyin ciki (bisa ga yanki)

Brain
- Basal ganglia
- Tushen kwakwalwa
  - Medulla
  - Tsakanin kwakwalwa
  - Gidan shakatawa
- Cerebellum
- Cerebrum
- Cerebral cortex
- Rashin ƙarfi
- Tsarin Limbic
  - Amygdala

Idanu (2)
Pineal gland
Glandar jijiya
Glandar Thyroid
Glandin parathyroid (4)

Zuciya
Ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta (2)
Esophagus
Glandar Thymus
Pleura

Abdomen da pelvis (maza da mata)

Adrenal glands (2)
Ƙarin bayani
Bladder
Tsuntsu
Babban hanji
Ƙananan hanji
Ƙoda (2)
Hanci
Pancreas - gland
Spleen
Ciki

Glandar Prostate
Gwaje-gwaje - glandas (2)

Ovaries - glands (2)
Uterus

Manyan tsarin kwayar halitta

Tsarin zagayawa: famfo da kuma tura jini zuwa da kuma daga jiki da huhu tare da zuciya, jini, jijiyoyin jini
Tsarin narkewa: narkewa da sarrafa abinci tare da Kwayoyin hawaye, esophagus, ciki, hanta, gall bladder, pancreas, hanji, rectum, anus
Tsarin endocrine: sadarwa a cikin jiki ta amfani da hormones da aka yi ta glandula endocrine kamar su hypothalamus, pituitary gland, Pineal gland, thyroid, parathyroid gland, adrenal gland
Tsarin rigakafi: tsarin da ke yaki da cutar; wanda ya ƙunshi leukocytes, tonsils, adenoids, Thymus, spleenhanci
Tsarin haɗin kai: fata, gashi, ƙusa
lymph_system" id="mwASs" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Lymphatic system">Tsarin Lymphatic: tsarin da ke da alaƙa da canja wurin lymph tsakanin kyallen takarda da jini, lymph da nodes da tasoshin da ke jigilar shi
Tsarin tsoka da ƙashi: tsokoki suna ba da motsi kuma kwarangwal yana ba da tallafi da kariya tare da ƙasusuwa, cartilage, ligaments, tendonsjijiyoyi
Tsarin jijiyoyi: tattara, canja wuri da sarrafa bayanai tare da kwakwalwa, kashin baya, jijiyoyi
Tsarin haifuwa: gabobin jima'i; a cikin mace; ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, farji, glandar nono, da kuma a cikin namiji; testicles, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, azzakari
Tsarin numfashi: gabobin da aka yi amfani da su don numfashi, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, huhu, diaphragm
Tsarin fitsari: koda, ureters, kumfa, urethra da ke cikin ma'aunin ruwa, ma'auni na lantarki, da kuma fitar da fitsari

Yanayin jikin mutum

Surface anatomy, ko surface anatomy, shine nazarin alamun jikin mutum wanda za'a iya gano shi cikin sauƙi daga ƙirar ko wasu wuraren magana a saman jiki.^[1] Yana da mahimmanci a cikin jikin mutum: tare da ilimin jikin mutum, likitoci suna auna matsayi da jikin mutum na tsarin da ya fi zurfi.

Sunayen da aka saba amfani da su na sassan jikin mutum, daga sama zuwa kasa:

Kai - fuska - goshi - jaw - kumburin - gemu
Wuyan wuyan wuyan hannu kafada
hannu hannu - wuyan hannu - hannu - yatsa - yatsa yatsan hannu
Ƙarƙashin ƙashi kirji
Abdomen - hanci ƙashin kai
Kayan baya - ƙafafun - cinya - gwiwa - jariri - idon kafa - ƙafar ƙafa - diddige - yatsan hannu
Idanu, kunnuwa, hanci, baki, hakora, harshe, makogwaro, Apple na Adam, nono, azzakari, scrotum, vulva, da kuma hanci suma tsari ne na sama.

Bambancin jikin mutum
Yanayin jikin mutum
Ramin jiki
Mutuwa
Mutum
Ilimin halittu na ɗan adam
Jikin mutum
Jerin siffofin jikin mutum
Jerin sassan jikin mutum da ake kira bayan mutane
Jerin ƙasusuwan kwarangwal na mutum
Jerin nau'ikan sel daban-daban a jikin mutum mai girma
Jerin tsokoki na jikin mutum
Jerin yankuna a cikin kwakwalwar mutum
Ma'anar Anatomica
Kalmomin wurin jikin mutum
Shirin Mutum mai Bayyanawa

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 ^1.6 "Introduction page, "Anatomy of the Human Body". Henry Gray. 20th edition. 1918". Retrieved 27 March 2007.
↑ "Publisher's page for Gray's Anatomy. 39th edition (UK). 2004. ISBN 0-443-07168-3". Archived from the original on 20 February 2007. Retrieved 27 March 2007.
↑ "Publisher's page for Gray's Anatomy. 39th edition (US). 2004. ISBN 0-443-07168-3". Archived from the original on 9 February 2007. Retrieved 27 March 2007.

[intro_HGray-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 ^1.6 "Introduction page, "Anatomy of the Human Body". Henry Gray. 20th edition. 1918". Retrieved 27 March 2007.

[2] "Publisher's page for Gray's Anatomy. 39th edition (UK). 2004. ISBN 0-443-07168-3". Archived from the original on 20 February 2007. Retrieved 27 March 2007.

[3] "Publisher's page for Gray's Anatomy. 39th edition (US). 2004. ISBN 0-443-07168-3". Archived from the original on 9 February 2007. Retrieved 27 March 2007.

[1]

[2]

[3]